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Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Oct 2012The large-scale outbreak of disease across Northern Europe caused by a new orthobunyavirus known as Schmallenberg virus has caused considerable disruption to lambing and... (Review)
Review
The large-scale outbreak of disease across Northern Europe caused by a new orthobunyavirus known as Schmallenberg virus has caused considerable disruption to lambing and calving. Although advances in technology and collaboration between veterinary diagnostic and research institutes have enabled rapid identification of the causative agent and the development and deployment of tests, much remains unknown about this virus and its epidemiology that make predictions of its future impact difficult to assess. This review outlines current knowledge of the virus, drawing comparisons with related viruses, then explores possible scenarios of its impact in the near future, and highlights some of the urgent research questions that need to be addressed to allow the development of appropriate control strategies.
Topics: Animals; Bunyaviridae Infections; Disease Outbreaks; Europe; Orthobunyavirus
PubMed: 23026716
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.08.017 -
The American Journal of Tropical... May 2017AbstractOropouche virus (OROV) is an important cause of arboviral illness in Latin American countries, more specifically in the Amazon region of Brazil, Venezuela and... (Review)
Review
AbstractOropouche virus (OROV) is an important cause of arboviral illness in Latin American countries, more specifically in the Amazon region of Brazil, Venezuela and Peru, as well as in other countries such as Panama. In the past decades, the clinical, epidemiological, pathological, and molecular aspects of OROV have been published and provide the basis for a better understanding of this important human pathogen. Here, we describe the milestones in a comprehensive review of OROV epidemiology, pathogenesis, and molecular biology, including a description of the first isolation of the virus, the outbreaks during the past six decades, clinical aspects of OROV infection, diagnostic methods, genome and genetic traits, evolution, and viral dispersal.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Brazil; Bunyaviridae Infections; Ceratopogonidae; Chromosome Mapping; Culex; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Vectors; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Humans; Orthobunyavirus; Panama; Peru; Sloths; Venezuela
PubMed: 28167595
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0672 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Aug 2021We discuss genomic detection of Schmallenberg virus in both Culicoides midges and affected ruminants during June 2018-December 2019, demonstrating its circulation in...
We discuss genomic detection of Schmallenberg virus in both Culicoides midges and affected ruminants during June 2018-December 2019, demonstrating its circulation in Israel. This region is a geographic bridge between 3 continents and may serve as an epidemiologic bridge for potential Schmallenberg virus spread into Asia.
Topics: Animals; Asia; Bunyaviridae Infections; Ceratopogonidae; Genomics; Insect Vectors; Israel; Orthobunyavirus
PubMed: 34287129
DOI: 10.3201/eid2708.203705 -
Viruses Feb 2021The order accommodates related viruses (bunyaviruses) with segmented, linear, single-stranded, negative- or ambi-sense RNA genomes. Their glycoproteins form capsomeric... (Review)
Review
The order accommodates related viruses (bunyaviruses) with segmented, linear, single-stranded, negative- or ambi-sense RNA genomes. Their glycoproteins form capsomeric projections or spikes on the virion surface and play a crucial role in virus entry, assembly, morphogenesis. Bunyavirus glycoproteins are encoded by a single RNA segment as a polyprotein precursor that is co- and post-translationally cleaved by host cell enzymes to yield two mature glycoproteins, Gn and Gc (or GP1 and GP2 in arenaviruses). These glycoproteins undergo extensive N-linked glycosylation and despite their cleavage, remain associated to the virion to form an integral transmembrane glycoprotein complex. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of bunyavirus glycoproteins, including their processing, structure, and known interactions with host factors that facilitate cell entry.
Topics: Animals; Bunyaviridae Infections; Humans; Orthobunyavirus; Protein Binding; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Receptors, Virus; Viral Envelope Proteins
PubMed: 33672327
DOI: 10.3390/v13020353 -
Current Opinion in Virology Oct 2020The Bunyavirales order is the largest group of RNA viruses, which includes important human and animal pathogens, that cause serious diseases. Licensed vaccines are often... (Review)
Review
The Bunyavirales order is the largest group of RNA viruses, which includes important human and animal pathogens, that cause serious diseases. Licensed vaccines are often not available for many of these pathogens. The establishment of bunyavirus reverse genetics systems has facilitated the generation of recombinant infectious viruses, which have been employed as powerful tools for understanding bunyavirus biology and identifying important virulence factors. Technological advances in this area have enabled the development of novel strategies, including codon-deoptimization, viral genome rearrangement and single-cycle replicable viruses, for the generation of live-attenuated vaccine candidates. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge of the bunyavirus reverse genetics approaches for the generation of live-attenuated vaccine candidates and their evaluation in animal models.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Genome, Viral; Humans; Mice; Orthobunyavirus; Reverse Genetics; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines; Virulence Factors; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32619950
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.05.004 -
Epidemiology and Infection Jan 2013In 2011, a novel orthobunyavirus of the Simbu serogroup, the Schmallenberg virus (SBV), was discovered using a metagenomic approach. SBV caused a large epidemic in... (Review)
Review
In 2011, a novel orthobunyavirus of the Simbu serogroup, the Schmallenberg virus (SBV), was discovered using a metagenomic approach. SBV caused a large epidemic in Europe in ruminants. As with related viruses such as Akabane virus, it appears to be transmitted by biting midges. Transplacental infection often results in the birth of malformed calves, lambs and goat kids. In more than 5000 farms in Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, UK, Italy, Spain, Luxembourg, Denmark and Switzerland acute infections of adult ruminants or malformed SBV-positive offspring were detected, and high seroprevalences were seen in adult ruminants in the core regions in The Netherlands, Germany and Belgium. The discovery of SBV, the spread of the epidemic, the role of vectors, the impact on livestock, public health issues, SBV diagnosis and measures taken are described in this review. Lessons to be learned from the Schmallenberg virus epidemic and the consequences for future outbreaks are discussed.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Bunyaviridae Infections; Ceratopogonidae; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Vectors; Europe; Orthobunyavirus; Ruminants; Seroepidemiologic Studies
PubMed: 23046921
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268812002245 -
Viruses Sep 2022Viral coinfections can modulate the severity of parasitic diseases, such as human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania parasites infect thousands of people worldwide and...
Viral coinfections can modulate the severity of parasitic diseases, such as human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania parasites infect thousands of people worldwide and cause from single cutaneous self-healing lesions to massive mucosal destructive lesions. The transmission to vertebrates requires the bite of Phlebotomine sandflies, which can also transmit Phlebovirus. We have demonstrated that Leishmania infection requires and triggers the Endoplasmic stress (ER stress) response in infected macrophages. In the present paper, we tested the hypothesis that ER stress is increased and required for the aggravation of infection due to coinfection with . We demonstrated that Icoaraci induces the ER stress program in macrophages mediated by the branches IRE/XBP1 and PERK/ATF4. The coinfection with potentiates and sustains the ER stress, and the inhibition of IRE1α or PERK results in poor viral replication and decreased parasite load in macrophages. Importantly, we observed an increase in viral replication during the coinfection with . Our results demonstrated the role of ER stress branches IRE1/XBP1 and PERK/ATF4 in the synergic effect on the Leishmania increased load during coinfection and suggests that infection can also increase the replication of in macrophages.
Topics: Animals; Coinfection; Endoribonucleases; Humans; Leishmania; Leishmaniasis; Orthobunyavirus; Phlebovirus; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 36146755
DOI: 10.3390/v14091948 -
Microbes and Infection Mar 2018Oropouche virus is the aetiological agent of Oropouche fever, a zoonotic disease mainly transmitted by midges of the species Culicoides paraensis. Although the virus was... (Review)
Review
Oropouche virus is the aetiological agent of Oropouche fever, a zoonotic disease mainly transmitted by midges of the species Culicoides paraensis. Although the virus was discovered in 1955, more attention has been given recently to both the virus and the disease due to outbreaks of Oropouche fever in different areas of Brazil and Peru. Serological studies in human and wild mammals have also found Oropouche virus in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador. Several mammals act as reservoirs of the disease, although the sylvatic cycle of Oropouche virus remains to be assessed properly. Oropouche fever lacks key symptoms to be differentiated from other arboviral febrile illnesses from the Americas. Sporadic cases of aseptic meningitis have also been described with good prognosis. Habitat loss can increase the likelihood of Oropouche virus emergence in the short-term in South America.
Topics: Animals; Arboviruses; Bunyaviridae Infections; Ceratopogonidae; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Insect Vectors; Orthobunyavirus; South America; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29247710
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.11.013 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Bunyaviruses are a large group of important viral pathogens that cause significant diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Bunyaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded,... (Review)
Review
Bunyaviruses are a large group of important viral pathogens that cause significant diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Bunyaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts. Upon entry into host cells, the components of viruses are recognized by host innate immune system, leading to the activation of downstream signaling cascades to induce interferons (IFNs) and other proinflammatory cytokines. IFNs bind to their receptors and upregulate the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Many ISGs have antiviral activities and confer an antiviral state to host cells. For efficient replication and spread, viruses have evolved different strategies to antagonize IFN-mediated restriction. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interactions between bunyaviruses and host innate immune response.
Topics: Immunity, Innate; Bunyaviridae Infections; Humans; Animals; Orthobunyavirus; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Interferons; Signal Transduction; Cytokines; Vector Borne Diseases; Virus Replication
PubMed: 38711929
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1365221 -
Viruses May 2021The genus, family , contains several important emerging and re-emerging arboviruses of veterinary and medical importance. These viruses may cause mild febrile illness,...
The genus, family , contains several important emerging and re-emerging arboviruses of veterinary and medical importance. These viruses may cause mild febrile illness, to severe encephalitis, fetal deformity, abortion, hemorrhagic fever and death in humans and/or animals. Shuni virus (SHUV) is a zoonotic arbovirus thought to be transmitted by hematophagous arthropods. It was previously reported in a child in Nigeria in 1966 and horses in Southern Africa in the 1970s and again in 2009, and in humans with neurological signs in 2017. Here we investigated the epidemiology and phylogenetic relationship of SHUV strains detected in horses presenting with febrile and neurological signs in South Africa. In total, 24/1820 (1.3%) horses submitted to the zoonotic arbovirus surveillance program tested positive by real-time reverse transcription (RTPCR) between 2009 and 2019. Cases were detected in all provinces with most occurring in Gauteng (9/24, 37.5%). Neurological signs occurred in 21/24 (87.5%) with a fatality rate of 45.8%. Partial sequencing of the nucleocapsid gene clustered the identified strains with SHUV strains previously identified in South Africa (SA). Full genome sequencing of a neurological case detected in 2016 showed 97.8% similarity to the SHUV SA strain (SAE18/09) and 97.5% with the Nigerian strain and 97.1% to the 2014 Israeli strain. Our findings suggest that SHUV is circulating annually in SA and despite it being relatively rare, it causes severe neurological disease and death in horses.
Topics: Africa, Southern; Animals; Bunyaviridae Infections; Female; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Geography, Medical; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; Orthobunyavirus; Phylogeny; Seasons; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 34069356
DOI: 10.3390/v13050937