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Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2019Staphylococcus aureus is an important mastitis pathogen, causing both clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) in small ruminants. In general, CM has a low... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Staphylococcus aureus is an important mastitis pathogen, causing both clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) in small ruminants. In general, CM has a low incidence in sheep and goats but can be very severe and costly. In contrast, subclinical mastitis (SCM) is common but is associated with less cost. For both sheep and goats, S. aureus is the main cause of CM and is associated with SCM cases with a high SCC. Recently, specific lineages of S. aureus have been identified that are associated with CM rather than SCM in dairy cows. It is unknown whether specific S. aureus lineages are associated with CM in goats and sheep. The aim of this study was to compare the clonal complex (CC), staphylococcal protein A (spa) type, leukocidin lukM-lukF' presence, and potential to produce LukMF' in vitro between CM and SCM S. aureus mastitis isolates obtained from sheep and goats. Differences between isolates from different host species were also compared. Ovine (CM, n = 12; SCM, n = 29) and caprine (CM, n = 14; SCM, n = 30) isolates were obtained from 8 sheep flocks and 8 goat herds in the Netherlands. Overall, the isolates belonged to CC133 (85%), CC398 (7%), CC425 (5%), and CC45 (2%). Seventeen spa types were found, including 6 novel types; the predominant types were t2678 (34%), t544 (18%), and t3583 (18%). Although CC133 was dominant among both sheep and goat isolates, spa type CC133/t2678 was associated with ovine isolates, whereas CC133/t544 and CC133/t3583 were found mostly in goats. The presence of lukM-lukF' among the S. aureus isolates was high (87%), especially in CC133 (96%) and CC425 (100%), but the genes were absent in CC45 and CC398. In vitro-cultured lukM-lukF'-positive isolates produced LukM (71 out of 74 positive isolates tested) in the range of 0.4 to 5.0 µg/mL. Interestingly, the goat-associated lineages CC133/t544 and CC133/t3583 produced more LukM in vitro than the sheep-associated CC133/t2678. We found no difference in LukMF' production potential between CM and SCM isolates. In sheep as well as in goats, no association was found between genotype and CM or SCM, demonstrating that the same lineages of S. aureus are responsible for both CM and SCM. These results suggest that subclinically infected animals in a herd or flock likely act as the reservoir of S. aureus causing CM. This highlights the importance of early identification and control of SCM and suggests that controlling SCM within a herd is an effective intervention to prevent CM in small ruminants.
Topics: Animals; Asymptomatic Infections; Cytotoxins; Dairying; Female; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Goat Diseases; Goats; Leukocidins; Mastitis; Netherlands; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 30981476
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16196 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2021The objectives of this exploratory study were to (1) describe the association between herd-level udder hygiene and clinical mastitis and (2) investigate how sample size...
The objectives of this exploratory study were to (1) describe the association between herd-level udder hygiene and clinical mastitis and (2) investigate how sample size and milking stage affect the accuracy and precision of herd udder hygiene assessments made at milking time. A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in a dairy herd in Northern Australia as part of a previously published clinical trial of premilking teat disinfection. Video footage from 35 afternoon milkings was used to conduct 12,544 udder hygiene scores from 504 cows during an 89-d period and measure udder hygiene of the herd (proportion of cows with udder hygiene ≥3 out of 4). Linear interpolation was used to estimate herd udder hygiene on the days that were not scored, such that a herd-level udder hygiene measure was available for all cow-days in the study. Clinical mastitis events occurring during the study period were detected and recorded by farm staff according to a standardized definition. The relationship between herd udder hygiene on each of 1, 2, and 3 d before each study day (d -1, -2, and -3, respectively) and clinical mastitis at the cow level on each study day (each in turn being set as d 0) was determined using multivariable generalized estimating equations (family = Poisson, link = log), with the unit of analysis being the cow-day, adjusting for potential confounders and the clustering within the data. In addition, sampling strategies were evaluated by simulating herd udder hygiene assessments using a subset of cows in the herd. Herd udder hygiene from d -1, -2, and -3 was positively associated with clinical mastitis on d 0 (incidence rate ratio = 1.4 per 10-point increase in the percentage of cows with poor udder hygiene). Sampling strategy simulation found that at least 80 cows needed to be scored to achieve sufficiently precise estimations of herd udder hygiene. Furthermore, cows scored later during milking were slightly more likely to have poor udder hygiene than those scored earlier (risk ratio = 1.02 for cows that were 10% later in the milking order). More research is needed to evaluate risk factors for poor udder hygiene and potential interventions in pasture-based dairy cows.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Female; Hygiene; Longitudinal Studies; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 33663835
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19254 -
PloS One 2018Goat breeding has become an important sector in Eastern Europe, with Romania and Hungary being among the major producer countries. Given the limited number of research...
Genetic characterization of indigenous goat breeds in Romania and Hungary with a special focus on genetic resistance to mastitis and gastrointestinal parasitism based on 40 SNPs.
Goat breeding has become an important sector in Eastern Europe, with Romania and Hungary being among the major producer countries. Given the limited number of research done up-to-date concerning genetic studies of indigenous goat breeds reared in Romania and Hungary, the current preliminary study aimed to analyze the variability of genes related to mastitis and gastrointestinal parasitism by using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP™). We studied 52 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) belonging to 19 genes in indigenous breeds from both countries, namely Banat's White (n = 36), Carpatina (n = 35) from Romania and Hungarian Milking (n = 79) and identified 16 polymorphic SNPs among 10 genes (PTX3, IL6, CLEC4E, IL8, IL1RN, IL15RA, TNFSF13, SOCS3, TNF and TLR3) in 150 animals. Furthermore, the diversity of the studied breeds was investigated. The PIC values ranged from 0.042 to 0.691. The mean values of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.235 and 0.246 respectively. The highest observed heterozygosity was obtained for IL15RA g.10343904C>T in Banat's White (0.464), IL15RA g.10354813C>T in Carpatina (0.577) and SOCS3 g.52626440T>G in Hungarian Milking (0.588). Pairwise FST values between the Romanian breeds and Romanian and Hungarian breeds were small (0.009 and 0.015), indicating the close relationship among the studied goat populations. From all the polymorphic SNPs identified, the Hungarian Milking breed showed the highest proportion of polymorphisms (100%), whereas the Carpatina breed had the lowest percentage (87.5%). The highest value of MAF was obtained for SOCS3 g.52626440T>G (0.46), IL15RA g.10343904C>T (0.47), IL15RA g.10344025C>T (0.45), and IL15RA g.10354813C>T (0.42). The 16 polymorphic SNPs identified in a panel of 150 unrelated individuals belonging to three Romanian and Hungarian indigenous goat breeds could be used in future genomic based breeding schemes as markers for genetic resistance to mastitis and gastrointestinal parasitism in goat breeds found in Eastern and Central Europe.
Topics: Animals; Breeding; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Genetics, Population; Genotype; Goats; Hungary; Mastitis; Microsatellite Repeats; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Romania
PubMed: 29742137
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197051 -
Cells Nov 2022Mastitis is a common clinical disease which threatens the welfare and health of dairy cows and causes huge economic losses. Sanguinarine (SG) is a plant-derived alkaloid...
Mastitis is a common clinical disease which threatens the welfare and health of dairy cows and causes huge economic losses. Sanguinarine (SG) is a plant-derived alkaloid which has many biological functions, including antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The present study attempted to evaluate the effect of SG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress reactions and explore its potential mechanisms. The expression profile of SG was analyzed by network pharmacology, and it was found that differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in the Wnt signaling pathway and oxidative stress through GO and KEGG enrichment. In in vitro experiments, the dosage of SG was non-toxic to mouse mammary epithelial cells (mMECs) ( > 0.05). SG not only inhibited the increase in ROS induced by LPS, but also enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes ( < 0.05). Moreover, the results of the in vivo experiments showed that SG alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory damage of mouse mammary glands and enhanced the integrity of the blood-milk barrier ( < 0.05). Further studies suggested that SG promoted Nrf2 expression and suppressed the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway ( < 0.05). Conclusively, this study clarified the protective effect of SG on mastitis and provided evidence for new potential mechanisms. SG exerted its antioxidant function through activating Nrf2 and inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, repairing the blood-milk barrier.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Mice; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Lipopolysaccharides; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Milk; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 36429086
DOI: 10.3390/cells11223658 -
Australian Family Physician Dec 2011Lactational mastitis is common, affecting one in 5 breastfeeding women. As well as causing significant discomfort, it is a frequent reason for women to stop...
BACKGROUND
Lactational mastitis is common, affecting one in 5 breastfeeding women. As well as causing significant discomfort, it is a frequent reason for women to stop breastfeeding.
OBJECTIVE
This article outlines an evidence based approach to the diagnosis and management of lactational breast infections in general practice.
DISCUSSION
Lactational mastitis is usually bacterial in aetiology and can generally be effectively managed with oral antibiotics. Infections that do not improve rapidly require further investigation for breast abscess and nonlactational causes of inflammation, including the rare cause of inflammatory breast cancer. In addition to antibiotics, management of lactational breast infections include symptomatic treatment, assessment of the infant's attachment to the breast, and reassurance, emotional support, education and support for ongoing breastfeeding.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Australia; Disease Progression; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; General Practice; Health Status; Humans; Mastitis; Medical History Taking; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Referral and Consultation; Women's Health
PubMed: 22146325
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of International Medical... Jan 2022This study was performed to describe a rare case of granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) that was successfully treated with bromocriptine in a male patient with... (Review)
Review
This study was performed to describe a rare case of granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) that was successfully treated with bromocriptine in a male patient with gynecomastia and hyperprolactinemia. A 20-year-old man presented with a 1-year history of breast enlargement and galactorrhea. Physical examination revealed bilateral breast enlargement, porous discharge, and a 3-cm left breast lump in the 10-o'clock quadrant. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a 1.2-mm pituitary tumor. Laboratory analysis revealed hyperprolactinemia with low serum testosterone and elevated prolactin and estradiol levels. The lump in the left breast was examined by ultrasonography and mammography, and a core needle biopsy revealed chronic inflammation. The patient's galactorrhea and breast lump disappeared after 3 months of treatment with bromocriptine at 2.5 mg once a day. His serum prolactin level also normalized. Following a review of this case, the patient was diagnosed with gynecomastia with hyperprolactinemia complicated by rare GLM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of concurrent gynecomastia and GLM.
Topics: Adult; Breast; Female; Galactorrhea; Granulomatous Mastitis; Gynecomastia; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Pregnancy; Young Adult
PubMed: 35098766
DOI: 10.1177/03000605221075815 -
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons... Mar 2023Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is an evolving problem with varied presentation. No definite treatment guidelines are available at present that may reduce rate...
INTRODUCTION
Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is an evolving problem with varied presentation. No definite treatment guidelines are available at present that may reduce rate of recurrence. Current evidence suggests a ductal pathology behind IGM, which leads to periductal mastitis, leakage and sinus/fistula formation. Thus, excision of the sinus/fistulous tract with en-bloc wide local excision (WLE) of the lesion could be curative. The objective of this study was to look for the basic aetiology of IGM and evaluate the effectiveness of WLE with total or partial duct excision as a curative approach.
METHODS
An institutional prospective comparative study was conducted over 4 years (2015-2019), in which 59 cases of IGM were randomly divided into three groups. After necessary investigations, patients in group A received steroid therapy, those in group B received WLE and patients in group C received WLE with total or partial duct excision as the mode of treatment. Postoperative follow-up was between 6 months and 3 years.
RESULTS
Histopathological examination (HPE) was found to be the most suitable diagnostic procedure. Patients in group B showed the highest rate of recurrence (73.6%), followed by group A (35.0%) and group C (5.0%). Patients in group C had a significantly lower chance of recurrence compared with both group A and group B (< 0.05). HPE reports of excised ducts from patients in group C showed ductal disruption and leakage along with periductal granuloma in 70% of cases.
CONCLUSIONS
The presence of duct granuloma indicates the association of ductal pathology in IGM. IGM is therefore a disease of the mammary ducts and en-bloc duct excision is curative in non-responding cases.
Topics: Female; Humans; Granulomatous Mastitis; Prospective Studies; Granuloma; Immunoglobulin M
PubMed: 35638904
DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2022.0017 -
Social Science & Medicine (1982) Mar 1994Clinical impression suggests that lactation mastitis is associated with inexperienced nursers, improper nursing techniques, stress and fatigue. A pilot study was... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Clinical impression suggests that lactation mastitis is associated with inexperienced nursers, improper nursing techniques, stress and fatigue. A pilot study was conducted to describe the frequency of self-reported breastfeeding practices during the first week post partum among 100 breastfeeding women delivering at a freestanding birthing center or participating in an early discharge program. Nine cases of lactation mastitis were identified from the survey population and an additional 8 from the target population for the survey. Seventeen controls matched by delivery date were identified from survey participants. The frequency of self-reported breastfeeding practices, the presence of fatigue and stress during the week prior to the mastitis date in the case was compared among cases and controls. In the first week post partum, most women fed their babies every 2-3 hr for approx. 20 min a feeding. The cradle or Madonna position was the most frequently used nursing position. Nine percent reported supplementing feedings with formula. Women with mastitis were more likely than controls to report a history of mastitis with a previous child. In the week prior to the mastitis date of the case, women with mastitis were more likely than controls to report breast or nipple pain and cracks or breast fissures. They were less likely to report being able to take a daytime nap. Future studies should focus on the relative importance of and interrelationships among these factors.
Topics: Adult; Breast Feeding; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Mastitis; Pilot Projects; Postpartum Period; Posture; Self Disclosure
PubMed: 8171354
DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90466-9 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Nov 2023Mastitis is a disease of economic importance in dairy production systems. The common management regime for mastitis is the use of synthetic antibiotics, giving a new... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Mastitis is a disease of economic importance in dairy production systems. The common management regime for mastitis is the use of synthetic antibiotics, giving a new problem of antibiotic resistance. There is, therefore, a need to prospect for alternatives to conventional antibiotics from herbal plants.
OBJECTIVES
This systematic review evaluates the use of plants as alternatives for the control of mastitis in dairy cattle, focussing on the effectiveness of studied plants and plant-based products and possible implications on the use of these products in livestock health.
METHODOLOGY
The PRISMA model was implemented with searches done in five electronic databases: Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Ovid and Research4Life. Data were extracted from 45 studies with 112 plant species from plant species belonging to 42 different families. The specific keywords were 'mastitis', 'dairy cows' and 'medicinal plants'.
RESULTS
The most cited plant species included Allium sativum L., Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus globulus Labill with the latter further exploring its components. Microbial species causing mastitis mainly were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The extraction methods used included maceration approach using ethanol, methanol and water as solvents for phytochemicals and chromatographic techniques for essential oils. A few studies explored the mode of action, and toxicities of the herbal extracts as well as evaluating their efficacy in clinical trials using animal models.
CONCLUSION
Plants with defined levels of phytochemicals were essential sources of antibacterials. Standardisation of analytical methods is required.
Topics: Humans; Female; Cattle; Animals; Plants, Medicinal; Milk; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli; Mastitis; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37725398
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1268 -
BMC Veterinary Research May 2022The lactation capacity of dairy cows is critical to the productivity of the animals. Mastitis is a disease that directly affects the lactation capacity of cows....
The lactation capacity of dairy cows is critical to the productivity of the animals. Mastitis is a disease that directly affects the lactation capacity of cows. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most important pathogens that causes mastitis in dairy cows. The anti-inflammatory effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs) has been demonstrated in mice and chickens. However, the effectiveness of SMPs in preventing and treating mastitis is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the protective effect and mechanism of SMPs on mastitis caused by S. aureus. S. aureus was used to induce mastitis in rats, and three doses of SMPs (87.5, 175, 350 mg/kg, BW/d) were administered as treatments. The bacterial load, histopathology, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activities of mammary glands were observed and measured. Cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), were examined by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Key proteins in the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blotting. The results showed that SMP supplementation could significantly reduce the colonization of S. aureus and the recruitment of inflammatory cells in mammary glands. S. aureus-induced gene transcription and protein expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly suppressed in mammary glands. In addition, the increase in NF-κB and MAPK protein phosphorylation was inhibited by SMPs. These results revealed that supplementation with SMPs protected the mammary gland of rats against damage caused by S. aureus and alleviated the inflammatory response. This study provides a certain experimental basis for the treatment of S. aureus-induced mastitis with SMPs in the future.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chickens; Female; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mastitis; Mice; NF-kappa B; Polysaccharides; Rats; Salvia miltiorrhiza; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 35624447
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03312-6