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Nature Medicine Aug 2022The largest monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak described so far in non-endemic countries was identified in May 2022 (refs. ). In this study, shotgun metagenomics allowed...
The largest monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak described so far in non-endemic countries was identified in May 2022 (refs. ). In this study, shotgun metagenomics allowed the rapid reconstruction and phylogenomic characterization of the first MPXV outbreak genome sequences, showing that this MPXV belongs to clade 3 and that the outbreak most likely has a single origin. Although 2022 MPXV (lineage B.1) clustered with 2018-2019 cases linked to an endemic country, it segregates in a divergent phylogenetic branch, likely reflecting continuous accelerated evolution. An in-depth mutational analysis suggests the action of host APOBEC3 in viral evolution as well as signs of potential MPXV human adaptation in ongoing microevolution. Our findings also indicate that genome sequencing may provide resolution to track the spread and transmission of this presumably slow-evolving double-stranded DNA virus.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Phylogeny
PubMed: 35750157
DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01907-y -
Air Medical Journal 2022
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36494162
DOI: 10.1016/j.amj.2022.09.007 -
British Dental Journal Jun 2022
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 35689039
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-022-4358-8 -
Enfermedades Infecciosas Y... Dec 2023Monkeypox is a zoonosis that is spread mainly through direct contact with fluids and skin lesions of infected people with vesicles still active. Although the virus was... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox is a zoonosis that is spread mainly through direct contact with fluids and skin lesions of infected people with vesicles still active. Although the virus was isolated for the first time in 1958 and the first human case was identified in a child in 1970, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the disease has progressively increased its incidence in Africa reaching in May 2022 sustained transmission outside this continent. As it is a newly introduced virus in our health system, it is necessary to learn the epidemiological pattern in a different environment from that of traditionally endemic areas and to know the available antiviral treatments, as well as the prophylactic measures that could be considered, knowing that as a virus emerging in our regions, scientific evidence is still limited. There are antivirals that have been shown, in animal models, to effectively combat the disease with very good clinical tolerance. This disease has also forced us to review the characteristics of smallpox vaccines, because they have shown a protective effect against monkeypox. For this reason, it is important to have a document that compiles all the scientific information published in this regard.
Topics: Child; Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Smallpox Vaccine; Africa; Incidence
PubMed: 36624034
DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2022.12.010 -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas Jan 2023
Topics: Humans; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 35780819
DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.06.014 -
Journal of Virological Methods Oct 2010Orthopoxvirus monkeypox (MPXV) forms two distinct clades: the MPXV Congo Basin clade viruses are endemic in the Congo Basin, human illness typically presents with...
Orthopoxvirus monkeypox (MPXV) forms two distinct clades: the MPXV Congo Basin clade viruses are endemic in the Congo Basin, human illness typically presents with symptoms similar to discrete, ordinary smallpox and has a case fatality rate of approximately 10% in unvaccinated populations; the MPXV West African clade viruses have been isolated in West Africa and appear to cause a less severe, and less inter-human transmissible disease. Recently, monkeypox outbreaks were reported in US and Sudan caused by MPXV West African and Congo Basin strains respectively. These events demonstrated the ability and trend of the virus to exploit new hosts and emerge globally; it also emphasizes the need for the diagnosis of MPXV, especially the ability to distinguish between Congo Basin and West African monkeypox strains. In this study, three new real-time PCR assays based on TaqMan probe technology were reported: the MPXV West African specific, Congo Basin strain specific and MPXV generic assays. The new assays demonstrated good specificity and sensitivity in the validation study with multiple platforms and various PCR reagent kits, and will improve the rapid detection and differentiation of monkeypox infections from other rash illness.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Viral; Monkey Diseases; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Virology
PubMed: 20643162
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.012 -
Medicina Clinica Apr 2023The monkeypox virus is a virus that has 90% genomic homology with the human (smallpox), but it is naturally transmitted between different wild animal reservoirs and is... (Review)
Review
The monkeypox virus is a virus that has 90% genomic homology with the human (smallpox), but it is naturally transmitted between different wild animal reservoirs and is considered a zoonosis. Throughout the 20th century, different vaccines based on the vaccinia poxvirus were developed and used for vaccination against smallpox. After the eradication of smallpox, these vaccines were no longer used. Current vaccines against monkeypox virus are classified by the WHO as replicative (ACAM2000), minimally replicative (LC16m8) and non-replicative (MVA-BN), the latter being the one currently used. The 2022 extra-African monkeypox virus epidemic has highlighted the lack of vaccines with proven efficacy and low reactogenicity. It is considered that the use of this vaccine in the current outbreak may play a role in the prevention or attenuation of the disease as pre-exposure prophylaxis in close contacts of confirmed cases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox; Vaccinia virus; Monkeypox virus; Vaccination
PubMed: 36775782
DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2023.01.001 -
Lancet (London, England) Jun 2022
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 35717977
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01096-0 -
Medicine Sep 2022The human monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic orthopoxvirus with a clinical presentation similar to that of smallpox. It is difficult to differentiate monkeypox from other... (Review)
Review
The human monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic orthopoxvirus with a clinical presentation similar to that of smallpox. It is difficult to differentiate monkeypox from other orthopedic infections, and laboratory diagnosis is the primary component of disease identification and monitoring. However, current diagnostics are time-consuming, and new tests are needed for rapid and precise diagnosis. Most cases have been reported in Central Africa; however, an increasing number of cases have been reported in Europe, the United States of America (USA), Australia, and the United Arab Emirates. Although investigation of the current global outbreak is still ongoing, viral transmission seems to have occurred during crowded events in Spain and Belgium. New therapeutics and vaccines are being deployed for the treatment and prevention of monkeypox, and more research on the epidemiology, biology, and ecology of the virus in endemic areas is required to understand and prevent further global outbreaks.
Topics: Australia; Disease Outbreaks; Europe; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; United States
PubMed: 36107544
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030406 -
Virulence Dec 2023Monkeypox (Mpox) was mostly limited to Central and Western Africa, but recently it has been reported globally. The current review presents an update on the virus,... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox (Mpox) was mostly limited to Central and Western Africa, but recently it has been reported globally. The current review presents an update on the virus, including ecology and evolution, possible drivers of transmission, clinical features and management, knowledge gaps, and research priorities to reduce the disease transmission. The origin, reservoir(s) and the sylvatic cycle of the virus in the natural ecosystem are yet to be confirmed. Humans acquire the infection through contact with infected animals, humans, and natural hosts. The major drivers of disease transmission include trapping, hunting, bushmeat consumption, animal trade, and travel to endemic countries. However, in the 2022 epidemic, the majority of the infected humans in non-endemic countries had a history of direct contact with clinical or asymptomatic persons through sexual activity. The prevention and control strategies should include deterring misinformation and stigma, promoting appropriate social and behavioural changes, including healthy life practices, instituting contact tracing and management, and using the smallpox vaccine for high-risk people. Additionally, longer-term preparedness should be emphasized using the One Health approach, such as systems strengthening, surveillance and detection of the virus across regions, early case detection, and integrating measures to mitigate the socio-economic effects of outbreaks.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Virulence; Ecosystem; Monkeypox virus; Ecology; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36864002
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2186357