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Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Nov 2017
Topics: Animals; Brucella abortus; Brucella melitensis; Brucellosis; Cattle; Dogs; Goats; Humans; Sheep; Swine; Vietnam; Zoonoses
PubMed: 28669842
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.06.028 -
PloS One 2020Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease known to be endemic to parts of western and sub-Saharan Africa. However, the epidemiology for humans and animals remains largely... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease known to be endemic to parts of western and sub-Saharan Africa. However, the epidemiology for humans and animals remains largely unknown in many of these countries with Cameroon being a typical example. Despite common knowledge that brucellosis affects livestock, the actual number of infected animals remains unknown. Through a scoping review, the current known status of the disease is described. The aim is to ascertain relevant and publicly accessible research and knowledge of human and animal brucellosis in the country, and to provide an overview of the factors associated with its known persistence. Seroprevalence has been estimated and published in 12 separate instances (1 human; 9 cattle; 1 human and cattle; and 1 that includes cattle, pigs, and small ruminants), between 1982 and 2020, in 9 of the country's 10 geopolitical regions. In 1983, Brucella abortus and B. melitensis were isolated in cattle, but no further bacterial isolation has been published since. The seroprevalence from 196 total humans has ranged between 5.6% and 28.1%, and between 3.0% and 30.8% for 14,044 total cattle. As there is no ongoing surveillance program, it is not currently possible to identify the specific Brucella spp. that are endemic to the country and its regions. There are sufficient agricultural systems of cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep to sustain the presence of multiple Brucella spp. Surveillance information is the cornerstone of epidemiologic decision making, and is needed to direct policy makers, public health authorities, and veterinary services to appropriate actions. A combination of serological and molecular based diagnostics for surveillance is necessary to identify, quantify, and direct the appropriate public health interventions. Cameroon has an opportunity to build public and animal health infrastructure, leading the way for central Africa in the management and future eradication of brucellosis.
Topics: Animals; Brucella abortus; Brucella melitensis; Brucellosis; Cameroon; Endemic Diseases; Epidemiological Monitoring; Humans; Livestock; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Zoonoses
PubMed: 32986759
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239854 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Apr 2015
Topics: Brucella canis
PubMed: 26065455
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182015000300011 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021Brucellosis is a highly prevalent zoonotic disease caused by . spp. are gram-negative facultative intracellular parasitic bacteria. Its intracellular survival and... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a highly prevalent zoonotic disease caused by . spp. are gram-negative facultative intracellular parasitic bacteria. Its intracellular survival and replication depend on a functional virB system, an operon encoded by VirB1-VirB12. Type IV secretion system (T4SS) encoded by the virB operon is an important virulence factor of . It can subvert cellular pathway and induce host immune response by secreting effectors, which promotes replication in host cells and induce persistent infection. Therefore, this paper summarizes the function and significance of the VirB system, focusing on the structure of the VirB system where VirB T4SS mediates biogenesis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived replicative containing vacuole (rBCV), the effectors of T4SS and the cellular pathways it subverts, which will help better understand the pathogenic mechanism of and provide new ideas for clinical vaccine research and development.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucellosis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Operon; Type IV Secretion Systems; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34948430
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413637 -
Journal of Molecular Biology Aug 2016Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal recycling process, which maintains cellular homeostasis during stress and starvation conditions by degrading and recycling proteins,... (Review)
Review
Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal recycling process, which maintains cellular homeostasis during stress and starvation conditions by degrading and recycling proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, ultimately increasing nutrient availability in eukaryotes. An additional function of autophagy, termed xenophagy, is to detect, capture, and destroy invading microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, providing autophagy with a role in innate immunity. Many intracellular pathogens have, however, developed mechanisms to avoid xenophagy and have evolved strategies to take advantage of select autophagic processes to undergo their intracellular life cycle. This review article will discuss the molecular mechanisms used by the intracellular bacterial pathogens Francisella spp. and Brucella spp. to manipulate components of the autophagic pathway, promoting cytosolic growth in the case of Francisella spp. and facilitating cellular egress and cell-to-cell spread in the case of Brucella spp. These examples highlight how successful, highly infectious bacterial pathogens avoid or subvert host autophagy mechanisms normally employed to maintain eukaryotic homeostasis.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Brucella; Francisella; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion
PubMed: 27456933
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.07.007 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2012Since the first case of brucellosis detected in a dolphin aborted fetus, an increasing number of Brucella ceti isolates has been reported in members of the two suborders... (Review)
Review
Since the first case of brucellosis detected in a dolphin aborted fetus, an increasing number of Brucella ceti isolates has been reported in members of the two suborders of cetaceans: Mysticeti and Odontoceti. Serological surveys have shown that cetacean brucellosis may be distributed worldwide in the oceans. Although all B. ceti isolates have been included within the same species, three different groups have been recognized according to their preferred host, bacteriological properties, and distinct genetic traits: B. ceti dolphin type, B. ceti porpoise type, and B. ceti human type. It seems that B. ceti porpoise type is more closely related to B. ceti human isolates and B. pinnipedialis group, while B. ceti dolphin type seems ancestral to them. Based on comparative phylogenetic analysis, it is feasible that the B. ceti ancestor radiated in a terrestrial artiodactyl host close to the Raoellidae family about 58 million years ago. The more likely mode of transmission of B. ceti seems to be through sexual intercourse, maternal feeding, aborted fetuses, placental tissues, vertical transmission from mother to the fetus or through fish or helminth reservoirs. The B. ceti dolphin and porpoise types seem to display variable virulence in land animal models and low infectivity for humans. However, brucellosis in some dolphins and porpoises has been demonstrated to be a severe chronic disease, displaying significant clinical and pathological signs related to abortions, male infertility, neurobrucellosis, cardiopathies, bone and skin lesions, strandings, and death.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucellosis; Cetacea; Fish Diseases; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny
PubMed: 22919595
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00003 -
Croatian Medical Journal Aug 2010To describe and discuss the merits of various direct and indirect methods applied in vitro (mainly on blood or milk) or in vivo (allergic test) for the diagnosis of... (Review)
Review
AIM
To describe and discuss the merits of various direct and indirect methods applied in vitro (mainly on blood or milk) or in vivo (allergic test) for the diagnosis of brucellosis in animals.
METHODS
The recent literature on brucellosis diagnostic tests was reviewed. These diagnostic tests are applied with different goals, such as national screening, confirmatory diagnosis, certification, and international trade. The validation of such diagnostic tests is still an issue, particularly in wildlife. The choice of the testing strategy depends on the prevailing brucellosis epidemiological situation and the goal of testing.
RESULTS
Measuring the kinetics of antibody production after Brucella spp. infection is essential for analyzing serological results correctly and may help to predict abortion. Indirect ELISAs help to discriminate 1) between false positive serological reactions and true brucellosis and 2) between vaccination and infection. Biotyping of Brucella spp. provides valuable epidemiological information that allows tracing an infection back to the sources in instances where several biotypes of a given Brucella species are circulating. Polymerase chain reaction and new molecular methods are likely to be used as routine typing and fingerprinting methods in the coming years.
CONCLUSION
The diagnosis of brucellosis in livestock and wildlife is complex and serological results need to be carefully analyzed. The B. abortus S19 and B. melitensis Rev. 1 vaccines are the cornerstones of control programs in cattle and small ruminants, respectively. There is no vaccine available for pigs or for wildlife. In the absence of a human brucellosis vaccine, prevention of human brucellosis depends on the control of the disease in animals.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Brucella; Brucellosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Livestock; Mass Screening; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Public Health; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 20718082
DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2010.51.296 -
Microbes and Infection Dec 2013Brucella pathogens are responsible for brucellosis, a worldwide zoonosis. They are facultative intracellular pathogens characterized by their asymmetric division and... (Review)
Review
Brucella pathogens are responsible for brucellosis, a worldwide zoonosis. They are facultative intracellular pathogens characterized by their asymmetric division and their unipolar growth. This growth modality generates poles with specialized functions (through polar recruitment of polar adhesins or of cell cycle regulators) and progeny cells with potentially different fates.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Animals; Asymmetric Cell Division; Bacterial Proteins; Brucella; Brucellosis; Cell Cycle; DNA Repair; Flagella; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans
PubMed: 24141086
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.10.008 -
Journal of Bacteriology Jun 2019About one-third of the proteins encoded by the bacterial genomes that have been sequenced to date are proteins of "unknown function." Studies aimed at defining the...
About one-third of the proteins encoded by the bacterial genomes that have been sequenced to date are proteins of "unknown function." Studies aimed at defining the biological functions of these proteins represent an important frontier in prokaryotic biology. The study presented by J. Herrou et al. (J Bacteriol 201:e00134-19, 2019) in this issue of the provides an excellent example of how to pursue such studies and define a new virulence determinant for an important zoonotic pathogen.
Topics: Brucella; Periplasm; Periplasmic Proteins; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30936369
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00216-19 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews May 2010There is currently no licensed vaccine for brucellosis in humans. Available animal vaccines may cause disease and are considered unsuitable for use in humans. However,... (Review)
Review
There is currently no licensed vaccine for brucellosis in humans. Available animal vaccines may cause disease and are considered unsuitable for use in humans. However, the causative pathogen, Brucella, is among the most common causes of laboratory-acquired infections and is a Center for Disease Control category B select agent. Thus, human vaccines for brucellosis are required. This review highlights the considerations that are needed in the journey to develop a human vaccine, including animal models, and includes an assessment of the current status of novel vaccine candidates.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucella Vaccine; Brucellosis; Disease Models, Animal; Humans
PubMed: 20180858
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00211.x