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Journal of Dairy Science Oct 2021Infections of the mammary gland remain a frequent disease of dairy ruminants that negatively affect animal welfare, milk quality, farmer serenity, and farming... (Review)
Review
Infections of the mammary gland remain a frequent disease of dairy ruminants that negatively affect animal welfare, milk quality, farmer serenity, and farming profitability and cause an increase in use of antimicrobials. There is a need for efficacious vaccines to alleviate the burden of mastitis in dairy farming, but this need has not been satisfactorily fulfilled despite decades of research. A careful appraisal of past and current research on mastitis vaccines reveals the peculiarities but also the commonalities among mammary gland infections associated with the major mastitis pathogens Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, or Streptococcus dysgalactiae. A major pitfall is that the immune mechanisms of effective protection have not been fully identified. Until now, vaccine development has been directed toward the generation of antibodies. In this review, we drew up an inventory of the main approaches used to design vaccines that aim at the major pathogens for the mammary gland, and we critically appraised the current and tentative vaccines. In particular, we sought to relate efficacy to vaccine-induced defense mechanisms to shed light on some possible reasons for current vaccine shortcomings. Based on the lessons learned from past attempts and the recent results of current research, the design of effective vaccines may take a new turn in the years to come.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Vaccines
PubMed: 34218921
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20434 -
PloS One 2017The aim of this study was to define the microbiota of water buffalo milk during sub-clinical and clinical mastitis, as compared to healthy status, by using...
The aim of this study was to define the microbiota of water buffalo milk during sub-clinical and clinical mastitis, as compared to healthy status, by using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 137 quarter samples were included in the experimental design: 27 samples derived from healthy, culture negative quarters, with a Somatic Cell Count (SCC) of less than 200,000 cells/ml; 27 samples from quarters with clinical mastitis; 83 samples were collected from quarters with subclinical mastitis, with a SCC number greater of 200,000 cells/ml and/or culture positive for udder pathogens, without clinical signs of mastitis. Bacterial DNA was purified and the 16S rRNA genes were individually amplified and sequenced. Significant differences were found in milk samples from healthy quarters and those with sub-clinical and clinical mastitis. The microbiota diversity of milk from healthy quarters was richer as compared to samples with sub-clinical mastitis, whose microbiota diversity was in turn richer as compared to those from clinical mastitis. The core microbiota of water buffalo milk, defined as the asset of microorganisms shared by all healthy milk samples, includes 15 genera, namely Micrococcus, Propionibacterium, 5-7N15, Solibacillus, Staphylococcus, Aerococcus, Facklamia, Trichococcus, Turicibacter, 02d06, SMB53, Clostridium, Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter and Pseudomonas. Only two genera (Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas) were present in all the samples from sub-clinical mastitis, and no genus was shared across all in clinical mastitis milk samples. The presence of mastitis was found to be related to the change in the relative abundance of genera, such as Psychrobacter, whose relative abundance decreased from 16.26% in the milk samples from healthy quarters to 3.2% in clinical mastitis. Other genera, such as SMB53 and Solibacillus, were decreased as well. Discriminant analysis presents the evidence that the microbial community of healthy and clinical mastitis could be discriminated on the background of their microbiota profiles.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Buffaloes; DNA, Bacterial; Discriminant Analysis; Female; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Mastitis; Microbiota; Milk; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Stem Cells
PubMed: 28926595
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184710 -
Acta Bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis Jan 2019Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast that may mimic breast cancer. It is most common in parous young fertile... (Review)
Review
Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast that may mimic breast cancer. It is most common in parous young fertile women, although it can occur in nulliparous women and in men. IGM is an idiopathic disease due to the influence of some environmental factors in genetically predisposed subjects. Several pathogenic hypothesis have been proposed in the last years (autoimmune, hormonal, infective genesis). IGM presents as a painful palpable mass located in one of the two udders. The skin is usually normal but could present signs of inflammation with or without lymph nodes involvement. Ultrasonography, mammography, magnetic resonance can be diagnosed an IGM, but pathognomonic radiological signs has not yet reported in literature. Biopsy findings show granulomatous lesion centered on the breast lobule, as in granulomatous mastitis induced by tuberculosis or sarcoidosis. The aim of this review of literature is to verify the development of new advanced diagnostic techniques and multidisciplinary approach for this condition. In the last years innovative approaches have modified IGM diagnosis and therapy, avoiding surgery in most of cases, introducing a more conservative medical approach based on recent etiopathological hypothesis.
Topics: Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
PubMed: 30889150
DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i1.6607 -
MCN. the American Journal of Maternal... 2017Biological and environmental changes to maternal and newborn microbiomes in the postnatal period can affect health outcomes for the mother-baby dyad. Postpartum sleep...
Biological and environmental changes to maternal and newborn microbiomes in the postnatal period can affect health outcomes for the mother-baby dyad. Postpartum sleep deprivation and unmet dietary needs can alter commensal bacteria within the body and disrupt gut-brain communication. Perineal injury and breast infections also change microbial community composition, potentiating an environment favoring pathogen growth. The gut microbiome refers to the collection of microorganisms working in harmony. Disruptions within the gut microbiome and gut-brain communication may lead to postpartum depression, a potentially devastating sequela. Postnatal newborn changes to the gut and skin microbiome materialize quickly after birth and are profoundly influenced by mode of birth, feeding method, and bathing and skin care practices. During the newborn period, infant microbiomes are highly vulnerable and susceptible to multiple influences. Maternal-newborn nurses have a valuable role in helping mothers and newborns promote healthy microbiomes. Factors that influence the rapidly changing postnatal microbiome of the mother and her newborn, and the role nurses have to positively influence immediate and long-term health outcomes are presented.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Feeding Behavior; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Mastitis; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Mothers; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy
PubMed: 29049057
DOI: 10.1097/NMC.0000000000000374 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Sep 1993
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Breast; Chronic Disease; Dilatation, Pathologic; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Middle Aged; Smoking
PubMed: 8219949
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.307.6907.772 -
Journal of Dairy Science Oct 2021Current sensor systems are used to detect cows with clinical mastitis. Although, the systems perform well enough to not negatively affect the adoption of automatic...
Current sensor systems are used to detect cows with clinical mastitis. Although, the systems perform well enough to not negatively affect the adoption of automatic milking systems, the performance is far from perfect. An important advantage of sensor systems is the availability of multiple measurements per day. By clearly defining the need for detection of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) from the farmers' management perspective, detection and management of SCM and CM may be improved. Sensor systems may also be used for other aspects of mastitis management. In this paper we have defined 4 mastitis situations that could be managed with the support of sensor systems. Because of differences in the associated management and the epidemiology of these specific mastitis situations, the required demands for performance of the sensor systems do differ. The 4 defined mastitis situations with the requirements of performance are the following: (1) Cows with severe CM needing immediate attention. Sensor systems should have a very high sensitivity (>95% and preferably close to 100%) and specificity (>99%) within a narrow time window (maximum 12 h) to ensure that close to all cows with true cases of severe CM are detected quickly. Although never studied, it is expected that because of the effects of severe CM, such a high detection performance is feasible. (2) Cows with mastitis that do not need immediate attention. Although these cows have a risk of progressing into severe CM or chronic mastitis, they should get the chance to cure spontaneously under close monitoring. Sensor alerts should have a reasonable sensitivity (>80%) and a high specificity (>99.5%). The time window may be around 7 d. (3) Cows needing attention at drying off. For selective dry cow treatment, the absence or presence of an intramammary infection at dry-off needs to be known. To avoid both false-positive and false-negative alerts, sensitivity and specificity can be equally high (>95%). (4) Herd-level udder health. By combining sensor readings from all cows in the herd, novel herd-level key performance indicators can be developed to monitor udder health status and development over time and raise alerts at significant deviances from predefined thresholds; sensitivity should be reasonably high, >80%, and because of the costs for further analysis of false-positive alerts, the specificity should be >99%. The development and validation of sensor-based algorithms specifically for these 4 mastitis situations will encourage situation-specific farmer interventions and operational udder health management.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cell Count; Dairying; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk
PubMed: 34304877
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19097 -
Journal of Dairy Science Apr 2020In dairy cattle, mastitis is a disease of the mammary gland caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and algae. Mastitis causes economic losses to dairy...
In dairy cattle, mastitis is a disease of the mammary gland caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and algae. Mastitis causes economic losses to dairy farms as well as public health concerns. The reproductive efficiency of commercial dairy herds has important implications for the economic success of dairy operations and is strongly associated with the health status of cows. Mastitis has previously been linked with decreased fertility of dairy cows, but the effect of specific pathogens on the severity of fertility reduction is still unclear. In this study, cows diagnosed with mastitis caused by major pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Mycoplasma spp., and environmental Streptococcus) needed more artificial inseminations (AI) than did cows with mastitis caused by minor pathogens (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp.) and healthy cows. Cows diagnosed with mastitis, independent of what pathogen was causing mastitis, had more days open compared with nonmastitic cows. The percentage of cows that successfully established pregnancy at first AI was greater for the control group than for the major pathogens group but not significantly different from the minor pathogens group. Pregnancy loss was lower in the control group than in the major pathogens group; however, there was no difference compared with the minor pathogen group. Mastitis caused by gram-negative bacteria decreased the percentage of pregnancy per first AI and increased days open and pregnancy loss compared with the control group. Cows with mastitis caused by gram-positive bacteria also had increased days open compared with control cows. This study shows that different mastitis-causing bacteria can affect the fertility of cows differently. Mastitis events caused by major pathogens and gram-negative bacteria were associated with the greatest decrease in reproductive efficiency.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Cattle; Female; Host Microbial Interactions; Insemination, Artificial; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Reproduction
PubMed: 32089296
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16841 -
The British Journal of Surgery Nov 2018Surgical subspecialization has resulted in mastitis and breast abscesses being managed with unnecessary admission to hospital, prolonged inpatient stay, variable...
BACKGROUND
Surgical subspecialization has resulted in mastitis and breast abscesses being managed with unnecessary admission to hospital, prolonged inpatient stay, variable antibiotic prescribing, incision and drainage rather than percutaneous aspiration, and loss to specialist follow-up. The objective was to evaluate a best-practice algorithm with the aim of improving management of mastitis and breast abscesses across a multisite NHS Trust. The focus was on uniformity of antibiotic prescribing, ultrasound assessment, admission rates, length of hospital stay, intervention by aspiration or incision and drainage, and specialist follow-up.
METHODS
Management was initially evaluated in a retrospective cohort (phase I) and subsequently compared with that in two prospective cohorts after introduction of a breast abscess and mastitis pathway. One prospective cohort was analysed immediately after introduction of the pathway (phase II), and the second was used to assess the sustainability of the quality improvements (phase III). The overall impact of the pathway was assessed by comparing data from phase I with combined data from phases II and III; results from phases II and III were compared to judge sustainability.
RESULTS
Fifty-three patients were included in phase I, 61 in phase II and 80 in phase III. The management pathway and referral pro forma improved compliance with antibiotic guidelines from 34 per cent to 58·2 per cent overall (phases II and III) after implementation (P = 0·003). The improvement was maintained between phases II and III (54 and 61 per cent respectively; P = 0·684). Ultrasound assessment increased from 38 to 77·3 per cent overall (P < 0·001), in a sustained manner (75 and 79 per cent in phases II and III respectively; P = 0·894). Reductions in rates of incision and drainage (from 8 to 0·7 per cent overall; P = 0·007) were maintained (0 per cent in phase II versus 1 per cent in phase III; P = 0·381). Specialist follow-up improved consistently from 43 to 95·7 per cent overall (P < 0·001), 92 per cent in phase II and 99 per cent in phase III (P = 0·120). Rates of hospital admission and median length of stay were not significantly reduced after implementation of the pathway.
CONCLUSION
A standardized approach to mastitis and breast abscess reduced undesirable practice variation, with sustained improvements in process and patient outcomes.
Topics: Abscess; Aftercare; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Breast Diseases; Clinical Protocols; Critical Pathways; Drainage; Female; Guideline Adherence; Hospitalization; Humans; Length of Stay; Mastitis; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography, Mammary
PubMed: 29993125
DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10919 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Jun 2017The objective of the present study was to quantify the extent of genetic variation in three health-related traits namely dagginess, lameness and mastitis, in an Irish...
The objective of the present study was to quantify the extent of genetic variation in three health-related traits namely dagginess, lameness and mastitis, in an Irish sheep population. Each of the health traits investigated pose substantial welfare implications as well as considerable economic costs to producers. Data were also available on four body-related traits, namely body condition score (BCS), live weight, muscle depth and fat depth. Animals were categorised as lambs (<365 days old) or ewes (⩾365 days old) and were analysed both separately and combined. After edits, 39 315 records from 264 flocks between the years 2009 and 2015 inclusive were analysed. Variance components were estimated using animal linear mixed models. Fixed effects included contemporary group, represented as a three-way interaction between flock, date of inspection and animal type (i.e. lamb, yearling ewe (i.e. females ⩾365 days but <730 days old that have not yet had a recorded lambing) or ewe), animal breed proportion, coefficients of heterosis and recombination, animal gender (lambs only), animal parity (ewes only; lambs were assigned a separate 'parity') and the difference in age of the animal from the median of the respective parity/age group. An additive genetic effect and residual effect were both fitted as random terms with maternal genetic and non-genetic components also considered for traits of the lambs. The direct heritability of dagginess was similar across age groups (0.14 to 0.15), whereas the direct heritability of lameness ranged from 0.06 (ewes) to 0.12 (lambs). The direct heritability of mastitis was 0.04. For dagginess, 13% of the phenotypic variation was explained by dam litter, whereas the maternal heritability of dagginess was 0.05. The genetic correlation between ewe and lamb dagginess was 0.38; the correlation between ewe and lamb lameness was close to zero but was associated with a large standard error. Direct genetic correlations were evident between dagginess and BCS in ewes and between lameness and BCS in lambs. The present study has demonstrated that ample genetic variation exists for all three health traits investigated indicating that genetic improvement is indeed possible.
Topics: Animals; Breeding; Female; Genetic Variation; Lameness, Animal; Linear Models; Male; Mastitis; Parity; Phenotype; Pregnancy; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 27881209
DOI: 10.1017/S1751731116002445 -
Canadian Family Physician Medecin de... Oct 2021
Topics: Bacteremia; Female; Humans; Infant; Mastitis; Mothers; Salmonella
PubMed: 34649898
DOI: 10.46747/cfp.6710747