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PloS One 2019This study was conducted to compare the effects of Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EL) in different forms (EL extract, fermented EL, and EL powder) with antibiotics on growth...
This study was conducted to compare the effects of Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EL) in different forms (EL extract, fermented EL, and EL powder) with antibiotics on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and the microbiota composition and diversity of weanling piglets. Compared to the control group, the antibiotics and EL extract significantly increased the average daily gain and decreased the feed: gain ratio as well as the diarrhea rate (P < 0.05). The EL extract significantly decreased the crypt depth and increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (P < 0.05), while the fermented EL group did the opposite (P < 0.05). The crypt depth in the antibiotics group was of similar value to the EL extract group, and was lower than the fermented EL and EL powder groups (P < 0.05). Compared to the control and antibiotics groups, the jejunul claudin-3 mRNA expression and the concentrations of total VFA, Chao 1, and ACE were significantly augmented in the EL extract group of piglets (P < 0.05). The EL extract groups also showed elevated Shannon (P < 0.05) and Simpson (P = 0.07) values relative to the control and antibiotics groups. At the phylum level, the EL extract group exhibited a reduced abundance of Bacteroidetes and an enhanced abundance of Firmicutes. At the genus level, the abundance of Prevotella was augmented in the EL extract group. Moreover, compared with the antibiotic group, the acetate concentration was enhanced in the EL extract and fermented EL groups. Overall, dietary supplementation with the EL extract, but not the fermented EL or EL powder, improved growth performance, jejunul morphology and function, as well as changed colonic microbial composition and diversity, which might be an alternative to confer protection against weanling stress in weanling piglets.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Dietary Supplements; Eucommiaceae; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Swine; Weaning
PubMed: 31557247
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223002 -
PloS One 2020Small intestinal strangulation associated with ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is common in horses. In laboratory animals IRI can be ameliorated by ischaemic...
Small intestinal strangulation associated with ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is common in horses. In laboratory animals IRI can be ameliorated by ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) and pharmacological preconditioning (PPC) with dexmedetomidine. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PPC with dexmedetomidine or IPC in an equine model of small intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion (IR). In a randomized controlled experimental trial, 15 horses were assigned to three groups: control (C), IPC, and PPC with dexmedetomidine (DEX). All horses were placed under general anaesthesia and 90% jejunal ischaemia was induced for 90 minutes, followed 30 minutes of reperfusion. In group IPC, three short bouts of ischaemia and reperfusion were implemented, and group DEX received a continuous rate infusion of dexmedetomidine prior to the main ischaemia. Jejunal biopsies were collected before ischaemia (P), and at the end of ischaemia (I) and reperfusion (R). Mucosal injury was assessed by the Chiu-Score, inflammatory cells were stained by cytosolic calprotectin. The degree of apoptosis and cell necrosis was assessed by cleaved-caspase-3 and TUNEL. Parametric data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements followed by Dunnetts t-test. Non parametric data were compared between groups at the different time points by a Kruskal-Wallis-Test and a Wilcoxon-2-Sample-test. The mucosal injury score increased during I in all groups. After reperfusion, IRI further progressed in group C, but not in IPC and DEX. In all groups the number of cleaved caspase-3 and TUNEL positive cells increased from P to I. The number of TUNEL positive cells were lower in group DEX compared to group C after I and R. Infiltration with calprotectin positive cells was less pronounced in group DEX compared to group C, whereas in group IPC more calprotectin positive cells were seen. In conclusion, IPC and DEX exert protective effects in experimental small intestinal ischaemia in horses.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Animals; Dexmedetomidine; Horses; Ischemia; Ischemic Preconditioning; Jejunum; Random Allocation; Reperfusion Injury
PubMed: 32348301
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224720 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2019Although multiple radioprotectors are currently being investigated preclinically for efficacy and safety, few studies have investigated concomitant metabolic changes....
Although multiple radioprotectors are currently being investigated preclinically for efficacy and safety, few studies have investigated concomitant metabolic changes. This study examines the effects of amifostine on the metabolic profiles in tissues of mice exposed to cobalt-60 total-body gamma-radiation. Global metabolomic and lipidomic changes were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) in bone marrow, jejunum, and lung samples of amifostine-treated and saline-treated control mice. Results demonstrate that radiation exposure leads to tissue specific metabolic responses that were corrected in part by treatment with amifostine in a drug-dose dependent manner. Bone marrow exhibited robust responses to radiation and was also highly responsive to protective effects of amifostine, while jejunum and lung showed only modest changes. Treatment with amifostine at 200 mg/kg prior to irradiation seemed to impart maximum survival benefit, while the lower dose of 50 mg/kg offered only limited survival benefit. These findings show that the administration of amifostine causes metabolic shifts that would provide an overall benefit to radiation injury and underscore the utility of metabolomics and lipidomics to determine the underlying physiological mechanisms involved in the radioprotective efficacy of amifostine. This approach may be helpful in identifying biomarkers for radioprotective efficacy of amifostine and other countermeasures under development.
Topics: Amifostine; Animals; Bone Marrow; Gamma Rays; Humans; Jejunum; Lung; Metabolomics; Mice; Radiation Exposure; Radiation-Protective Agents
PubMed: 31666611
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52120-w -
The Biochemical Journal Aug 1984The absorption and metabolism of fructose was investigated in the vascularly perfused jejunum of fructose-fed rats. With 10 mM-glutamate and 10 mM-fructose in the lumen,...
The absorption and metabolism of fructose was investigated in the vascularly perfused jejunum of fructose-fed rats. With 10 mM-glutamate and 10 mM-fructose in the lumen, the viability of the tissue is maintained and fructose is absorbed and utilized at high rates. With 28 mM-fructose in the lumen, glucose appears in the vascular bed. With 10 mM- or 28 mM-fructose in the presence of 10 mM- or mM-glucose in the lumen, the fructose absorption is decreased. From 10 mM- or 28 mM-sucrose in the lumen, fructose uptake is also less than from the equivalent concentration of free fructose. The rate of appearance of fructose in the vascular bed is independent of the source of fructose from which it is derived. In the presence of glucose, either free or as sucrose, there is a marked decrease in the utilization of fructose, defined as the difference between that absorbed by the jejunum and that transported unchanged into the vascular bed. In all cases about half of the carbohydrate absorbed from the lumen is converted into lactate, most of which is secreted into the blood. The absorption of glucose and the rate of vascular appearance of glucose from glucose in the lumen are about 1.5 times greater than those of fructose from fructose in the lumen. It is concluded: firstly, that fructose uptake from the lumen of rat jejunum is determined by its concentration and by the demand for it as a fuel for the intestine, a demand that is severely decreased in the presence of glucose; secondly, that in the vascularly perfused jejunum there is no evident kinetic advantage for uptake of fructose or glucose from sucrose rather than from free monosaccharide in the lumen; thirdly, that some fructose can be converted into glucose.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Fructose; Glucose; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Intestinal Absorption; Jejunum; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sucrose
PubMed: 6148078
DOI: 10.1042/bj2220057 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Oct 1956
Topics: Jejunum; Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 13364803
DOI: No ID Found -
Gut Feb 1993
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American Journal of Physiology.... Apr 2005The development of a culture of the normal mammalian jejunum motivated this work. Isolated crypt cells of the dog jejunum were induced to form primary cultures on... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The development of a culture of the normal mammalian jejunum motivated this work. Isolated crypt cells of the dog jejunum were induced to form primary cultures on Snapwell filters. Up to seven subcultures were studied under the electron microscope and in Ussing chambers. Epithelial markers were identified by RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescent staining. Confluent monolayers exhibit a dense apical brush border, basolateral membrane infoldings, desmosomes, and tight junctions expressing zonula occludens-1, occludin-1, and claudin-3 and -4. In OptiMEM medium fortified with epidermal growth factor, hydrocortisone, and insulin, monolayer transepithelial voltage was -6.8 mV (apical side), transepithelial resistance was 1,050 Omega.cm(2), and short-circuit current (I(sc)) was 8.1 microA/cm(2). Transcellular and paracellular resistances were estimated as 14.8 and 1.1 kOmega.cm(2), respectively. Serosal ouabain reduced voltage and current toward zero, as did apical amiloride. The presence of mRNA of alpha-epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) was confirmed. Na-d-glucose cotransport was identified with an antibody to Na(+)-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 1. The unidirectional mucosa-to-serosa Na(+) flux (19 nmol.min(-1).cm(-2)) was two times as large as the reverse flux, and net transepithelial Na(+) flux was nearly double the amiloride-sensitive I(sc). In plain Ringer solution, the amiloride-sensitive I(sc) went toward zero. Under these conditions plus mucosal amiloride, serosal dibutyryl-cAMP elicited a Cl(-)-dependent I(sc) consistent with the stimulation of transepithelial Cl(-) secretion. In conclusion, primary cultures and subcultures of the normal mammalian jejunum form polarized epithelial monolayers with 1) the properties of a leaky epithelium, 2) claudins specific to the jejunal tight junction, 3) transepithelial Na(+) absorption mediated in part by SGLT1 and ENaC, and 4) electrogenic Cl(-) secretion activated by cAMP.
Topics: Amiloride; Animals; Bucladesine; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Chlorides; Culture Media; Dogs; Electrophysiology; Epithelial Sodium Channels; Isotonic Solutions; Jejunum; Membrane Glycoproteins; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; Ouabain; Ringer's Solution; Sodium; Sodium Channels; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1
PubMed: 15550553
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00518.2003 -
Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal... Dec 1998To report 3 cases of small-bowel necrosis after jejunal tube feeding and to review the literature concerning this condition. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To report 3 cases of small-bowel necrosis after jejunal tube feeding and to review the literature concerning this condition.
DESIGN
A 5-year retrospective review.
SETTING
A 560-bed university-affiliated tertiary-care teaching hospital.
PATIENTS
Three patients who had bowel necrosis out of 386 who received jejunal tube feedings.
RESULTS
The patients experienced small-bowel necrosis as a consequence of jejunal feeding. The ischemic necrosis was preceded by progressive abdominal pain, distension and high nasogastric output. All 3 patients required extensive small-bowel resection. Although survival was rare in previous reports, our 3 patients survived after prompt surgical intervention and small-bowel resection.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the death rate for this condition approaches 70%, timely recognition and surgical intervention can save the patient's life.
Topics: Aged; Enteral Nutrition; Female; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Jejunostomy; Jejunum; Male; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 9854537
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Physiology.... May 2017An important characteristic of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonate is the impaired intestinal barrier function. With the use of a pig model, this study was...
An important characteristic of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonate is the impaired intestinal barrier function. With the use of a pig model, this study was conducted to identify the responsible microRNA (miRNA) for the intestinal damage in IUGR neonates through comparing the miRNA profile of IUGR and normal porcine neonates and to investigate the regulation mechanism. Compared with the normal ones, we identified 83 upregulated and 76 downregulated miRNAs in the jejunum of IUGR pigs. Notably, IUGR is associated with profoundly increasesd miR-29 family and decreased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) and tight junction (TJ) proteins in the jejunum. Furthermore, in vitro study using theporcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-1) showed that inhibition of miR-29a expression could improve the monolayer integrity by increasing cell proliferation and transepithelial resistance. Also, overexpression/inhibition of miR-29a in IPEC-1 cells can suppress/increase the expression of integrin-β1, collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, and claudin 1, both at transcriptional and translational levels. Subsequent luciferase reporter assay confirmed a direct interaction between miR-29a and the 3'-untranslated regions of these genes. In conclusion, this study reveals that IUGR-impaired intestinal barrier function is associated with downregulated ECM and TJ protein expression mediated by the upregulation of miR-29a. Intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) remains a major problem for both human health and animal production due to its association with high rates of preweaning morbidity and mortality. We have identified the abnormal expression of microRNA-29a (miR-29a) in the small intestine of IUGR neonates, as well as its targets and mechanisms. These results provide new information about biological characteristics of IUGR-affected intestinal dysfunction and can lead to the development of potentially solution for preventing and treating IUGR in the future.
Topics: Animals; Fetal Growth Retardation; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum; MicroRNAs; Swine
PubMed: 28280141
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00020.2017 -
Experimental Physiology Jan 2018What is the central question of this study? The aim was to investigate the roles of extracellular chloride in electrical slow waves and resting membrane potential of...
What is the central question of this study? The aim was to investigate the roles of extracellular chloride in electrical slow waves and resting membrane potential of mouse jejunal smooth muscle by replacing chloride with the impermeant anions gluconate and isethionate. What is the main finding and its importance? The main finding was that in smooth muscle cells, the resting Cl conductance is low, whereas transmembrane Cl movement in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) is a major contributor to the shape of electrical slow waves. Furthermore, the data confirm that ICCs set the smooth muscle membrane potential and that altering Cl homeostasis in ICCs can alter the smooth muscle membrane potential. Intracellular Cl homeostasis is regulated by anion-permeable channels and transporters and contributes to excitability of many cell types, including smooth muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). Our aims were to investigate the effects on electrical activity in mouse jejunal muscle strips of replacing extracellular Cl (Cl ) with the impermeant anions gluconate and isethionate. On reducing Cl , effects were observed on electrical slow waves, with small effects on smooth muscle membrane voltage (E ). Restoration of Cl hyperpolarized smooth muscle E proportional to the change in Cl concentration. Replacement of 90% of Cl with gluconate reversibly abolished slow waves in five of nine preparations. Slow waves were maintained in isethionate. Gluconate and isethionate substitution had similar concentration-dependent effects on peak amplitude, frequency, width at half peak amplitude, rise time and decay time of residual slow waves. Gluconate reduced free ionized Ca in Krebs solutions to 0.13 mm. In Krebs solutions containing normal Cl and 0.13 mm free Ca , slow wave frequency was lower, width at half peak amplitude was smaller, and decay time was faster. The transient hyperpolarization following restoration of Cl was not observed in W/W mice, which lack pacemaker ICCs in the small intestine. We conclude that in smooth muscle cells, the resting Cl conductance is low, whereas transmembrane Cl movement in ICCs plays a major role in generation or propagation of slow waves. Furthermore, these data support a role for ICCs in setting smooth muscle E and that altering Cl homeostasis in ICCs can alter smooth muscle E .
Topics: Animals; Chlorides; Extracellular Fluid; Female; Interstitial Cells of Cajal; Jejunum; Male; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle, Smooth; Organ Culture Techniques
PubMed: 28971566
DOI: 10.1113/EP086367