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Journal of Medical Toxicology :... Jun 2017Bongkrekic acid (BA) has a unique mechanism of toxicity among the mitochondrial toxins: it inhibits adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) rather than the electron... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Bongkrekic acid (BA) has a unique mechanism of toxicity among the mitochondrial toxins: it inhibits adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) rather than the electron transport chain. Bongkrekic acid is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans (B. cocovenenans) which has been implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut- and corn-based products in Indonesia and China. Our objective was to summarize what is known about the epidemiology, exposure sources, toxicokinetics, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis and treatment of human BA poisoning.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE (1946 to present), EMBASE (1947 to present), SCOPUS, The Indonesia Publication Index ( http://id.portalgaruda.org/ ), ToxNet, book chapters, Google searches, Pro-MED alerts, and references from previously published journal articles. We identified a total of 109 references which were reviewed. Of those, 29 (26 %) had relevant information and were included. Bongkrekic acid is a heat-stable, highly unsaturated tricarboxylic fatty acid with a molecular weight of 486 kDa. Outbreaks have been reported from Indonesia, China, and more recently in Mozambique. Very little is known about the toxicokinetics of BA. Bongkrekic acid produces its toxic effects by inhibiting mitochondrial (ANT). ANT can also alter cellular apoptosis. Signs and symptoms in humans are similar to the clinical findings from other mitochondrial poisons, but they vary in severity and time course. Management of patients is symptomatic and supportive.
CONCLUSIONS
Bongkrekic acid is a mitochondrial ANT toxin and is reported primarily in outbreaks of food-borne poisoning involving coconut and corn. It should be considered in outbreaks of food-borne illness when signs and symptoms manifest involving the liver, brain, and kidneys and when coconut- or corn-based foods are implicated.
Topics: Animals; Bongkrekic Acid; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia gladioli; Cocos; Food Microbiology; Foodborne Diseases; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases; Treatment Outcome; Zea mays
PubMed: 28105575
DOI: 10.1007/s13181-016-0577-1 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023Bongkrekic acid (BKA) poisoning, induced by the contamination of pathovar , has a long-standing history of causing severe outbreaks of foodborne illness. In recent... (Review)
Review
Bongkrekic acid (BKA) poisoning, induced by the contamination of pathovar , has a long-standing history of causing severe outbreaks of foodborne illness. In recent years, it has emerged as a lethal food safety concern, presenting significant challenges to public health. This review article highlights the recent incidents of BKA poisoning and current research discoveries on the pathogenicity of pv. and underlying biochemical mechanisms for BKA synthesis. Moreover, the characterization of pv. and the identification of the gene cluster provide a crucial foundation for developing targeted interventions to prevent BKA accumulation in food matrices. The prevalence of the gene cluster, which is the determining factor distinguishing pv. from non-pathogenic strains, has been identified in 15% of documented genomes worldwide. This finding suggests that BKA poisoning has the potential to evolve into a more prevalent threat. Although limited, previous research has proved that pv. is capable of producing BKA in diverse environments, emphasizing the possible food safety hazards associated with BKA poisoning. Also, advancements in detection methods of both BKA and pv. hold great promise for mitigating the impact of this foodborne disease. Future studies focusing on reducing the threat raised by this vicious foe is of paramount importance to public health.
PubMed: 37959045
DOI: 10.3390/foods12213926 -
Metabolites May 2021is an important bacterial species which has different beneficial effects, such as promoting the plant growth, including rhizosphere competence for the secretion of... (Review)
Review
is an important bacterial species which has different beneficial effects, such as promoting the plant growth, including rhizosphere competence for the secretion of allelochemicals, production of antibiotics, and siderophores. In addition, most of species have demonstrated promising biocontrol action against different phytopathogens for diverse crops. In particular, demonstrates significant biotechnological potential as a source of novel antibiotics and bioactive secondary metabolites. The current review is concerned with spp. covering the following aspects: discovering, classification, distribution, plant growth promoting effect, and antimicrobial activity of different species of , shedding light on the most important secondary metabolites, their pathogenic effects, and biochemical characterization of some important species of such as , , , , , and .
PubMed: 34067834
DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050321 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023Pathogenic variants of pose a serious threat to human health and food safety, but there is a lack of rapid and sensitive field detection methods for . In this study,...
Pathogenic variants of pose a serious threat to human health and food safety, but there is a lack of rapid and sensitive field detection methods for . In this study, the CRISPR/Cas12a system combined with recombinant enzyme polymerase amplification (RPA) was used to detect in food. The optimized RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a assay was able to specifically and stably detect at a constant 37 °C without the assistance of large equipment. The detection limit of the method was evaluated at two aspects, the genomic DNA (gDNA) level and bacterial quantity, of which there were 10 ng/μL and 10 CFU/mL, respectively. Three kinds of real food samples were tested. The detection limit for rice noodles, fresh white noodles, and glutinous rice flour samples was 10 CFU/mL, 10 CFU/mL, and 10 CFU/mL, respectively, without any enrichment steps. The whole detection process, including sample pretreatment and DNA extraction, did not exceed one hour. Compared with the qPCR method, the established RPA-CRISPR /Cas12a method was simpler and even more sensitive. Using this method, a visual detection of that is suitable for field detection can be achieved quickly and easily.
PubMed: 37174300
DOI: 10.3390/foods12091760 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2017is a genus within the β that contains at least 90 validly named species which can be found in a diverse range of environments. A number of pathogenic species occur... (Review)
Review
is a genus within the β that contains at least 90 validly named species which can be found in a diverse range of environments. A number of pathogenic species occur within the genus. These include and , opportunistic pathogens that can infect the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis, and are members of the complex (Bcc). is also an opportunistic pathogen, but in contrast to Bcc species it causes the tropical human disease melioidosis, while its close relative is the causative agent of glanders in horses. For these pathogens to survive within a host and cause disease they must be able to acquire iron. This chemical element is essential for nearly all living organisms due to its important role in many enzymes and metabolic processes. In the mammalian host, the amount of accessible free iron is negligible due to the low solubility of the metal ion in its higher oxidation state and the tight binding of this element by host proteins such as ferritin and lactoferrin. As with other pathogenic bacteria, species have evolved an array of iron acquisition mechanisms with which to capture iron from the host environment. These mechanisms include the production and utilization of siderophores and the possession of a haem uptake system. Here, we summarize the known mechanisms of iron acquisition in pathogenic species and discuss the evidence for their importance in the context of virulence and the establishment of infection in the host. We have also carried out an extensive bioinformatic analysis to identify which siderophores are produced by each species that is pathogenic to humans.
Topics: Animals; Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Burkholderia gladioli; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Computational Biology; Cystic Fibrosis; Ferritins; Glanders; Heme; Horses; Humans; Iron; Lactoferrin; Lung; Melioidosis; Siderophores; Virulence
PubMed: 29164069
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00460 -
Bio-protocol Dec 2017To investigate the establishment and consequences of host-microbe interactions, it is important to develop controlled infection assays suitable for each system, as well...
To investigate the establishment and consequences of host-microbe interactions, it is important to develop controlled infection assays suitable for each system, as well as appropriate methods to evaluate successful infection and its associated effects. Here, we describe a procedure for bacterial inoculation of soybean plants, followed by the assessment of systemic infection and impact on plant fitness. Soybean () seedlings were mechanically wounded using a device that mimics insect herbivory and inoculated with known cell numbers of bacteria previously isolated from an insect host. The impact on the plants was evaluated by monitoring changes in height, time to flowering and chlorophyll content during plant development, and by quantifying seed production in comparison to plants inoculated with sterile water. The presence and proliferation of bacterial infection were examined in tissues from developed plants using quantitative PCR and fluorescence hybridization (FISH).
PubMed: 34595321
DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.2663 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Jan 2023Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) and Burkholderia gladioli are opportunistic human pathogens that are inherently multidrug resistant, limiting treatment options for...
Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) and Burkholderia gladioli are opportunistic human pathogens that are inherently multidrug resistant, limiting treatment options for infections. Here, a novel diazabicyclooctane, ETX0462, was evaluated for activity against Bcc and . . Ninety-eight percent of the isolates examined in this study were susceptible. ETX0462 was found to demonstrate activity superior to that of currently available treatment options (e.g., trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ceftazidime).
Topics: Humans; Burkholderia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftazidime; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Burkholderia cepacia complex; Burkholderia Infections
PubMed: 36507667
DOI: 10.1128/aac.01352-22 -
Cell Reports Aug 2023Immune responses differ between females and males, although such sex-based variance is incompletely understood. Observing that bacteremia of the opportunistic pathogen...
Immune responses differ between females and males, although such sex-based variance is incompletely understood. Observing that bacteremia of the opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia gladioli caused many more deaths of female than male mice bearing genetic deficiencies in adaptive immunity, we determined that this was associated with sex bias in the innate immune memory response called trained immunity. Female attenuation of trained immunity varies with estrous cycle stage and correlates with serum progesterone, a hormone that decreases glycolytic capacity and recall cytokine secretion induced by antigen non-specific stimuli. Progesterone receptor antagonism rescues female trained immune responses and survival from controlled B. gladioli infection to magnitudes similar to those of males. These data demonstrate progesterone-dependent sex bias in trained immunity where attenuation of female responses is associated with survival outcomes from opportunistic infection.
Topics: Female; Male; Animals; Mice; Progesterone; Sexism; Trained Immunity; Opportunistic Infections; Adaptive Immunity
PubMed: 37590139
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113007 -
Microbial Genomics Jan 2021is a bacterium with a broad ecology spanning disease in humans, animals and plants, but also encompassing multiple beneficial interactions. It is a plant pathogen, a...
is a bacterium with a broad ecology spanning disease in humans, animals and plants, but also encompassing multiple beneficial interactions. It is a plant pathogen, a toxin-producing food-poisoning agent, and causes lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Contrasting beneficial traits include antifungal production exploited by insects to protect their eggs, plant protective abilities and antibiotic biosynthesis. We explored the genomic diversity and specialized metabolic potential of 206 strains, phylogenomically defining 5 clades. Historical disease pathovars (pv.) pv. and pv. were distinct, while pv. and pv. were indistinguishable; soft-rot disease and CF infection were conserved across all pathovars. Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for toxoflavin, caryoynencin and enacyloxin were dispersed across , but bongkrekic acid and gladiolin production were clade-specific. Strikingly, 13 % of CF infection strains characterized were bongkrekic acid-positive, uniquely linking this food-poisoning toxin to this aspect of disease. Mapping the population biology and metabolite production of has shed light on its diverse ecology, and by demonstrating that the antibiotic trimethoprim suppresses bongkrekic acid production, a potential therapeutic strategy to minimize poisoning risk in CF has been identified.
Topics: Biosynthetic Pathways; Bongkrekic Acid; Burkholderia gladioli; Cystic Fibrosis; Food Microbiology; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Trimethoprim; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 33459584
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000515 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Jul 2019Active lipase-producing bacterium Bps-1 was rapidly isolated using a modified trypan blue and tetracycline, ampicillin (TB-TA) plate. The electro-phoretically pure...
Active lipase-producing bacterium Bps-1 was rapidly isolated using a modified trypan blue and tetracycline, ampicillin (TB-TA) plate. The electro-phoretically pure enzyme was obtained by purification using ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. The molecular weight was 34.6 kDa and the specific activity was determined to be 443.9 U/mg. The purified lipase showed the highest activity after hydrolysis with p-NPC at a pH of 8.5 and 50°C, and the , , and / values were 1.05, 292.95 s and 279 smM, respectively. The lipase was highly stable at 7.5 ≤ pH ≤ 10.0. K and Na exerted activation effects on the lipase which had favorable tolerance to short-chain alcohols with its residual enzyme activity being 110% after being maintained in 30% ethanol for 1 h. The results demonstrated that the lipase produced by the strain Bps-1 has high enzyme activity and is an alkaline lipase. The lipase has promising chemical properties for a range of applications in the food-processing and detergent industries, and has particularly high potential for use in the manufacture of biodiesel.
Topics: Biocatalysis; Biofuels; Burkholderia gladioli; Culture Media; Detergents; Enzyme Stability; Ethanol; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Kinetics; Lipase; Molecular Weight; Substrate Specificity; Temperature
PubMed: 31353877
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1903.03045