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PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Feb 2022Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease caused by an orthopoxvirus, results in a smallpox-like disease in humans. Since monkeypox in humans was initially diagnosed in 1970 in the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease caused by an orthopoxvirus, results in a smallpox-like disease in humans. Since monkeypox in humans was initially diagnosed in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), it has spread to other regions of Africa (primarily West and Central), and cases outside Africa have emerged in recent years. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature on how monkeypox epidemiology has evolved, with particular emphasis on the number of confirmed, probable, and/or possible cases, age at presentation, mortality, and geographical spread. The review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020208269). We identified 48 peer-reviewed articles and 18 grey literature sources for data extraction. The number of human monkeypox cases has been on the rise since the 1970s, with the most dramatic increases occurring in the DRC. The median age at presentation has increased from 4 (1970s) to 21 years (2010-2019). There was an overall case fatality rate of 8.7%, with a significant difference between clades-Central African 10.6% (95% CI: 8.4%- 13.3%) vs. West African 3.6% (95% CI: 1.7%- 6.8%). Since 2003, import- and travel-related spread outside of Africa has occasionally resulted in outbreaks. Interactions/activities with infected animals or individuals are risk behaviors associated with acquiring monkeypox. Our review shows an escalation of monkeypox cases, especially in the highly endemic DRC, a spread to other countries, and a growing median age from young children to young adults. These findings may be related to the cessation of smallpox vaccination, which provided some cross-protection against monkeypox, leading to increased human-to-human transmission. The appearance of outbreaks beyond Africa highlights the global relevance of the disease. Increased surveillance and detection of monkeypox cases are essential tools for understanding the continuously changing epidemiology of this resurging disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Female; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Male; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Travel-Related Illness; Young Adult
PubMed: 35148313
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2022The current outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) infection has emerged as a global matter of concern in the last few months. MPX is a zoonosis caused by the MPX virus (MPXV),... (Review)
Review
The current outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) infection has emerged as a global matter of concern in the last few months. MPX is a zoonosis caused by the MPX virus (MPXV), which is one of the species. Thus, it is similar to smallpox caused by the variola virus, and smallpox vaccines and drugs have been shown to be protective against MPX. Although MPX is not a new disease and is rarely fatal, the current multi-country MPX outbreak is unusual because it is occurring in countries that are not endemic for MPXV. In this work, we reviewed the extensive literature available on MPXV to summarize the available data on the major biological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of the virus and the important scientific findings. This review may be helpful in raising awareness of MPXV transmission, symptoms and signs, prevention and protective measures. It may also be of interest as a basis for performance of studies to further understand MPXV, with the goal of combating the current outbreak and boosting healthcare services and hygiene practices. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02977715.. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03745131.. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00728689.. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02080767..
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox; Monkeypox virus
PubMed: 36263798
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2132882 -
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy Dec 2023In 2022, a global outbreak of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) occurred in various countries across Europe and America and rapidly spread to more than 100 countries and... (Review)
Review
In 2022, a global outbreak of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) occurred in various countries across Europe and America and rapidly spread to more than 100 countries and regions. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern due to the rapid spread of the Mpox virus. Consequently, nations intensified their efforts to explore treatment strategies aimed at combating the infection and its dissemination. Nevertheless, the available therapeutic options for Mpox virus infection remain limited. So far, only a few numbers of antiviral compounds have been approved by regulatory authorities. Given the high mutability of the Mpox virus, certain mutant strains have shown resistance to existing pharmaceutical interventions. This highlights the urgent need to develop novel antiviral drugs that can combat both drug resistance and the potential threat of bioterrorism. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive literature on the pathophysiology and treatment of Mpox. To address this issue, we conducted a review covering the physiological and pathological processes of Mpox infection, summarizing the latest progress of anti-Mpox drugs. Our analysis encompasses approved drugs currently employed in clinical settings, as well as newly identified small-molecule compounds and antibody drugs displaying potential antiviral efficacy against Mpox. Furthermore, we have gained valuable insights from the process of Mpox drug development, including strategies for repurposing drugs, the discovery of drug targets driven by artificial intelligence, and preclinical drug development. The purpose of this review is to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on Mpox.
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence; Mpox (monkeypox); Antibodies; Disease Outbreaks; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 38148355
DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01675-2 -
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2022Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus which is a DNA virus. The virus is transmitted to humans as a result of close contact with infected... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus which is a DNA virus. The virus is transmitted to humans as a result of close contact with infected animals, infected humans or contaminated inanimate objects. The disease has a incubation period usually 7-14 days and it causes fever, headache, fatigue, myalgia, widespread body aches, swelling in lymph nodes and skin lesions. It may be difficult to distinguish monkeypox on the basis of clinical presentation alone, especially for cases with an atypical appearance, because of the various conditions that cause skin rashes. Testing should be offered to anyone who falls under the suspected case definition for monkeypox infection. Suitable samples are surface lesion and/or skin materials such as exudates swabs and crusts. Laboratory confirmation of specimens from suspected case is done using nucleic acid amplification testing, such as real-time or conventional polymerase chain reaction. Confirmation of MPXV infection should consider clinical and epidemiological information. Positive detection using an OPXV PCR assay followed by confirmation of MPXV via PCR and/or sequencing, or positive detection using MPXV PCR assay in suspected cases indicates confirmation of MPXV infection. Genetic sequence data (GSD) provide information on the origin and epidemic and characteristics of cases. There is a need to develop a more global and effective laboratory network for this emerging zoonosis, as well as to strengthen laboratory capacity, and international specimens referral capacities.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Polymerase Chain Reaction; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
PubMed: 36109000
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102459 -
Virologica Sinica Aug 2022Human monkeypox (MPX) is a rare zoonotic infection characterized by smallpox-like signs and symptoms. It is caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double stranded DNA virus... (Review)
Review
Human monkeypox (MPX) is a rare zoonotic infection characterized by smallpox-like signs and symptoms. It is caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus. MPX was first identified in 1970 and mostly prevailed in the rural rainforests of Central and West Africa in the past. Outside Africa, MPX was reported in the United Kingdom, the USA, Israel, and Singapore. In 2022, the resurgence of MPX in Europe and elsewhere posed a potential threat to humans. MPXV was transmitted by the animals-human or human-human pathway, and the symptoms of MPXV infection are similar to that of smallpox, but in a milder form and with lower mortality (1%-10%). Although the smallpox vaccination has been shown to provide 85% protection against MPXV infection, and two anti-smallpox virus drugs have been approved to treat MPXV, there are still no specific vaccines and drugs against MPXV infection. Therefore it is urgent to take active measures including the adoption of novel anti-MPXV strategies to control the spread of MPXV and prevent MPX epidemic. In this review, we summarize the biological features, epidemiology, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention and treatment strategies on MPXV. This review provides the basic knowledge for prevention and control of future outbreaks of this emerging infection.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Europe; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus
PubMed: 35820590
DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.07.006 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jan 2023Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV) from the Orthopoxvirus genus. Unprecedented transmission events have led to more than 70 000 cases reported... (Review)
Review
Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV) from the Orthopoxvirus genus. Unprecedented transmission events have led to more than 70 000 cases reported worldwide by October 2022. The change in mpox epidemiology has raised concerns of its ability to establish endemicity beyond its traditional geographical locations. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of mpox virology and viral dynamics that are relevant to mpox diagnostics. A synopsis of the traditional and emerging laboratory technologies useful for MPXV detection and in guiding "elimination" strategies is outlined in this review. Importantly, development in MPXV genomics has rapidly advanced our understanding of the role of viral evolution and adaptation in the current outbreak.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Zoonoses; Orthopoxvirus; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36571266
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28429 -
American Journal of Obstetrics &... Nov 2022In May 2022, the World Health Organization reported an emerging global outbreak of monkeypox virus infection. Clinical manifestations of monkeypox allow us to quickly...
In May 2022, the World Health Organization reported an emerging global outbreak of monkeypox virus infection. Clinical manifestations of monkeypox allow us to quickly suspect the disease. Until now, no pregnant women infected with this virus have been reported; however, because of its speed of spread worldwide, it is possible that we will soon observe such cases. Thus, it is necessary for obstetrician-gynecologists to know the disease, its clinical manifestations, and the experiences reported in the few previous cases in pregnant women.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Health Personnel; Mpox (monkeypox); Premature Birth; Stillbirth; Abortion, Spontaneous; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Outcome
PubMed: 36084787
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100746 -
Nature Medicine Aug 2022The largest monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak described so far in non-endemic countries was identified in May 2022 (refs. ). In this study, shotgun metagenomics allowed...
The largest monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak described so far in non-endemic countries was identified in May 2022 (refs. ). In this study, shotgun metagenomics allowed the rapid reconstruction and phylogenomic characterization of the first MPXV outbreak genome sequences, showing that this MPXV belongs to clade 3 and that the outbreak most likely has a single origin. Although 2022 MPXV (lineage B.1) clustered with 2018-2019 cases linked to an endemic country, it segregates in a divergent phylogenetic branch, likely reflecting continuous accelerated evolution. An in-depth mutational analysis suggests the action of host APOBEC3 in viral evolution as well as signs of potential MPXV human adaptation in ongoing microevolution. Our findings also indicate that genome sequencing may provide resolution to track the spread and transmission of this presumably slow-evolving double-stranded DNA virus.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Phylogeny
PubMed: 35750157
DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01907-y -
Revue Medicale de Liege Jul 2022Monkeypox (MPX), is a rare endemic zoonotic disease of certain areas of Central and West Africa. Nevertheless, in recent years, several outbreaks have occurred outside...
Monkeypox (MPX), is a rare endemic zoonotic disease of certain areas of Central and West Africa. Nevertheless, in recent years, several outbreaks have occurred outside the African continent. Monkeypox usually presents with a flu-like prodromal period (fever, headache, chills, sweating) associated or followed by the appearance of lymphadenopathy and a typical skin rash. Transmission is suspected to be direct or indirect via contact with saliva, respiratory droplets or skin lesions of infected animals or more rarely of humans. The gold standard for diagnosis is the detection of MPX virus (MPXV) by PCR on skin lesion fluid. The evolution is usually favourable in 2 to 5 weeks but severe complications and sequelae are possible. In the absence of a specific treatment, the management is essentially supportive: appropriate local care, rehydration, analgesia and management of eventual complications.
Topics: Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 35924502
DOI: No ID Found -
Air Medical Journal 2022
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36494162
DOI: 10.1016/j.amj.2022.09.007