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Journal of Medical Toxicology :... Jun 2017Bongkrekic acid (BA) has a unique mechanism of toxicity among the mitochondrial toxins: it inhibits adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) rather than the electron... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Bongkrekic acid (BA) has a unique mechanism of toxicity among the mitochondrial toxins: it inhibits adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) rather than the electron transport chain. Bongkrekic acid is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans (B. cocovenenans) which has been implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut- and corn-based products in Indonesia and China. Our objective was to summarize what is known about the epidemiology, exposure sources, toxicokinetics, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis and treatment of human BA poisoning.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE (1946 to present), EMBASE (1947 to present), SCOPUS, The Indonesia Publication Index ( http://id.portalgaruda.org/ ), ToxNet, book chapters, Google searches, Pro-MED alerts, and references from previously published journal articles. We identified a total of 109 references which were reviewed. Of those, 29 (26 %) had relevant information and were included. Bongkrekic acid is a heat-stable, highly unsaturated tricarboxylic fatty acid with a molecular weight of 486 kDa. Outbreaks have been reported from Indonesia, China, and more recently in Mozambique. Very little is known about the toxicokinetics of BA. Bongkrekic acid produces its toxic effects by inhibiting mitochondrial (ANT). ANT can also alter cellular apoptosis. Signs and symptoms in humans are similar to the clinical findings from other mitochondrial poisons, but they vary in severity and time course. Management of patients is symptomatic and supportive.
CONCLUSIONS
Bongkrekic acid is a mitochondrial ANT toxin and is reported primarily in outbreaks of food-borne poisoning involving coconut and corn. It should be considered in outbreaks of food-borne illness when signs and symptoms manifest involving the liver, brain, and kidneys and when coconut- or corn-based foods are implicated.
Topics: Animals; Bongkrekic Acid; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia gladioli; Cocos; Food Microbiology; Foodborne Diseases; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases; Treatment Outcome; Zea mays
PubMed: 28105575
DOI: 10.1007/s13181-016-0577-1 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023Bongkrekic acid (BKA) poisoning, induced by the contamination of pathovar , has a long-standing history of causing severe outbreaks of foodborne illness. In recent... (Review)
Review
Bongkrekic acid (BKA) poisoning, induced by the contamination of pathovar , has a long-standing history of causing severe outbreaks of foodborne illness. In recent years, it has emerged as a lethal food safety concern, presenting significant challenges to public health. This review article highlights the recent incidents of BKA poisoning and current research discoveries on the pathogenicity of pv. and underlying biochemical mechanisms for BKA synthesis. Moreover, the characterization of pv. and the identification of the gene cluster provide a crucial foundation for developing targeted interventions to prevent BKA accumulation in food matrices. The prevalence of the gene cluster, which is the determining factor distinguishing pv. from non-pathogenic strains, has been identified in 15% of documented genomes worldwide. This finding suggests that BKA poisoning has the potential to evolve into a more prevalent threat. Although limited, previous research has proved that pv. is capable of producing BKA in diverse environments, emphasizing the possible food safety hazards associated with BKA poisoning. Also, advancements in detection methods of both BKA and pv. hold great promise for mitigating the impact of this foodborne disease. Future studies focusing on reducing the threat raised by this vicious foe is of paramount importance to public health.
PubMed: 37959045
DOI: 10.3390/foods12213926 -
European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology,... Feb 2019Burkholderia gladioli are non-fermenting, Gram-negative, rod-shaped aerobic bacteria that were first identified as a plant pathogen. Most of the B. gladioli infections...
INTRODUCTION
Burkholderia gladioli are non-fermenting, Gram-negative, rod-shaped aerobic bacteria that were first identified as a plant pathogen. Most of the B. gladioli infections reported in the literature have involved immunocompromised adults and newborn infants. B. gladioli in humans is often associated with a poor prognosis.
CASE REPORT
We describe the first case of sinonasal infection due to B. gladioli and Staphylococcus aureus in an immunocompetent patient who had recently travelled to the Congo.
DISCUSSION
As in the few other reported cases involving immunocompetent patients, the appropriate approach to this multidrug-resistant B. gladioli infection was a combination of surgery and antibiotics chosen in the light of an antibiogram.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia gladioli; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Immunocompetence; Levofloxacin; Maxillary Sinusitis; Middle Aged; Rhinitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Travel-Related Illness
PubMed: 30342825
DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2018.01.011 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Oct 2021The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) and Burkholderia gladioli are opportunistic pathogens that most commonly infect persons with cystic fibrosis or compromised immune...
The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) and Burkholderia gladioli are opportunistic pathogens that most commonly infect persons with cystic fibrosis or compromised immune systems. Members of the genus are intrinsically multidrug resistant (MDR), possessing both a PenA carbapenemase and an AmpC β-lactamase, rendering treatment of infections due to these species problematic. Here, we tested the β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combination imipenem-relebactam against a panel of MDR Bcc and B. gladioli strains. The addition of relebactam to imipenem dramatically lowered the MICs for Bcc and B. gladioli: only 16% of isolates tested susceptible to imipenem, while 71.3% were susceptible to the imipenem-relebactam combination. While ceftazidime-avibactam remained the most potent combination drug against this panel of Bcc and B. gladioli strains, imipenem-relebactam was active against 71.4% of the ceftazidime-avibactam-resistant isolates. Relebactam demonstrated potent inactivation of Burkholderia multivorans PenA1, with an apparent () value of 3.2 μM. Timed mass spectrometry revealed that PenA1 formed a very stable adduct with relebactam, without any detectable desulfation for as long as 24 h. Based on our results, imipenem-relebactam may represent an alternative salvage therapy for Bcc and B. gladioli infections, especially in cases where the isolates are resistant to ceftazidime-avibactam.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azabicyclo Compounds; Burkholderia; Burkholderia cepacia complex; Burkholderia gladioli; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Imipenem; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 34370574
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01332-21 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2017is a genus within the β that contains at least 90 validly named species which can be found in a diverse range of environments. A number of pathogenic species occur... (Review)
Review
is a genus within the β that contains at least 90 validly named species which can be found in a diverse range of environments. A number of pathogenic species occur within the genus. These include and , opportunistic pathogens that can infect the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis, and are members of the complex (Bcc). is also an opportunistic pathogen, but in contrast to Bcc species it causes the tropical human disease melioidosis, while its close relative is the causative agent of glanders in horses. For these pathogens to survive within a host and cause disease they must be able to acquire iron. This chemical element is essential for nearly all living organisms due to its important role in many enzymes and metabolic processes. In the mammalian host, the amount of accessible free iron is negligible due to the low solubility of the metal ion in its higher oxidation state and the tight binding of this element by host proteins such as ferritin and lactoferrin. As with other pathogenic bacteria, species have evolved an array of iron acquisition mechanisms with which to capture iron from the host environment. These mechanisms include the production and utilization of siderophores and the possession of a haem uptake system. Here, we summarize the known mechanisms of iron acquisition in pathogenic species and discuss the evidence for their importance in the context of virulence and the establishment of infection in the host. We have also carried out an extensive bioinformatic analysis to identify which siderophores are produced by each species that is pathogenic to humans.
Topics: Animals; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia gladioli; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Computational Biology; Cystic Fibrosis; Ferritins; Glanders; Heme; Horses; Humans; Iron; Lactoferrin; Lung; Melioidosis; Siderophores; Virulence
PubMed: 29164069
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00460 -
Microbial Genomics Jan 2021is a bacterium with a broad ecology spanning disease in humans, animals and plants, but also encompassing multiple beneficial interactions. It is a plant pathogen, a...
is a bacterium with a broad ecology spanning disease in humans, animals and plants, but also encompassing multiple beneficial interactions. It is a plant pathogen, a toxin-producing food-poisoning agent, and causes lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Contrasting beneficial traits include antifungal production exploited by insects to protect their eggs, plant protective abilities and antibiotic biosynthesis. We explored the genomic diversity and specialized metabolic potential of 206 strains, phylogenomically defining 5 clades. Historical disease pathovars (pv.) pv. and pv. were distinct, while pv. and pv. were indistinguishable; soft-rot disease and CF infection were conserved across all pathovars. Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for toxoflavin, caryoynencin and enacyloxin were dispersed across , but bongkrekic acid and gladiolin production were clade-specific. Strikingly, 13 % of CF infection strains characterized were bongkrekic acid-positive, uniquely linking this food-poisoning toxin to this aspect of disease. Mapping the population biology and metabolite production of has shed light on its diverse ecology, and by demonstrating that the antibiotic trimethoprim suppresses bongkrekic acid production, a potential therapeutic strategy to minimize poisoning risk in CF has been identified.
Topics: Biosynthetic Pathways; Bongkrekic Acid; Burkholderia gladioli; Cystic Fibrosis; Food Microbiology; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Trimethoprim; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 33459584
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000515 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023Pathogenic variants of pose a serious threat to human health and food safety, but there is a lack of rapid and sensitive field detection methods for . In this study,...
Pathogenic variants of pose a serious threat to human health and food safety, but there is a lack of rapid and sensitive field detection methods for . In this study, the CRISPR/Cas12a system combined with recombinant enzyme polymerase amplification (RPA) was used to detect in food. The optimized RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a assay was able to specifically and stably detect at a constant 37 °C without the assistance of large equipment. The detection limit of the method was evaluated at two aspects, the genomic DNA (gDNA) level and bacterial quantity, of which there were 10 ng/μL and 10 CFU/mL, respectively. Three kinds of real food samples were tested. The detection limit for rice noodles, fresh white noodles, and glutinous rice flour samples was 10 CFU/mL, 10 CFU/mL, and 10 CFU/mL, respectively, without any enrichment steps. The whole detection process, including sample pretreatment and DNA extraction, did not exceed one hour. Compared with the qPCR method, the established RPA-CRISPR /Cas12a method was simpler and even more sensitive. Using this method, a visual detection of that is suitable for field detection can be achieved quickly and easily.
PubMed: 37174300
DOI: 10.3390/foods12091760 -
Metabolites May 2021is an important bacterial species which has different beneficial effects, such as promoting the plant growth, including rhizosphere competence for the secretion of... (Review)
Review
is an important bacterial species which has different beneficial effects, such as promoting the plant growth, including rhizosphere competence for the secretion of allelochemicals, production of antibiotics, and siderophores. In addition, most of species have demonstrated promising biocontrol action against different phytopathogens for diverse crops. In particular, demonstrates significant biotechnological potential as a source of novel antibiotics and bioactive secondary metabolites. The current review is concerned with spp. covering the following aspects: discovering, classification, distribution, plant growth promoting effect, and antimicrobial activity of different species of , shedding light on the most important secondary metabolites, their pathogenic effects, and biochemical characterization of some important species of such as , , , , , and .
PubMed: 34067834
DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050321 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Nov 2020Two Burkholderia gladioli strains isolated from the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients were found to produce unusual lipodepsipeptides containing a unique citrate-derived...
Two Burkholderia gladioli strains isolated from the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients were found to produce unusual lipodepsipeptides containing a unique citrate-derived fatty acid and a rare dehydro-β-alanine residue. The gene cluster responsible for their biosynthesis was identified by bioinformatics and insertional mutagenesis. In-frame deletions and enzyme activity assays were used to investigate the functions of several proteins encoded by the biosynthetic gene cluster, which was found in the genomes of about 45 % of B. gladioli isolates, suggesting that its metabolic products play an important role in the growth and/or survival of the species. The Chrome Azurol S assay indicated that these metabolites bind ferric iron, which suppresses their production when added to the growth medium. Moreover, a gene encoding a TonB-dependent ferric-siderophore receptor is adjacent to the biosynthetic genes, suggesting that these metabolites may function as siderophores in B. gladioli.
Topics: Burkholderia gladioli; Depsipeptides; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 32780452
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009110 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Jan 2023Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) and Burkholderia gladioli are opportunistic human pathogens that are inherently multidrug resistant, limiting treatment options for...
Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) and Burkholderia gladioli are opportunistic human pathogens that are inherently multidrug resistant, limiting treatment options for infections. Here, a novel diazabicyclooctane, ETX0462, was evaluated for activity against Bcc and . . Ninety-eight percent of the isolates examined in this study were susceptible. ETX0462 was found to demonstrate activity superior to that of currently available treatment options (e.g., trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ceftazidime).
Topics: Humans; Burkholderia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftazidime; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Burkholderia cepacia complex; Burkholderia Infections
PubMed: 36507667
DOI: 10.1128/aac.01352-22