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MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Nov 2020In 2010, the World Health Assembly (WHA) set the following three milestones for measles control to be achieved by 2015: 1) increase routine coverage with the first dose...
In 2010, the World Health Assembly (WHA) set the following three milestones for measles control to be achieved by 2015: 1) increase routine coverage with the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) among children aged 1 year to ≥90% at the national level and to ≥80% in every district, 2) reduce global annual measles incidence to <5 cases per 1 million population, and 3) reduce global measles mortality by 95% from the 2000 estimate* (1). In 2012, WHA endorsed the Global Vaccine Action Plan, with the objective of eliminating measles in five of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions by 2020. This report describes progress toward WHA milestones and regional measles elimination during 2000-2019 and updates a previous report (2). During 2000-2010, estimated MCV1 coverage increased globally from 72% to 84% but has since plateaued at 84%-85%. All countries conducted measles surveillance; however, approximately half did not achieve the sensitivity indicator target of two or more discarded measles and rubella cases per 100,000 population. Annual reported measles incidence decreased 88%, from 145 to 18 cases per 1 million population during 2000-2016; the lowest incidence occurred in 2016, but by 2019 incidence had risen to 120 cases per 1 million population. During 2000-2019, the annual number of estimated measles deaths decreased 62%, from 539,000 to 207,500; an estimated 25.5 million measles deaths were averted. To drive progress toward the regional measles elimination targets, additional strategies are needed to help countries reach all children with 2 doses of measles-containing vaccine, identify and close immunity gaps, and improve surveillance.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Global Health; Goals; Humans; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Infant; Measles; Measles Vaccine; World Health Organization
PubMed: 33180759
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6945a6 -
Vaccine Aug 2014Measles transmission has been well documented in healthcare facilities. Healthcare personnel who are unvaccinated and who lack other evidence of measles immunity put... (Review)
Review
Measles transmission has been well documented in healthcare facilities. Healthcare personnel who are unvaccinated and who lack other evidence of measles immunity put themselves and their patients at risk for measles. We conducted a systematic literature review of measles vaccination policies and their implementation in healthcare personnel, measles seroprevalence among healthcare personnel, measles transmission and disease burden in healthcare settings, and impact/costs incurred by healthcare facilities for healthcare-associated measles transmission. Five database searches yielded 135 relevant articles; 47 additional articles were found through cross-referencing. The risk of acquiring measles is estimated to be 2 to 19 times higher for susceptible healthcare personnel than for the general population. Fifty-three articles published worldwide during 1989-2013 reported measles transmission from patients to healthcare personnel; many of the healthcare personnel were unvaccinated or had unknown vaccination status. Eighteen articles published worldwide during 1982-2013 described examples of transmission from healthcare personnel to patients or to other healthcare personnel. Half of European countries have no measles vaccine policies for healthcare personnel. There is no global policy recommendation for the vaccination of healthcare personnel against measles. Even in countries such as the United States or Finland that have national policies, the recommendations are not uniformly implemented in healthcare facilities. Measles serosusceptibility in healthcare personnel varied widely across studies (median 6.5%, range 0-46%) but was consistently higher among younger healthcare personnel. Deficiencies in documentation of two doses of measles vaccination or other evidence of immunity among healthcare personnel presents challenges in responding to measles exposures in healthcare settings. Evaluating and containing exposures and outbreaks in healthcare settings can be disruptive and costly. Establishing policies for measles vaccination for healthcare personnel is an important strategy towards achieving measles elimination and should be a high priority for global policy setting groups, governments, and hospitals.
Topics: Health Personnel; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 24280280
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.005 -
Journal of Preventive Medicine and... Sep 2023
Topics: Humans; Infant; Vaccination; Disease Outbreaks; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 38125985
DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2023.64.3.3075 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2022the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the WHO on the 30 January 2020. The occurrence of measles outbreaks in the... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the WHO on the 30 January 2020. The occurrence of measles outbreaks in the context of COVID-19, both highly infectious respiratory illnesses, impacts additional challenges to the health system in a state with an ongoing humanitarian crisis. This article documents the implementation of an outbreak response immunization (ORI) during the COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of global guidelines for mass vaccination.
METHODS
a retrospective review of the response to measles outbreak implemented in Borno state across six local government areas (LGAs) in 2019 was conducted. This review assessed the utilization of the World Health Organization (WHO) decision making framework, measles and COVID-19 epidemiological reports and the measle's vaccination response data.
RESULTS
an outbreak response immunization was implemented in six LGAs in Borno State, with a validated post campaign coverage of 96.3% (95% CI: 93.0 - 98.1). In total, 181,634 children aged 9 months-9 years were vaccinated with 27,961 (15.4%) receiving the measles vaccine for the first time. Prior to the interventions, 20 COVID-19 cases were reported in the six LGAs while only seven suspected cases were reported with only two cases confirmed in one of the six LGAs four weeks after the ORI.
CONCLUSION
the WHO decision-making framework for implementing mass vaccinations in the context of the COVID-19 Pandemic was utilized for the outbreak response immunization in Borno State, Nigeria with 181,634 children aged 9 Months-9 years vaccinated with the measles vaccine. The use of the WHO decision-making framework to assess risk benefits of initiating mass vaccination campaigns remains a very important practical tool. These types of responses in Nigeria and other low and middle income countries (LMICs), with hitherto suboptimal immunization coverage and weak health systems and other settings, affected by humanitarian emergencies is essential in the achievement of the regional measle's elimination targets.
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Nigeria; Pandemics; COVID-19; Vaccination; Measles Vaccine; Measles; Immunization; Mass Vaccination; Immunization Programs; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 35432705
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.41.104.28162 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine May 2016Despite widespread vaccination against measles in the United States, outbreaks continue to occur. Clinicians should be able to recognize its distinctive clinical picture... (Review)
Review
Despite widespread vaccination against measles in the United States, outbreaks continue to occur. Clinicians should be able to recognize its distinctive clinical picture so that isolation measures can be instituted promptly, susceptible contacts immunized, and public health agencies notified. Vaccination is safe for most people and should be strongly promoted for all healthy children.
Topics: Child; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; United States
PubMed: 27168508
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.83a.15039 -
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 2017
Topics: Disease Eradication; Humans; India; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Population Surveillance
PubMed: 28397737
DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.JPGM_166_17 -
PloS One 2021A measles outbreak occurred in Greece during 2017-2018 affecting mainly pediatric population. The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
A measles outbreak occurred in Greece during 2017-2018 affecting mainly pediatric population. The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the cases diagnosed in the major pediatric tertiary hospital of Athens, where 26.5% of national pediatric measles cases were diagnosed and treated.
METHODS
This is a retrospective study of children 0-16 years old, who presented at the emergency department and/or were hospitalized with clinical presentation compatible with measles and diagnosis was confirmed with molecular detection of the measles RNA in pharyngeal swabs. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics were retrieved from medical records and analyzed.
RESULTS
A total of 578 children with measles were identified during the study period. 322 (55.7%) were male with median age 36 months (range:1-193), while the largest number of documented cases (251; 43.4%) were children aged 1-5 years. Most children (429/578; 74.2%) belonged to the Roma minority and only 64 (11.1%) had Greek origin. 497 (91.5%) children were unvaccinated and 37 (6.8%) were partially vaccinated with measles vaccine. Hospitalization was required for 342 (59.2%) children, whereas one or more complications were reported in 230 (67.2%) of them. Most frequent complications were elevated transaminases (139; 40.6%), acute otitis media (72; 21%), dehydration (67; 19.6%) and pneumonia (58; 16.9%). 11 children (3.2%) required intensive care admission for altered mental status/status epilepticus (3), sepsis (2) and ARDS (6). 119/342 (34.8%) children were treated with antibiotics because of possible or confirmed bacterial coinfection. One death was reported, concerning an 11-month-old unvaccinated infant, with underlying dystrophy, who died of sepsis.
CONCLUSION
Measles is not an innocent viral infection, as it is still characterized by high morbidity and complications rates. Unvaccinated or partially vaccinated populations could trigger new outbreaks, resulting in significant cost in public health. To avoid future measles outbreaks, high vaccination coverage should be achieved, as well as closing immunity gaps in the population and ensuring high-quality measles surveillance.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Epidemics; Female; Greece; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Measles; Prognosis
PubMed: 33471833
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245512 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Dec 2019In 2010, the World Health Assembly (WHA) set the following three milestones for measles control to be achieved by 2015: 1) increase routine coverage with the first dose...
In 2010, the World Health Assembly (WHA) set the following three milestones for measles control to be achieved by 2015: 1) increase routine coverage with the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) among children aged 1 year to ≥90% at the national level and to ≥80% in every district, 2) reduce global annual measles incidence to less than five cases per 1 million population, and 3) reduce global measles mortality by 95% from the 2000 estimate* (1). In 2012, WHA endorsed the Global Vaccine Action Plan, with the objective of eliminating measles in five of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions by 2020. This report updates a previous report (2) and describes progress toward WHA milestones and regional measles elimination during 2000-2018. During 2000-2018, estimated MCV1 coverage increased globally from 72% to 86%; annual reported measles incidence decreased 66%, from 145 to 49 cases per 1 million population; and annual estimated measles deaths decreased 73%, from 535,600 to 142,300. During 2000-2018, measles vaccination averted an estimated 23.2 million deaths. However, the number of measles cases in 2018 increased 167% globally compared with 2016, and estimated global measles mortality has increased since 2017. To continue progress toward the regional measles elimination targets, resource commitments are needed to strengthen routine immunization systems, close historical immunity gaps, and improve surveillance. To achieve measles elimination, all communities and countries need coordinated efforts aiming to reach ≥95% coverage with 2 doses of measles vaccine (3).
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Eradication; Global Health; Humans; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Infant; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Young Adult
PubMed: 31805033
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6848a1 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Sep 2020Despite the elimination of measles in the United States (US) in the year 2000, cases continue to occur, with measles outbreaks having occurred in various jurisdictions... (Review)
Review
Despite the elimination of measles in the United States (US) in the year 2000, cases continue to occur, with measles outbreaks having occurred in various jurisdictions in the US in 2018 and 2019. Understanding the cost associated with measles outbreaks can inform cost-of-illness and cost-effectiveness studies of measles and measles prevention. We performed a literature review and identified 10 published studies from 2001 through 2018 that presented cost estimates from 11 measles outbreaks. The median total cost per measles outbreak was $152 308 (range, $9862-$1 063 936); the median cost per case was $32 805 (range, $7396-$76 154) and the median cost per contact was $223 (range, $81-$746). There were limited data on direct and indirect costs associated with measles. These findings highlight how costly measles outbreaks can be, the value of this information for public health department budgeting, and the importance of more broadly documenting the cost of measles outbreaks.
Topics: Cost-Benefit Analysis; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Public Health; United States; Vaccination
PubMed: 31967305
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa070 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Jul 1995As of June 13, 1995, local and state health departments in 39 states had reported 958 measles cases to CDC for 1994. This represents the second lowest number of cases...
As of June 13, 1995, local and state health departments in 39 states had reported 958 measles cases to CDC for 1994. This represents the second lowest number of cases ever reported, after the historic low of 312 cases in 1993 (1). In addition, 303 cases were reported for the U.S. territory of Guam (228) and the commonwealths of the Northern Mariana Islands (29) and Puerto Rico (46). This report summarizes the epidemiologic characteristics of measles cases and outbreaks reported in the United States during 1994.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Contact Tracing; Disease Outbreaks; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Measles; Measles Vaccine; United States; Vaccination
PubMed: 7791737
DOI: No ID Found