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Frontiers in Microbiology 2018Ruminant animals possess a characteristic four-compartment stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum) that is specialized for pre-intestinal digestion of plant...
Ruminant animals possess a characteristic four-compartment stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum) that is specialized for pre-intestinal digestion of plant materials. Of these four compartments, the rumen is the largest. The rumen's diverse microbial community has been well studied. However, the current understanding of microbial profiles in the reticulum, omasum and abomasum are lacking. In the present study, fluid samples from the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of goats at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56 days after birth, as well as the negative controls (NC) used for microbial DNA extraction, were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing. By filtering operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in NC, distinct temporal distributions of microbes were observed in the different compartments, we showed that the OTUs in control samples had a large effect to the samples with low microbial density. In addition, Proteobacteria gradually decreased with age from days 3 to 56 in all three compartments, and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased from 24.15% (Day 3) to 52.03% (Day 56) in abomasum. Network analysis revealed that and were positively correlated with , lending support to the well understood fact that cellulose is well digested in compound stomachs prior to the rumen. Pathway analysis revealed that gene expression in abomasum at Day 3 were primarily related to Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis and Pyruvate metabolism, suggesting that colostrum digestion is the dominant function of the abomasum at an early age. These findings combined with other recent rumen microbiota data show that the microbiome landscape represents three distinct stages in ruminant stomachs. The first stage is to gain access to external microorganisms at Day 0-14, the secondary stage is for microbial transition at Day 14-28, and the third stage is for exogenous and endogenous microbial colonization beyond Day 28 of age. Our results provide insight into microbiota dynamics in ruminant stomachs, and will facilitate efforts for the maintenance of gastrointestinal balance and intervention with starter diets in juvenile ruminants during early development.
PubMed: 30158908
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01846 -
Translational Animal Science Apr 2020Despite the important role of digesta mean retention time (MRT) on digestive efficiency of ruminants, it is poorly investigated in total gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of...
Despite the important role of digesta mean retention time (MRT) on digestive efficiency of ruminants, it is poorly investigated in total gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of growing ruminants, especially in goats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of body weight (BW) and sex on GIT MRT of particles and solutes in growing Saanen goats. A dataset from two studies, comprising 103 individual records of castrated males ( = 36), females ( = 34), and intact males ( = 33) Saanen goats slaughtered at 15, 22, 30, 37, and 45 kg BW, was used. Goats were fed basically with total mixed ration composed by dehydrated corn plant () milled to pass a 10-mm screen, cracked corn grain, and soybean (Glycine max) meal. Variables evaluated were BW, feed intake, feed intake level, composition of ingested diet, wet weight of GIT tissues, wet digesta pool size, digesta composition (dry matter and neutral detergent fiber [NDF]), indigestible NDF:NDF ratio of ingested diet and GIT digesta, MRT of particles (MRT) and solutes (MRT), and reticulorumen selectivity factors (large particles/solutes). Reticulorumen, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, cecum, and colon-rectum segments were evaluated. The dataset was analyzed as mixed models considering sex, BW, and sex × BW interaction as fixed effects, and study and residual error as random effects. Sex did not affect MRT in any GIT segments. Females and intact males presented similar reticulorumen MRT (5.6 h; = 0.92) and they presented lower reticulorumen MRT than castrated males (7.0; ≤ 0.04). Total GIT MRT was similar between castrated males and females (15.7 h; = 0.11) and between females and intact males (14.2 h; = 0.76). Body weight (BW) did not affect MRT in reticulorumen and colon-rectum and total GIT MRT ( ≥ 0.11). Reticulorumen and omasum MRT increased as BW increased ( < 0.01), and abomasum MRT decreased as BW increased ( = 0.02). Feed intake, and wet tissues and wet pool size of all GIT segments increased as BW increased, except abomasum wet pool size ( ≤ 0.01). The mechanism related to sex effect on MRT has to be elucidated. Reticulorumen MRT and total GIT MRT were modulated by intake and capacity of reticulorumen and GIT, respectively. On the other hand, reticulorumen MRT seemed to be regulated by reticulo-omasal orifice opening and saliva secretion.
PubMed: 32705026
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa028 -
Journal of Anatomy Jun 2005The red deer is an important study species because of its value in the national economy and because it provides a wealth of genetic material. To date, there has been...
The red deer is an important study species because of its value in the national economy and because it provides a wealth of genetic material. To date, there has been little research into the prenatal development of the stomach of ruminants, and none of the red deer. We therefore performed a histological evaluation of the ontogenesis of the omasum in the red deer. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses of deer from the initial stages of prenatal life until birth. For test purposes, the animals were divided into five experimental groups: Group I (1.4-3.6 cm crown-rump length, CRL; 30-60 days, 1-25% of gestation); Group II (4.5-7.2 cm CRL; 67-90 days, 25-35% of gestation); Group III (8-19 cm CRL; 97-135 days, 35-50% of gestation); Group IV (21-33 cm CRL; 142-191 days, 50-70% of gestation); and Group V (36-40 cm CRL; 205-235 days, 75-100% of gestation). At 67 embryonic days, the omasum wall was differentiated, and comprised three layers: the epithelial layer, pluripotential blastemic tissue and serosa. The stratification of the epithelial layer was accompanied by changes in its structure, with the appearance of four laminae of different sizes; in order of appearance these were: primary at 67 days, secondary at 90 days, tertiary at 97 days and quaternary at 135 days. At around mid-gestation, lateral evaginations were formed from the stratum basale of the primary and secondary smaller laminae. These were the primitive corneum papillae. From 205 days, the corneum papillae were present in all four sizes of laminae. The histodifferentiation of the lamina propia-submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa showed patterns of development similar to those reported for the rumen and reticulum of red deer. The omasum of red deer during prenatal life, especially from 67 days of gestation, was shown to be an active structure with full secretory capacity. Its histological development, its secretory capacity (detected by the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides) and its neuroendocrine nature (detected by the presence of positive non-neuronal enolase cells and the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y) were parallel to the development of the rumen and the reticulum. However, its prenatal development was later than that of the omasum in sheep, goat and cow.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Crown-Rump Length; Deer; Fetal Development; Gestational Age; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Neuroglia; Neuropeptide Y; Neurosecretory Systems; Omasum; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; Vimentin
PubMed: 15960765
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00409.x -
Journal of Animal Science Jan 2020
PubMed: 30780161
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz032 -
Journal of Dairy Science Feb 2017The objectives of this study were to determine the role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of prolactin (PRL) release induced by mammary gland stimulation and to...
The objectives of this study were to determine the role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of prolactin (PRL) release induced by mammary gland stimulation and to investigate whether the milk depression induced by glucocorticoids in dairy cows is due to a decrease in PRL release. In experiment 1, 8 dairy cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Four hours after the morning milking, the cows received 1 of the following treatments: (1) a 5-min manual stimulation of the mammary gland; (2) an i.v. injection of 1 mg of dexamethasone; (3) 2 infusions of 2.5 g of metyrapone (an inhibitor of cortisol biosynthesis) in the omasum 4 and 2 h before a 5-min stimulation of the mammary gland; or (4) no treatment. Sixty minutes later, the mammary gland of each cow was stimulated for 5 min. Blood samples were collected from 20 min before to 120 min after the start of the treatment. When the mammary gland was stimulated twice in 60 min, less PRL and cortisol were released during the second stimulation. Metyrapone did not affect PRL or cortisol release. Dexamethasone decreased serum cortisol concentration but did not affect PRL concentration. In experiment 2, 16 cows were used in a crossover experimental design consisting of 2 experimental weeks separated by 1 resting week. During the first week, cows were treated as follows: (1) 4 cows were injected with 0.5 g of domperidone (a PRL secretagogue) in canola oil on d 1 and 2 and 20 mg of dexamethasone on d 1; (2) 4 cows were injected with 0.5 g of domperidone on d 1 and 2; (3) 4 cows were injected with canola oil on d 1 and 2 and with 20 mg of dexamethasone on d 1; and (4) 4 cows were injected with canola oil on d 1 and 2. During the second experimental week, the same 4 treatments were repeated, except the cows that did not receive dexamethasone in the first week received it on d 1 of the second week, and cows that did receive it in the first week did not receive it in the second week. On d 1 and 2 of each week, blood samples were collected during morning milking for PRL determination. Dexamethasone reduced milk production and decreased both basal and milking-induced PRL release. It also increased milk fat and protein percentages and decreased milk lactose content. Domperidone increased basal PRL levels in serum and milk but did not affect milk yield. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that inhibition of PRL secretion or reduction of mammary gland PRL responsiveness play a role in the inhibition of milk production by glucocorticoids, the fact that enhancement of PRL secretion by domperidone could not prevent the depression of milk yield suggests that other mechanisms are involved.
Topics: Aminoquinolines; Animals; Cattle; Dexamethasone; Domperidone; Dopamine Antagonists; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Metyrapone; Milk; Omasum; Physical Stimulation; Prolactin
PubMed: 28012629
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11490 -
BMC Veterinary Research Feb 2011Primary diseases of the omasum are uncommon in goats, although the omasum may be involved in various gastrointestinal disorders. Examination of the caprine omasum via...
BACKGROUND
Primary diseases of the omasum are uncommon in goats, although the omasum may be involved in various gastrointestinal disorders. Examination of the caprine omasum via ultrasonography requires a good understanding of the normal appearance of the organ. However, in contrast to cattle, there is a lack of reference information on this topic in goats. Thus, the goal of the present study was to describe the results of ultrasonography of the omasum in 30 healthy Saanen goats.
RESULTS
Ultrasonography was carried out in standing, non-sedated goats using a 5.0 MHz linear transducer. The location and size of the omasum, thickness of the omasal wall and visualisation of the abomasal laminae, contents and contractions were assessed. The omasum was visible from the 9th intercostal space (ICS) in all the goats, and from the 8th and 10th ICSs in 29 and 24 goats, respectively. The omasum was seen medial to the liver, but only the omasal wall closest to the transducer was visible. The dorsal omasal limit formed a dorsally convex curve running from cranioventral to caudodorsal and was furthest from the dorsal midline in the 6th ICS. The ventral omasal limit formed a ventrally convex curve. The size of the omasum was largest (10.2 ± 3.1 cm) in the 9th ICS and decreased cranially and caudally from this position. Active omasal motility was recorded in 20 goats with 0.3 to 2.0 contractions per minute.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study provide reference ranges for the interpretation of the location and size of the omasum in goats with suspected omasal abnormalities. Ultrasonography is an ideal diagnostic tool for evaluation of the omasum, which is not accessible to conventional examination techniques, such as inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation.
Topics: Animals; Female; Goats; Omasum; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 21338508
DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-11 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Mar 2022Performing Sectio Caesarea in sheep under general anaesthesia is a common procedure in veterinary practice. The abdominal cavity can be accessed via linea alba, for...
BACKGROUND
Performing Sectio Caesarea in sheep under general anaesthesia is a common procedure in veterinary practice. The abdominal cavity can be accessed via linea alba, for which the ewe is positioned in the supine position, whereby rumen and uterus can compromise lung function. Although the rumen represents an important reservoir for fluid and electrolytes, and kidney function during anaesthesia is essential, these parameters have not been focused on in research. Therefore, the objective of this study is to contribute data on blood parameters, ruminal fluid, and kidney function tests during laparotomy.
METHODS
Laparotomy was performed in 14 ewes, whereof five animals were pregnant ewes (PE) and nine non-pregnant ewes (NPE). A total of seven animals received isoflurane in addition to oxygen (inhalational anaesthesia (InhA)) and seven ewes were anaesthetised with xylazine and ketamine (total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)); all ewes received lumbosacral anaesthesia. Blood, urine, and ruminal fluid were sampled every hour over a three-hour period.
RESULTS
On comparing InhA to TIVA, higher values were detected for TIVA in haemoglobin, paced cell volume, sodium, phosphate, glucose concentration in the blood, and phosphate in ruminal fluid. Lower values were detected for TIVA in partial pressure of oxygen, oxygen saturation, and creatinine clearance. On comparing PE to NPE, higher values were detected in PE in magnesium and ruminal calcium. Lower values in PE were detected in chloride, base excess in the blood, and ruminal phosphate. Over time, an increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide, glucose in the blood, glucose in urine, and a decrease in protein and albumin could be observed.
CONCLUSION
Surgery in sheep in the supine position should be performed with additional oxygen to maintain physiological pO and sO values. Kidney function could be maintained with a minimal electrolyte infusion regime. Additional glucose is not necessary, even in pregnant ewes. Further research should be conducted on parameters in ruminal fluid.
PubMed: 35405824
DOI: 10.3390/ani12070834 -
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal... Aug 2019Recent development of novel techniques in systems biology have been used to improve and manipulate the rumen microbial ecosystem and gain a deeper understanding of its...
Recent development of novel techniques in systems biology have been used to improve and manipulate the rumen microbial ecosystem and gain a deeper understanding of its physiological and microbiological interactions and relationships. This provided a deeper insight and understanding of the relationship and interactions between the rumen microbiome and the host animal. New high-throughput techniques have revealed that the dominance of Proteobacteria in the neonatal gut might be derived from the maternal placenta through fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid in utero, which gradually decreases in the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum with increasing age after birth. Multi "omics" technologies have also enhanced rumen fermentation and production efficiency of dairy goats using dietary interventions through greater knowledge of the links between nutrition, metabolism, and the rumen microbiome and their effect in the environment. For example, supplementation of dietary lipid, such as linseed, affects rumen fermentation by favoring the accumulation of α-linolenic acid biohydrogenation with a high correlation to the relative abundance of Fibrobacteriaceae. This provides greater resolution of the interlinkages among nutritional strategies, rumen microbes, and metabolism of the host animal that can set the foundation for new advancements in ruminant nutrition using multi 'omics' technologies.
PubMed: 31357272
DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0323 -
Experimental Physiology Jan 1992Ruminant animals have evolved a large and complex set of stomachs which allow fermentation of fibrous food by symbiotic micro-organisms. These stomachs are well... (Review)
Review
Ruminant animals have evolved a large and complex set of stomachs which allow fermentation of fibrous food by symbiotic micro-organisms. These stomachs are well innervated and generate signals which are thought to be important in the control of voluntary food intake. Tension receptors in the muscular wall of the rumen and reticulum are slowly adapting and provide a measure of distension while epithelial receptors are rapidly adapting and provide information on the fibrousness of the digesta; they are involved in the control of stomach motility and voluntary food intake in order to prevent excessive distension. The epithelial receptors are also sensitive to the chemical nature of the digesta, particularly acidity. There are mechano- and chemoreceptors in the abomasum (true stomach) and duodenum and chemoreceptors in the liver, all of which have been implicated in the control of intake. It is relatively easy to prepare and maintain ruminants with a rumen fistula and many studies have shown the effects of such manipulations as distension of balloons in the rumen on voluntary intake. With fibrous, slowly digested feeds intake is primarily limited by rumen distension. With more rapidly digested feeds, however, the products of digestion play an important role in controlling intake. Short-chain fatty acids are the main products of fermentation and infusion of their salts into the rumen depresses food intake to a much greater extent than infusion into the general circulation. Acetate or propionate given into the rumen are more effective, mole for mole, than butyrate but must be given at rates exceeding the natural rate of production in order to have a significant effect. It has been suggested that much of the effect of sodium acetate is via the increase in the osmolality of rumen fluid but there is considerable uncertainty as to the physiological significance of osmotic effects, especially when animals have free access to water and can prevent excessive increases in tonicity by increasing their water intake. Other constituents of rumen fluid have been implicated in the control of food intake, particularly lactic acid and nitrogenous compounds, especially as these can be found in fermented feeds such as silage. The omasum controls the flow of digesta to the abomasum; it is therefore well placed to control rumen fill and thus intake but there has been little study in this area and this is also true for the abomasum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Topics: Animals; Chemoreceptor Cells; Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; Eating; Mechanoreceptors; Rumen; Ruminants
PubMed: 1543591
DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1992.sp003581 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Myostatin (MSTN), a major negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and an endocrine factor, can regulate the metabolism of various organisms. Inhibition of the gene...
Myostatin (MSTN), a major negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and an endocrine factor, can regulate the metabolism of various organisms. Inhibition of the gene can improve meat production from livestock. Rumen microorganisms are associated with production and health traits of cattle, but changes in the microbial composition and metabolome in the four stomach compartments of gene-edited cattle have not previously been studied. Our results indicated that microbial diversity and dominant bacteria in the four stomach compartments were very similar between gene-edited and wild-type (WT) cattle. The microbiota composition was significantly different between gene-edited and WT cattle. Our results show that the relative abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria in the reticulum of gene-edited cattle was lower than that of WT cattle, whereas the relative abundance of the genus in the omasum of gene-edited cattle was significantly higher than that of WT cattle. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the intensity of L-proline and acetic acid was significantly different in the rumen, reticulum, and abomasum between the two types of cattle. Meanwhile, pathway topology analysis indicated that the differential metabolites were predominantly involved in arginine biosynthesis and glutamate metabolism in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum but were mainly involved in pyruvate metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis in the abomasum. Spearman correlation network analysis further demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between microflora composition and metabolic pathways. These findings provide clues for studying nutrient digestion and absorption ability of gene-edited cattle.
PubMed: 35401485
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.844962