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Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry... Jan 2012Oximes such as pralidoxime chloride reactivate acetylcholinesterase. However their role in management of organophosphate poisoning is controversial. The study was...
Oximes such as pralidoxime chloride reactivate acetylcholinesterase. However their role in management of organophosphate poisoning is controversial. The study was carried out to find effectiveness of pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) in regenerating red cell acetyl cholinesterase in first 24 h following administration of it in dose recommended by WHO. Eight patients with OPP [chlorpyriphos (3), phorate (3), dichlorvos (1) and monocrotophos (1) who fulfilled the criteria for inclusion were investigated. In addition to decontamination and atropine, all these patients were administered 30 mg/kg body wt of 2-PAM as bolus dose followed by 7.5 mg/kg body wt/h with maximum dose being 500 mg/h as continuous infusion till first 24 h. Red cell AChE activity was estimated every 15 min for first 4 h, one hourly for next 4 h and then 2 hourly till 24 h and subsequently without 2-PAM every 12 h till 7 days or discharge or death which ever earlier. In all the patients maximum increase in activity was observed in first 4 h following which rise was very slow despite continued 2-PAM infusion and reaching a steady state in 20 h in all the cases. The increase in red cell AChE activity observed in diethyl group at 24 h of 2-PAM infusion was 154% vs. 81% in dimethyl group. At 7 days the increase in activity was 215% vs. 118% respectively. However on multiple repeated ANOVA, no statistically significant difference was observed between diethyl and dimethyl groups at admission and discharge (P > 0.05). Similarly no significant difference was observed in three groups when patients were categorized according to WHO classification of organophosphates (P > 0.05). The maximum increase in red cell AChE activity occurs in first 4 h of 2-PAM administration followed by a slow increase despite 2-PAM infusion till 24 h.
PubMed: 23277710
DOI: 10.1007/s12291-011-0152-0 -
Quantitative studies of the effect of antagonists on the acute toxicity of organophosphates in rats.British Journal of Pharmacology Sep 19701. The subcutaneous acute toxicities of the vinyl phosphate pesticides monocrotophos, dicrotophos, chlorfenvinphos, crotoxyphos, dichlorvos, mevinphos, and of the...
1. The subcutaneous acute toxicities of the vinyl phosphate pesticides monocrotophos, dicrotophos, chlorfenvinphos, crotoxyphos, dichlorvos, mevinphos, and of the experimental compounds SD 4455 (cis-2-carboxy-1-methylvinyl dimethylphosphate) and SD 7779 (cis-2-(1-phenylethoxy) carbonyl-1-methylvinyl diethylphosphate) have been determined in female rats.2. The effects on the log dose-probit mortality curves to the vinylphosphates of the therapeutic subcutaneous administration of methylatropine, atropine, N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate and obidoxime have been studied.3. Elevation of the LD50 values by the therapeutic regimens was shown to be an unsatisfactory measure of therapeutic efficiency, while reduction of the effect of a maximally lethal dose (LD90) to less than that of a minimally lethal dose (LD10) provided a better quantitative measure of therapeutic efficiency.4. The combination of atropine sulphate (50 mumol base/kg) with obidoxime (250 mumol/kg) was found to be generally the most effective of the antidotal regimens.
Topics: Alkenes; Animals; Antidotes; Atropine; Drug Synergism; Female; Oximes; Pesticides; Phosphoric Acids; Pyridinium Compounds; Rats; Sulfonic Acids
PubMed: 5487002
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1970.tb10617.x -
Toxicology International Jan 2013The restorative potential of trans-resveratrol (RV) was investigated in a rat neuronal cell line (PC12) exposed to organophosphate pesticide-monocrotophos (MCP). RV...
The restorative potential of trans-resveratrol (RV) was investigated in a rat neuronal cell line (PC12) exposed to organophosphate pesticide-monocrotophos (MCP). RV shows significant protection against MCP-induced alterations in PC12 cells by restoration of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and cytotoxicity. RV treatment significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation, and also restored glutathione levels and mitochondrial membrane potential, in cells receiving MCP. Restoration of markers such as cytochrome c, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 also confirms the effectiveness of RV against MCP-induced, mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in PC12 cells. The data identify the protective/restorative potential of RV against MCP-induced neuronal damages by affecting ROS production and the level of antioxidant defence enzymes.
PubMed: 23833438
DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.111571 -
Interdisciplinary Toxicology Nov 2019We have earlier demonstrated the potential of monocrotophos (MCP), a highly toxic organophosphorus insecticide (OPI), to elicit insulin resistance in rats after chronic...
We have earlier demonstrated the potential of monocrotophos (MCP), a highly toxic organophosphorus insecticide (OPI), to elicit insulin resistance in rats after chronic exposure. Given the understanding of role of paraoxonase1 (PON1) in OPI toxicity and diabetes pathology, this study was envisaged to understand the effect of duration of exposure to MCP on plasma PON1 activity in rats. Rats were administered MCP at 1/20 and 1/10 LD as daily doses for 180 days. Interim blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 45, 90 and 180 d for analysis of plasma parameters. Exposure to MCP for 45 resulted in persistent trend of hyperinsulinemia, while significant increase in fasting glucose levels was observed after 180 days. MCP caused suppression of plasma cholinesterase activity though the study period, albeit extent of inhibition was more severe during the early phase of the study. Exposure to MCP for 180 d resulted in hypertriglyceridemia and marginal decrease in HDL-C levels. MCP failed to modulate PON1 activity in plasma during the early phase of the study (up to 45 d). However, prolonged exposure resulted in significant increase in the plasma PON1 activity. This suggests that manifestation of insulin resistance in rats subjected to chronic exposure to MCP is associated with increase in PON1 activity. Our work provides rationale for studying whether the increase in PON1 activity observed in the present study serves to counter the deleterious effect of long term exposure to organophosphorus insecticides on metabolic homeostasis.
PubMed: 32210701
DOI: 10.2478/intox-2019-0015 -
Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods Mar 2009Organophosphate poisoning in the context of self-harm is a common medical emergency in Asia. Prolonged muscle weakness is an important but poorly understood cause of...
Organophosphate poisoning in the context of self-harm is a common medical emergency in Asia. Prolonged muscle weakness is an important but poorly understood cause of morbidity and mortality of the poisoning. This study examined mitochondrial function and its modulation by nitric oxide in muscle weakness of rats exposed to an acute, oral (0.8LD(50)) dose of monocrotophos. Muscle mitochondrial ATP synthase activity was inhibited in the rat in acute exposure to monocrotophos while respiration per se was not affected. This was accompanied by decreased mitochondrial uptake of calcium and increased levels of nitric oxide. Reactive cysteine groups of ATP synthase subunits were reduced in number, which may contribute to decreased enzyme activity. The decrease in ATP synthase activity and reactive cysteine groups of ATP synthase subunits was prevented by treatment of animals with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-N(G) Nitroarginine methyl ester, at 12 mg/kg body weight for 9 days in drinking water, prior to monocrotophos exposure. This indicated a role for nitric oxide in the process. The alterations in mitochondrial calcium uptake may influence cytosolic calcium levels and contribute to muscle weakness of acute organophosphate exposure.
Topics: Animals; Blotting, Western; Calcium; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Female; Insecticides; Mitochondria, Muscle; Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases; Monocrotophos; Muscle Weakness; Muscle, Skeletal; Nitric Oxide; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 19730754
DOI: 10.1080/15376510802455354 -
Cadernos de Saude Publica 2005Reports of poisoning and suicide attempts involving pesticides in the micro region of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, from 1992 to 2002, were evaluated,...
Reports of poisoning and suicide attempts involving pesticides in the micro region of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, from 1992 to 2002, were evaluated, using data from the Integrated Center for Toxicological Surveillance under the State Health Department. A total of 475 reports were made during the period, of which 261 were accidental or occupational poisonings, 203 suicide attempts, and 11 undetermined. Dourados county had the highest prevalence of pesticide poisoning and suicide attempts per 100,000 inhabitants, considering the rural population, and Fatima do Sul the second highest prevalence of suicides within the micro region. Significant correlations were found between poisoning and suicide (r = 0.60; p < 0.05) and between poisoning and temporary crop area as a percentage of the county's total area (r = 0.68; p < 0.05). Poisoning occurred predominantly in men (87.0%), but the percentage of suicide attempts by men and women were similar (53 and 47.0%, respectively). Poisonings occurred mostly from October to March and the organophosphate insecticides monocrotophos and methamidophos were the main pesticides involved.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Agricultural Workers' Diseases; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Exposure; Pesticides; Poisoning; Prevalence; Rural Population; Suicide, Attempted
PubMed: 15868038
DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2005000300014 -
Poultry Science Jan 1986Pairs of 1st-year breeding bobwhites were fed constant or decreasing concentrations of monocrotophos for 15 days. In addition, a control diet was used in a pair-fed...
Pairs of 1st-year breeding bobwhites were fed constant or decreasing concentrations of monocrotophos for 15 days. In addition, a control diet was used in a pair-fed group matched with the pairs in the constant group. Dietary concentrations for the constant group were logarithmically spaced at .100, .178, .316, .562, 1.000 ppm of actual insecticide and also at 0 ppm (control) for five pairs at each concentration. The beginning concentrations for (control) for five pairs at each concentration. The beginning concentrations for the decreasing pairs were identical to the constant group but regularly decreased to reach 25% of the starting concentrations by Day 13. Food consumption, egg production, hatchability of eggs under artificial incubation, and survival of hatched chicks for 2 weeks were recorded pairwise during 15-day treatment and 14-day posttreatment periods. Mortality was high at the greatest constant concentration and in the associated pair-fed group. Food consumption and egg production rates were negatively dose-related during the treatment period in the constant and decreasing groups. The laying rate of pair-fed hens was reduced to the same extent as in the constant group. Reproductive inhibition was not permanent, and pairs resumed laying after a dose-related recovery interval. No dose-related effects on hatchability or chick survival were detected. There was no evidence of a pesticide effect on reproduction other than that exerted through pesticide-induced anorexia.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Insecticides; Male; Monocrotophos; Oviposition; Quail; Reproduction
PubMed: 3960816
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0650051 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Jan 2008Ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE) of pesticide multi-residues including monocrotophos, dimethoate, imidacloprid, carbendazim, carbaryl and simazine from leafy...
Ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE) of pesticide multi-residues including monocrotophos, dimethoate, imidacloprid, carbendazim, carbaryl and simazine from leafy vegetables is presented. The extraction procedure was optimized with regard to the solvent type and amount, sonication time and number of extraction steps. The extract did not need clean-up before injected into liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) which was employed together with electron microscope to verify the effect of USE method. The proposed procedure allows the extraction of six pesticide residues in a single step with 40 ml of ethyl acetate for 35 min sonication, providing recovery over 83% and LOQ less than 1.4 microg/kg. The optimized USE method is a simple, low cost and an effective preparation method for determination of pesticide multi-residues at trace levels in leafy vegetables in comparison with homogenized extraction method.
Topics: Acetates; Chromatography, Liquid; Food Analysis; Food Contamination; Mass Spectrometry; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Reproducibility of Results; Solvents; Time Factors; Ultrasonics; Vegetables
PubMed: 17664080
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2007.06.005 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2020An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
PubMed: 32312997
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63175-5 -
Poultry Science Jan 1979Azodrin was applied to adult embryo chickens, Chukar Partridge, and Bobwhite Quail. Chronic exposure of adult birds to Azodrin mixed in their feed indicated that no a... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Azodrin was applied to adult embryo chickens, Chukar Partridge, and Bobwhite Quail. Chronic exposure of adult birds to Azodrin mixed in their feed indicated that no a priori predictions could be made about one species based on the results of another; each had a different no effect (MACT) level. The chickens were between 25 and 100 ppm, the Chukar Partridge 5 and 25 ppm, and the Bobwhite quail less than 1.25 ppm. The chicken adults were most resistant, and the quail were least resistant to chronic exposure to Azodrin. Yolk-injected Azodrin caused the embryos of all three species to develop abnormally. The chicken and Chukar embryos developed a generalized achondroplasia, the quail were amuscular, only. In general, the 3 day quail embryos were most resistant to injected Azodrin and the chicken embryo least resistant. The relationship between adult and embryo response was negative.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Female; Fertility; Humans; Insecticides; Monocrotophos; Quail; Species Specificity
PubMed: 572969
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0580060