-
Enfermedades Infecciosas Y... Mar 2012Viral infections are a major cause of morbidity and even mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. This article reviews key aspects of infections in solid organ... (Review)
Review
Viral infections are a major cause of morbidity and even mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. This article reviews key aspects of infections in solid organ transplant recipients from respiratory viruses, such as influenza, polyomavirus, erythrovirus B19 and measles.
Topics: Erythrovirus; Humans; Influenza, Human; Measles; Organ Transplantation; Parvoviridae Infections; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 22542038
DOI: 10.1016/S0213-005X(12)70085-X -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Nov 2018In 2010, the World Health Assembly set three milestones for measles prevention to be achieved by 2015: 1) increase routine coverage with the first dose of...
In 2010, the World Health Assembly set three milestones for measles prevention to be achieved by 2015: 1) increase routine coverage with the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) among children aged 1 year to ≥90% at the national level and to ≥80% in every district; 2) reduce global annual measles incidence to less than five cases per million population; and 3) reduce global measles mortality by 95% from the 2000 estimate (1).* In 2012, the World Health Assembly endorsed the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), with the objective of eliminating measles in four of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions by 2015 and in five regions by 2020. Countries in all six WHO regions have adopted goals for measles elimination by 2020. This report describes progress toward global measles control milestones and regional measles elimination goals during 2000-2017 and updates a previous report (2). During 2000-2017, estimated MCV1 coverage increased globally from 72% to 85%; annual reported measles incidence decreased 83%, from 145 to 25 cases per million population; and annual estimated measles deaths decreased 80%, from 545,174 to 109,638. During this period, measles vaccination prevented an estimated 21.1 million deaths. However, measles elimination milestones have not been met, and three regions are experiencing a large measles resurgence. To make further progress, case-based surveillance needs to be strengthened, and coverage with MCV1 and the second dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV2) needs to increase; in addition, it will be important to maintain political commitment and ensure substantial, sustained investments to achieve global and regional measles elimination goals.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Eradication; Global Health; Humans; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Infant; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Young Adult
PubMed: 30496160
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6747a6 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... May 2019Measles remains a major contributor to preventable child mortality, and bridging gaps in measles immunity is a fundamental challenge to global health. In high-burden...
Measles remains a major contributor to preventable child mortality, and bridging gaps in measles immunity is a fundamental challenge to global health. In high-burden settings, mass vaccination campaigns are conducted to increase access to vaccine and address this issue. Ensuring that campaigns are optimally effective is a crucial step toward measles elimination; however, the relationship between campaign impact and disease dynamics is poorly understood. Here, we study measles in Pakistan, and we demonstrate that campaign timing can be tuned to optimally interact with local transmission seasonality and recent incidence history. We develop a mechanistic modeling approach to optimize timing in general high-burden settings, and we find that in Pakistan, hundreds of thousands of infections can be averted with no change in campaign cost.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Models, Statistical; Pakistan; Time Factors
PubMed: 31085656
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818433116 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... Jun 2021Luxembourg was among the first countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region documenting interruption of endemic measles transmission, but an...
Luxembourg was among the first countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region documenting interruption of endemic measles transmission, but an increased incidence was registered in spring 2019. The outbreak started with an unvaccinated student who had been to a winter sports resort in a neighbouring country, where a measles outbreak was ongoing. Subsequently, 12 secondary and two tertiary cases were confirmed among students from the same school, relatives and healthcare workers, as well as six probably unrelated cases. Only 11 cases initially fulfilled the WHO definition for suspected measles cases. Fourteen of 20 cases with information on country of birth and the majority of unvaccinated cases (10/12) were born outside of Luxembourg. Measles IgM antibody results were available for 16 of the confirmed cases, and five of the eight IgM negative cases had been vaccinated at least once. All 21 cases were PCR positive, but for three previously vaccinated cases with multiple specimen types, at least one of these samples was negative. The outbreak highlighted diagnostic challenges from clinical and laboratory perspectives in a measles elimination setting and showed that people born abroad and commuters may represent important pockets of susceptible people in Luxembourg.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Luxembourg; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Schools
PubMed: 34085633
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.22.2000012 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2020Although the incidence of measles has been dramatically reduced by the highly effective measles vaccine, cases of measles and outbreaks continue to occur in vaccinated...
Although the incidence of measles has been dramatically reduced by the highly effective measles vaccine, cases of measles and outbreaks continue to occur in vaccinated population because of immunization failure. We report on an outbreak in which two cases had previous evidence of measles immunity and then one of them transmitted measles infection to an unvaccinated contact. The cases and contacts exposed during the outbreak were investigated. Clinical information and epidemiological information were obtained. Serum samples were collected for measles-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG avidity. Throat swabs were obtained to test for measles virus RNA. Two measles cases (case 1 and case 2) who have received one dose of MCV in past 5 years, and both working at a hospital in Beijing, occurred in 18 and 20 of January, respectively. Out of the 102 contacts, one additional case (case 3) who had a close, long-term co-exposure with case 1 was reported subsequently. No additional cases of measles occurred among 15 contacts of case 3. The index case was not ascertained through the outbreak review. All three cases had laboratory confirmation of measles infection. Both case 1 and case 2 had high-avidity IgG antibody characteristic of a secondary immune response and developed a modified clinical presentation. This report confirms that a vaccinated individual with documented secondary vaccine failure (SVF) could transmit measles and is the second report since a New York City outbreak (the first report in China). The outbreak represented a series of rare events, so we can conclude that the SVF individuals in the transmission chain of measles are unlikely to threaten measles elimination. The importance of the herd immunity in preventing transmission and sensitive surveillance activities in case of misdiagnosis is emphasized.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; China; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 31487215
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1653742 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2021Although the availability of the measles vaccine, it is still epidemic in many countries globally, including Bangladesh. Eradication of measles needs to keep the basic...
Although the availability of the measles vaccine, it is still epidemic in many countries globally, including Bangladesh. Eradication of measles needs to keep the basic reproduction number less than one [Formula: see text]. This paper investigates a modified (SVEIR) measles compartmental model with double dose vaccination in Bangladesh to simulate the measles prevalence. We perform a dynamical analysis of the resulting system and find that the model contains two equilibrium points: a disease-free equilibrium and an endemic equilibrium. The disease will be died out if the basic reproduction number is less than one [Formula: see text], and if greater than one [Formula: see text] epidemic occurs. While using the Routh-Hurwitz criteria, the equilibria are found to be locally asymptotically stable under the former condition on [Formula: see text]. The partial rank correlation coefficients (PRCCs), a global sensitivity analysis method is used to compute [Formula: see text] and measles prevalence [Formula: see text] with respect to the estimated and fitted model parameters. We found that the transmission rate [Formula: see text] had the most significant influence on measles prevalence. Numerical simulations were carried out to commissions our analytical outcomes. These findings show that how progression rate, transmission rate and double dose vaccination rate affect the dynamics of measles prevalence. The information that we generate from this study may help government and public health professionals in making strategies to deal with the omissions of a measles outbreak and thus control and prevent an epidemic in Bangladesh.
Topics: Bangladesh; Basic Reproduction Number; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization, Secondary; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Models, Biological; Prevalence
PubMed: 34400667
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95913-8 -
PLoS Medicine Apr 2017Industrialization and demographic transition generate nonstationary dynamics in human populations that can affect the transmission and persistence of infectious...
BACKGROUND
Industrialization and demographic transition generate nonstationary dynamics in human populations that can affect the transmission and persistence of infectious diseases. Decades of increasing vaccination and development have led to dramatic declines in the global burden of measles, but the virus remains persistent in much of the world. Here we show that a combination of demographic transition, as a result of declining birth rates, and reduced measles prevalence, due to improved vaccination, has shifted the age distribution of susceptibility to measles throughout China.
METHODS AND FINDINGS
We fit a novel time-varying catalytic model to three decades of age-specific measles case reporting in six provinces in China to quantify the change in the age-specific force of infection for measles virus over time. We further quantified the impact of supplemental vaccination campaigns on the reduction of susceptible individuals. The force of infection of measles has declined dramatically (90%-97% reduction in transmission rate) in three industrialized eastern provinces during the last decade, driving a concomitant increase in both the relative proportion and absolute number of adult cases, while three central and western provinces exhibited dynamics consistent with endemic persistence (24%-73% reduction in transmission rate). The reduction in susceptible individuals due to supplemental vaccination campaigns is frequently below the nominal campaign coverage, likely because campaigns necessarily vaccinate those who may already be immune. The impact of these campaigns has significantly improved over time: campaigns prior to 2005 were estimated to have achieved less than 50% reductions in the proportion susceptible in the target age classes, but campaigns from 2005 onwards reduced the susceptible proportion by 32%-87%. A limitation of this study is that it relies on case surveillance, and thus inference may be biased by age-specific variation in measles reporting.
CONCLUSIONS
The age distribution of measles cases changes in response to both demographic and vaccination processes. Combining both processes in a novel catalytic model, we illustrate that age-specific incidence patterns reveal regional differences in the progress to measles elimination and the impact of vaccination controls in China. The shift in the age distribution of measles susceptibility in response to demographic and vaccination processes emphasizes the importance of progressive control strategies and measures to evaluate program success that anticipate and react to this transition in observed incidence.
Topics: Adult; Age Distribution; Child; China; Humans; Incidence; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Models, Theoretical; Population Dynamics; Vaccination
PubMed: 28376084
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002255 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Oct 2007
Topics: Child; Congo; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 17954884
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.071316 -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1998
Topics: Global Health; Humans; Infection Control; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 10063702
DOI: No ID Found -
Laeknabladid Apr 2019
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Iceland; Immunization; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Time Factors
PubMed: 30932873
DOI: 10.17992/lbl.2019.04.224