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Viruses Aug 2022Batai virus (BATV) is a zoonotic orthobunyavirus transmitted by a wide range of mosquito vectors. The virus is distributed throughout Asia and parts of Africa and has... (Review)
Review
Batai virus (BATV) is a zoonotic orthobunyavirus transmitted by a wide range of mosquito vectors. The virus is distributed throughout Asia and parts of Africa and has been sporadically detected in several European countries. There is increasing evidence that BATV is emerging in Europe as a potential threat to both animal and human health, having been detected in mosquitoes, mammals, birds and humans. In recent years, serological surveillance in cattle, sheep and goats has suggested an antibody prevalence of up to 46% in European livestock, although human serological prevalence remains generally low. However, the recent and continued spread of invasive mosquito species into Europe may facilitate the establishment of competent populations of mosquitoes leading to increased BATV transmission. Migratory birds may also potentially facilitate the emergence of BATV in geographical locations where it was previously undetected. Although BATV has the potential to cause disease in humans and livestock, our understanding of the impact in wild animal populations is extremely limited. Therefore, there is a need for increased surveillance for BATV in mosquitoes, livestock, wild mammals and birds in Europe to understand the true impact of this virus.
Topics: Animals; Bunyamwera virus; Cattle; Culicidae; Europe; Goats; Humans; Orthobunyavirus; Phylogeny; Sheep
PubMed: 36146674
DOI: 10.3390/v14091868 -
Uirusu 2012The family Bunyaviridae consists of over 300 virus species and strains that are divided into 5 genera: orthobunyavirus, hantavirus, nairovirus, phlebovirus, and... (Review)
Review
The family Bunyaviridae consists of over 300 virus species and strains that are divided into 5 genera: orthobunyavirus, hantavirus, nairovirus, phlebovirus, and tospovirus. All members of family Bunyaviridae possess a negative-sense, single stranded tripartite RNA genome, consisting of large (L), medium (M) and small (S) segments, which encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, two envelope glyoproteins (Gn and Gc) and nucleocapsid (N) protein, respectively. Insects and arthropods serve as vectors of viruses in the Bunyaviridae, except for hantviruses, which instead are harbored by rodents. However, phylogenetically distinct soricomorph-associated hantaviruses have been discovered in widely separated geographical regions spanning four continents. This new finding strongly suggests that evolutionary record of hantaviruses is far more complex and ancient than originally expected. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease recently described in northeast and central China. The causative agent of SFTS is phylogenetically classified to genus phlebivirus, but unlike to other member in genus phlebovirus, SFTV transmit by ticks. This review provides a brief overview of hantavirus and hantavirus infection and describes about two newly appeared viruses in the family Bunyaviridae.
Topics: Animals; Bunyaviridae Infections; Genome, Viral; Humans; Orthobunyavirus; Phlebovirus; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Viral Structural Proteins; Virus Replication; Zoonoses
PubMed: 24153234
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.62.239 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research May 2017Newly emerging and re-emerging viral infections are of major public health concern. Bunyaviridae family of viruses comprises a large group of animal viruses. Clinical... (Review)
Review
Newly emerging and re-emerging viral infections are of major public health concern. Bunyaviridae family of viruses comprises a large group of animal viruses. Clinical symptoms exhibited by persons infected by viruses belonging to this family vary from mild-to-severe diseases i.e., febrile illness, encephalitis, haemorrhagic fever and acute respiratory illness. Several arthropods-borne viruses have been discovered and classified at serological level in India in the past. Some of these are highly pathogenic as the recent emergence and spread of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus and presence of antibodies against Hantavirus in humans in India have provided evidences that it may become one of the emerging diseases in this country. For many of the discovered viruses, we still need to study their relevance to human and animal health. Chittoor virus, a variant of Batai virus; Ganjam virus, an Asian variant of Nairobi sheep disease virus; tick-borne viruses such as Bhanja, Palma and mosquito-borne viruses such as Sathuperi, Thimiri, Umbre and Ingwavuma viruses have been identified as the members of this family. As Bunyaviruses are three segmented RNA viruses, they can reassort the segments into genetically distinct viruses in target cells. This ability is believed to play a major role in evolution, pathogenesis and epidemiology of the viruses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of discovery, emergence and distribution of Bunyaviruses in India.
Topics: Animals; Bunyaviridae Infections; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean; Humans; India; Orthobunyavirus; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Sheep
PubMed: 28948950
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1871_15 -
Nature Communications Oct 2023The severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tick-borne human-infecting bunyavirus, which utilizes two envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, to enter...
The severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tick-borne human-infecting bunyavirus, which utilizes two envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, to enter host cells. However, the structure and organization of these glycoproteins on virion surface are not yet known. Here we describe the structure of SFTSV determined by single particle reconstruction, which allows mechanistic insights into bunyavirus assembly at near-atomic resolution. The SFTSV Gn and Gc proteins exist as heterodimers and further assemble into pentameric and hexameric peplomers, shielding the Gc fusion loops by both intra- and inter-heterodimer interactions. Individual peplomers are associated mainly through the ectodomains, in which the highly conserved glycans on N914 of Gc play a crucial role. This elaborate assembly stabilizes Gc in the metastable prefusion conformation and creates some cryptic epitopes that are only accessible in the intermediate states during virus entry. These findings provide an important basis for developing vaccines and therapeutic drugs.
Topics: Humans; Viral Envelope Proteins; Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Phlebovirus; Glycoproteins; Orthobunyavirus
PubMed: 37816705
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41804-7 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2015This paper reviews less well-known or less widely distributed viruses of the Bunyaviridae family that are nonetheless of significant veterinary and public health...
This paper reviews less well-known or less widely distributed viruses of the Bunyaviridae family that are nonetheless of significant veterinary and public health concern. These include: Cache Valley fever, Main Drain, Ingwavuma, Bhanja and Heartland viruses. A description of the agents, clinical signs of infection, epidemiology, and insect transmission is provided for each, and the authors discuss current diagnostic strategies plus the lack of control measures.
Topics: Animals; Bunyaviridae Infections; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Host Specificity; Insect Vectors; Orthobunyavirus; Phylogeny
PubMed: 26601445
DOI: 10.20506/rst.34.2.2368 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2015Akabane virus is a Culicoides-borne orthobunyavirus that is teratogenic to the fetus of cattle and small ruminant species. Depending upon the stage of gestation atwhich...
Akabane virus is a Culicoides-borne orthobunyavirus that is teratogenic to the fetus of cattle and small ruminant species. Depending upon the stage of gestation atwhich infection occurs, and the length of gestation of the mammalian host, a range of congenital defects may be observed. The developing central nervous system is usually the most severely affected, with hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis most frequently observed. Less commonly, some strains of Akabane virus can cause encephalitis in the neonate or, rarely, adult cattle. Akabane viruses are known to be widespread in temperate and tropical regions of Australia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and some African countries. Disease is infrequently observed in regions where this virus is endemic and the presence of the virus remains unrecognised in the absence of serological surveillance. In some Asian countries, vaccines are used to minimise the occurrence of disease.
Topics: Animals; Bunyaviridae Infections; Orthobunyavirus
PubMed: 26601444
DOI: 10.20506/rst.34.2.2366 -
Viruses May 2021With over 80 members worldwide, is the largest genus in the family. Orthobunyaviruses (OBVs) are arthropod-borne viruses that are structurally simple, with a... (Review)
Review
With over 80 members worldwide, is the largest genus in the family. Orthobunyaviruses (OBVs) are arthropod-borne viruses that are structurally simple, with a trisegmented, negative-sense RNA genome and only four structural proteins. OBVs are potential agents of emerging and re-emerging diseases and overall represent a global threat to both public and veterinary health. The focus of this review is on the very first steps of OBV infection in mammalian hosts, from virus binding to penetration and release of the viral genome into the cytosol. Here, we address the most current knowledge and advances regarding OBV receptors, endocytosis, and fusion.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Bunyaviridae Infections; Cell Membrane; Genome, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Orthobunyavirus; Species Specificity; Viral Tropism; Virion; Virus Attachment; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 34068494
DOI: 10.3390/v13050872 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Feb 2014
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Bunyaviridae Infections; Orthobunyavirus
PubMed: 24596956
DOI: 10.3201/eid2002.131790 -
Virus Research Mar 2024The Oropouche virus is an important arthropod-borne virus in the Peribunyaviridae family that can cause febrile illnesses, and it is widely distributed in tropical... (Review)
Review
The Oropouche virus is an important arthropod-borne virus in the Peribunyaviridae family that can cause febrile illnesses, and it is widely distributed in tropical regions such as Central and South America. Since the virus was first identified, a large number of related cases are reported every year. No deaths have been reported to date, however, the virus can cause systemic infections, including the nervous and blood systems, leading to serious complications. The transmission of Oropouche virus occurs through both urban and sylvatic cycles, with the anthropophilic biting midge Culicoides paraensis serving as the primary vector in urban areas. Direct human-to-human transmission of Oropouche virus has not been observed. Oropouche virus consists of three segments, and the proteins encoded by the different segments enables the virus to replicate efficiently in the host and to resist the host's immune response. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Oropouche virus sequences are geographically distinct and have closer homologies with Iquitos virus and Perdoes virus, which belong to the family Peribunyaviridae. Despite the enormous threat it poses to public health, there are currently no licensed vaccines or specific antiviral treatments for the disease it causes. Recent studies have utilised imJatobal virusmunoinformatics approaches to develop epitope-based peptide vaccines, which have laid the groundwork for the clinical use of vaccines. The present review focuses on the structure, epidemiology, immunity and phylogeny of Oropouche virus, as well as the progress of vaccine development, thereby attracting wider attention and research, particularly with regard to potential vaccine programs.
Topics: Humans; Arboviruses; Phylogeny; Orthobunyavirus; Vaccines; Bunyaviridae Infections
PubMed: 38224842
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199318 -
Viruses Oct 2022Since the intricate and complex steps in pathogenesis and host-viral interactions of arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses are not completely understood, the... (Review)
Review
Since the intricate and complex steps in pathogenesis and host-viral interactions of arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses are not completely understood, the multi-omics approaches, which encompass proteomics, transcriptomics, genomics and metabolomics network analysis, are of great importance. We have reviewed the omics studies on mosquito-borne viruses of the , and families, specifically for Chikungunya, Mayaro, Oropouche and Rift Valley Fever viruses. Omics studies can potentially provide a new perspective on the pathophysiology of arboviruses, contributing to a better comprehension of these diseases and their effects and, hence, provide novel insights for the development of new antiviral drugs or therapies.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Arboviruses; Alphavirus; Orthobunyavirus; Phlebovirus; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 36298749
DOI: 10.3390/v14102194