-
Journal of Medical Case Reports Apr 2022Granulomatous mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast, typically seen in woman of child-bearing age. No definitive etiology has been described. In rare...
BACKGROUND
Granulomatous mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast, typically seen in woman of child-bearing age. No definitive etiology has been described. In rare instances, this condition has been reported to be associated with extramammary manifestations such as erythema nodosum and arthritis. We describe this rare condition in an adolescent female.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 16-year-old, Hispanic female presented with right-sided painful breast swelling, polyarthritis, and erythema nodosum on bilateral shins and lower thighs. Physical examination was negative for lymphadenopathy and pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular findings. Ophthalmologic examination for uveitis and serologic tests for autoimmune diseases were negative. Diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis was made by exclusion of other etiologies and conditions. Confirmation was made by histopathologic examination demonstrating noncaseating granuloma within breast lobules with neutrophils and microabscess formation. After wide local excision and a short course of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, our patient was placed on naproxen and prednisone, the latter being tapered off over 3 months, with steady and complete resolution of all symptoms.
CONCLUSION
This is the first reported case of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis in a pediatric patient who also had extramammary manifestations, including erythema nodosum and polyarthritis. In this case-based review, we summarize the phenotype, risk factors, prognosis, and treatment options of this rare condition, chiefly to make the readers cognizant of such a diagnostic possibility in similar clinical presentation in the future.
Topics: Adolescent; Arthritis; Child; Erythema Nodosum; Female; Granuloma; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Prednisone
PubMed: 35382864
DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03327-5 -
Veterinary Research 2003Staphylococci are the main aetiological agents of small ruminants intramammary infections (IMI), the more frequent isolates being S. aureus in clinical cases and... (Review)
Review
Staphylococci are the main aetiological agents of small ruminants intramammary infections (IMI), the more frequent isolates being S. aureus in clinical cases and coagulase negative species in subclinical IMI. The clinical IMI, whose annual incidence is usually lower than 5%, mainly occur at the beginning of machine milking and during the first third of lactation. These features constitute small ruminant peculiarities compared to dairy cattle. Small ruminant mastitis is generally a chronic and contagious infection: the primary sources are mammary and cutaneous carriages, and spreading mainly occurs during milking. Somatic cell counts (SCC) represent a valuable tool for prevalence assessment and screening, but predictive values are better in ewes than in goats. Prevention is most often based on milking machine management, sanitation and annual control, and milking technique optimisation. Elimination mainly relies on culling animals exhibiting clinical, chronic and recurrent IMI, and on drying-off intramammary antibiotherapy; this treatment allows a good efficacy and may be used selectively by targeting infected udders only. Heritability values for lactation mean SCC scores are between 0.11 and 0.15. Effective inclusion of ewe's mastitis resistance in the breeding goal has recently been implemented in France following experimental and large scale estimations of genetic parameters for SCC scores.
Topics: Animals; Cell Count; Female; Goat Diseases; Goats; Lactation; Mastitis; Milk; Parity; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 14556701
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2003030 -
Journal of Dairy Science Apr 2022Nisin Z is a possible alternative for treating bovine mastitis by inhibiting mastitis-causing pathogens and having anti-inflammatory activity. However, the...
Nisin Z is a possible alternative for treating bovine mastitis by inhibiting mastitis-causing pathogens and having anti-inflammatory activity. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of nisin Z on mastitis is unknown. Our study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of nisin Z on mastitis. Our results showed that nisin Z inhibited the activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MCF10A cells. After intraperitoneal injection, nisin Z significantly decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in the mammary gland, as well as decreased myeloperoxidase and pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum and mammary gland. Western blot analysis revealed that nisin Z also dramatically suppressed the activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced mastitis mice. We also found that nisin Z treatment could enhance the blood-milk barrier. In summary, our study demonstrated that nisin Z exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway and promoting the blood-milk barrier on LPS-induced mastitis.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Lipopolysaccharides; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mastitis; Mice; NF-kappa B; Nisin; Signal Transduction; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
PubMed: 35181137
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21356 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2020Sub-acute mastitis (SAM) is a prevalent disease among lactating women, being one of the main reasons for early weaning. Although the etiology and diagnosis of acute...
Sub-acute mastitis (SAM) is a prevalent disease among lactating women, being one of the main reasons for early weaning. Although the etiology and diagnosis of acute mastitis (AM) is well established, little is known about the underlying mechanisms causing SAM. We collected human milk samples from healthy and SAM-suffering mothers, during the course of mastitis and after symptoms disappeared. Total (DNA-based) and active (RNA-based) microbiota were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR. Furthermore, mammary epithelial cell lines were exposed to milk pellets, and levels of the pro-inflammatory interleukin IL8 were measured. Bacterial load was significantly higher in the mastitis samples and decreased after clinical symptoms disappeared. Bacterial diversity was lower in SAM milk samples, and differences in bacterial composition and activity were also found. Contrary to AM, the same bacterial species were found in samples from healthy and SAM mothers, although at different proportions, indicating a dysbiotic ecological shift. Finally, mammary epithelial cell exposure to SAM milk pellets showed an over-production of IL8. Our work therefore supports that SAM has a bacterial origin, with increased bacterial loads, reduced diversity and altered composition, which partly recovered after treatment, suggesting a polymicrobial and variable etiology.
Topics: Bacteria; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Lactation; Mastitis; Microbiota; Milk, Human; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 33116172
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74719-0 -
Toxins Feb 2021is the most common mastitis-related pathogen in dairy cattle, goats, and sheep worldwide. However, the population structure and genomic characteristics of...
is the most common mastitis-related pathogen in dairy cattle, goats, and sheep worldwide. However, the population structure and genomic characteristics of mastitis-associated in small ruminants are limited. Furthermore, the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics involved in the pathogenicity of . have been thoroughly defined, yet their association with the severity of mastitis is not fully established. Here, we performed genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and analyses to assess the genetic diversity and relatedness of 162 strains recovered from clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) cases from goats, sheep, and bovines. PFGE analysis revealed 108 distinguishable pulsotypes and 3 main clusters that comprised isolates from the three host species, while according to typing, 32 different types were identified. Genotypic analysis revealed a spreading of genetically related or indistinguishable strains among ovine, caprine, and bovine farms of distant geographical regions. In total, 28 different staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) gene profiles were observed, revealing a diverse range of SE genes among isolates. By evaluating the antimicrobial resistance, we found low phenotypic antimicrobial resistance among all ruminant isolates. We also performed multiple correspondence analysis, which indicated that the presence of the gene, biofilm production, and high autoaggregation ability are associated with CM cases.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterotoxins; Female; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Goat Diseases; Goats; Greece; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence
PubMed: 33668901
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030176 -
Theriogenology Aug 2006Reproductive losses in camelids are due to infertility, pregnancy loss, udder diseases and neonatal mortality caused by a variety of infectious diseases. Uterine... (Review)
Review
Reproductive losses in camelids are due to infertility, pregnancy loss, udder diseases and neonatal mortality caused by a variety of infectious diseases. Uterine infection and abortion represent the major complaint in camelid veterinary practice. The major infectious organisms in endometritis and metritis are E. coli and Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. Abortion rates due to infectious diseases vary from 10% to more than 70% in some areas. Leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and chlamydiosis have been diagnosed as the major causes of abortion in llamas and alpacas. In camels, brucellosis and trypanosomiasis represent the major causes of infectious abortion in the Middle East and Africa. Mastitis is rare in South American camelids. The prevalence of subclinical udder infection in camels can reach very high proportions in dairy camels. Udder infections are primarily due to Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. Neonatal mortality is primarily due to diarrhea following failure of passive transfer and exposure to E. coli, rotavirus, coronavirus, Coccidia and Salmonella. This paper reviews the etio-pathogenesis of these causes of reproductive losses, as well as the major risk factors and strategies to prevent their occurrence.
Topics: Abortion, Veterinary; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Camelids, New World; Cause of Death; Communicable Diseases; Female; Fetal Death; Male; Mastitis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Reproduction
PubMed: 16697037
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.04.008 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Mar 2021The occurrence of multiple metabolic and inflammatory diseases in dairy cows is higher during the periparturient period, which may be triggered by bacterial components,...
The occurrence of multiple metabolic and inflammatory diseases in dairy cows is higher during the periparturient period, which may be triggered by bacterial components, but not a viable bacterium. This study aimed to determine the association of endometritis and ovarian follicular cyst (OFC) with mastitis in dairy cows. Ninety-eight Holstein dairy cows were clinically examined for endometritis and OFC approximately 30-50 days after calving. Blood and milk samples were collected for the determination of milk somatic cell count (SCC); milk interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations; and plasma haptoglobin (Hp) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) concentrations. Of the 98 dairy cows included in this study, 12 were diagnosed with endometritis and 37 cows were identified as OFC-positive, whereas the remaining 49 cows were healthy (without endometritis or OFC). The average and maximum SCCs and plasma Hp and LBP concentrations were not significantly different between the healthy cows and those with endometritis or OFC. However, when the maximum SCC was classified as <300, 300-1,000, or >1,000 × 10 cells/ml, the percentage of cows with the maximum SCC <300 × 10 cells/ml was significantly lower in the endometritis and OFC-positive groups than in the healthy group. These results suggested that cows with endometritis and OFC during the postpartum period exhibit high SCC, indicating that some bacterial components can be transferred between organs.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Endometritis; Female; Follicular Cyst; Lactation; Mastitis; Milk; Postpartum Period
PubMed: 33342970
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0652 -
BMC Surgery Apr 2021As a chronic inflammatory disease of an unknown origin, the treatment of granulomatous mastitis has always been controversial. According to some researchers, surgical...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
As a chronic inflammatory disease of an unknown origin, the treatment of granulomatous mastitis has always been controversial. According to some researchers, surgical treatment and certain medications, especially steroids, are more effective in treating the disease. This study aimed at evaluating the results of treatment in a group of patients with granulomatous mastitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This longitudinal cohort study evaluated the treatment outcomes of 87 patients with pathology-confirmed granulomatous mastitis referred to the surgical clinic of Central Hospital in Sari, Iran. Demographic, clinical, and pathological information, treatment methods and results, and the recurrence rate were analyzed.
FINDINGS
A total of 87 female patients with granulomatous mastitis aged 22-52 years with a mean age of 34 years were evaluated. All patients had palpable masses; the breast masses were painful in 48.3% of patients, and 55.2% of patients suffered from erythema and inflammation, and8% had fistulas and ulcers at the inflammation site. The patients were followed-up for an average duration of 26 months (8-48 months) after treatment and recovery. The overall recurrence rate was 24.1%, and the recurrence rate was 29.4% in patients underwent surgery, 34.8% in patients received high-dose prednisolone, and 17% in those received low-dose prednisolone together with drainage (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
According to the results, the low-dose prednisolone plus drainage was more effective with a lower recurrence rate than only surgical excision or high-dose prednisolone. In fact, the use of minimally invasive methods such as drainage plus low-dose steroids is a more effective method with fewer side effects than the other two methods.
Topics: Adult; Breast; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Iran; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Prednisolone; Young Adult
PubMed: 33882924
DOI: 10.1186/s12893-021-01210-6 -
Annals of the Academy of Medicine,... Aug 2021
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Mammography
PubMed: 34472553
DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2021286 -
Asian Journal of Surgery Jan 2016Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a benign rare inflammatory pseudotumor. Bilateral involvement of IGM has been reported in a few cases. To our knowledge, this...
OBJECTIVES
Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a benign rare inflammatory pseudotumor. Bilateral involvement of IGM has been reported in a few cases. To our knowledge, this study is the largest series of bilateral cases to date. The goals of this study were to present clinical features of bilateral IGM and to evaluate the results of treatments.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of the idiopathic granulomatous mastitis database from 2010 to 2013. Ten female patients who met required histologic and clinical criteria of IGM in both breasts were included in study. Demographic data, clinical findings, medication history, and radiologic findings are presented.
RESULTS
The mean age at onset of the disease was 38.4 ± 8.3 years (range: 29-52 years). Nine patients had no recurrence during a mean follow-up period of 21 months (range: 11-26 months). Additionally, the median time to second breast involvement was 15.6 months.
CONCLUSION
Bilateral IGMs have a higher rate of more relapse and greater resistance to medical therapies than do unilateral IGMs. Surgical management should be avoided unless all medical treatment options have been exhausted. Nevertheless, expectant management seems a rational option for the treatment of bilateral IGM.
Topics: Adult; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 25944108
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2015.02.003