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Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2014Implant dentistry is the latest developing field in terms of clinical techniques, research, material science and oral rehabilitation. Extensive work is being done to... (Review)
Review
Implant dentistry is the latest developing field in terms of clinical techniques, research, material science and oral rehabilitation. Extensive work is being done to improve the designing of implants in order to achieve better esthetics and function. The main drawback with respect to implant restoration is achieving good osseointegration along with satisfactory stress distribution, which in turn will improve the prognosis of implant prosthesis by reducing the crestal bone loss. Many concepts have been developed with reference to surface coating of implants, surgical techniques for implant placement, immediate and delayed loading, platform switching concept, etc. This article has made an attempt to review the concept of platform switching was in fact revealed accidentally due to the nonavailability of the abutment appropriate to the size of the implant placed. A few aspect of platform switching, an upcoming idea to reduce crestal bone loss have been covered. The various methods used for locating and preparing the data were done through textbooks, Google search and related articles.
Topics: Dental Implants; Humans; Osseointegration
PubMed: 24992863
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.135938 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2017Anodized implants with moderately rough surface were introduced around 2000. Whether these implants enhanced biologic effect to improve the environment for better... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
PURPOSE
Anodized implants with moderately rough surface were introduced around 2000. Whether these implants enhanced biologic effect to improve the environment for better osseointegration was unclear. The purpose of this article was to review the literature available on anodized surface in terms of their clinical success rate and bone response in patients till now.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A broad electronic search of MEDLINE and PubMed databases was performed. A focus was made on peer-reviewed dental journals. Only articles related to anodized implants were included. Both animal and human studies were included.
RESULTS
The initial search of articles resulted in 581 articles on anodized implants. The initial screening of titles and abstracts resulted in 112 full-text papers; 40 animal studies, 16 studies on cell adhesion and bacterial adhesion onto anodized surfaced implants, and 47 human studies were included. Nine studies, which do not fulfill the inclusion criteria, were excluded.
CONCLUSIONS
The long-term studies on anodized surface implants do favor the surface, but in most of the studies, anodized surface is compared with that of machined surface, but not with other surfaces commercially available. Anodized surface in terms of clinical success rate in cases of compromised bone and immediately extracted sockets has shown favorable success.
Topics: Animals; Dental Implantation, Endosseous; Electrodes; Humans; Osseointegration; Surface Properties; Titanium; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28393822
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_386_16 -
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Oct 2020The main component of plasma medicine is the use of low-temperature plasma (LTP) as a powerful tool for biomedical applications. LTP generates high reactivity at low... (Review)
Review
The main component of plasma medicine is the use of low-temperature plasma (LTP) as a powerful tool for biomedical applications. LTP generates high reactivity at low temperatures and can be activated with noble gases with molecular mixtures or compressed air. LTP reactive species are quickly produced, and are a remarkably good source of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species including singlet oxygen (O), ozone (O), hydroxyl radicals (OH), nitrous oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO). Its low gas temperature and highly reactive non-equilibrium chemistry make it appropriate for the alteration of inorganic surfaces and delicate biological systems. Treatment of oral biofilm-related infections, treatment of wounds and skin diseases, assistance in cancer treatment, treatment of viruses' infections (e.g. herpes simplex), and optimization of implants surfaces are included among the extensive plasma medicine applications. Each of these applications will be discussed in this review article.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Cold Temperature; Dental Implants; Humans; Osseointegration; Plasma Gases; Viral Load; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32857998
DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108560 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2020The contribution of epigenetic mechanisms as a potential treatment model has been observed in cancer and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. This review aims to put... (Review)
Review
The contribution of epigenetic mechanisms as a potential treatment model has been observed in cancer and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. This review aims to put forward the epigenetic mechanisms as a promising strategy in implant surface functionalization and modification of biomaterials, to promote better osseointegration and bone regeneration, and could be applicable for alveolar bone regeneration and osseointegration in the future. Materials and Methods: Electronic and manual searches of the literature in PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were conducted, using a specific search strategy limited to publications in the last 5 years to identify preclinical studies in order to address the following focused questions: (i) Which, if any, are the epigenetic mechanisms used to functionalize implant surfaces to achieve better osseointegration? (ii) Which, if any, are the epigenetic mechanisms used to functionalize biomaterials to achieve better tissue regeneration? Findings from several studies have emphasized the role of miRNAs in functionalizing implants surfaces and biomaterials to promote osseointegration and bone regeneration, respectively. However, there are scarce data on the role of DNA methylation and histone modifications for these specific applications, despite being commonly applied in cancer research. Studies over the past few years have demonstrated that biomaterials are immunomodulatory rather than inert materials. In this context, epigenetics can act as next generation of advanced treatment tools for future regenerative techniques. Yet, there is a need to evaluate the efficacy/cost effectiveness of these techniques in comparison to current standards of care.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Regeneration; Epigenesis, Genetic; Humans; Osseointegration
PubMed: 33322654
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245879 -
Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews Apr 2015The biological interface between an orthopedic implant and the surrounding host tissue may have a dramatic effect upon clinical outcome. Desired effects include bony... (Review)
Review
The biological interface between an orthopedic implant and the surrounding host tissue may have a dramatic effect upon clinical outcome. Desired effects include bony ingrowth (osseointegration), stimulation of osteogenesis (osteoinduction), increased vascularization, and improved mechanical stability. Implant loosening, fibrous encapsulation, corrosion, infection, and inflammation, as well as physical mismatch may have deleterious clinical effects. This is particularly true of implants used in the reconstruction of load-bearing synovial joints such as the knee, hip, and the shoulder. The surfaces of orthopedic implants have evolved from solid-smooth to roughened-coarse and most recently, to porous in an effort to create a three-dimensional architecture for bone apposition and osseointegration. Total joint surgeries are increasingly performed in younger individuals with a longer life expectancy, and therefore, the postimplantation lifespan of devices must increase commensurately. This review discusses advancements in biomaterials science and cell-based therapies that may further improve orthopedic success rates. We focus on material and biological properties of orthopedic implants fabricated from porous metal and highlight some relevant developments in stem-cell research. We posit that the ideal primary and revision orthopedic load-bearing metal implants are highly porous and may be chemically modified to induce stem cell growth and osteogenic differentiation, while minimizing inflammation and infection. We conclude that integration of new biological, chemical, and mechanical methods is likely to yield more effective strategies to control and modify the implant-bone interface and thereby improve long-term clinical outcomes.
Topics: Animals; Bone Substitutes; Humans; Models, Biological; Orthopedics; Osseointegration; Porosity; Prostheses and Implants
PubMed: 25348836
DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2014.0333 -
Clinical Oral Implants Research Jan 2010The aim of this paper is to review current investigations on functional assessments of osseointegration and assess correlations to the peri-implant structure. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this paper is to review current investigations on functional assessments of osseointegration and assess correlations to the peri-implant structure.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The literature was electronically searched for studies of promoting dental implant osseointegration, functional assessments of implant stability, and finite element (FE) analyses in the field of implant dentistry, and any references regarding biological events during osseointegration were also cited as background information.
RESULTS
Osseointegration involves a cascade of protein and cell apposition, vascular invasion, de novo bone formation and maturation to achieve the primary and secondary dental implant stability. This process may be accelerated by alteration of the implant surface roughness, developing a biomimetric interface, or local delivery of growth-promoting factors. The current available pre-clinical and clinical biomechanical assessments demonstrated a variety of correlations to the peri-implant structural parameters, and functionally integrated peri-implant structure through FE optimization can offer strong correlation to the interfacial biomechanics.
CONCLUSIONS
The progression of osseointegration may be accelerated by alteration of the implant interface as well as growth factor applications, and functional integration of peri-implant structure may be feasible to predict the implant function during osseointegration. More research in this field is still needed.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Dental Implantation, Endosseous; Dental Implants; Finite Element Analysis; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Osseointegration; Surface Properties
PubMed: 20070743
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01826.x -
Journal of Neuroengineering and... Mar 2022Electrical stimulation has shown to be a promising approach for promoting osseointegration in bone anchoring implants, where osseointegration defines the biological... (Review)
Review
Electrical stimulation has shown to be a promising approach for promoting osseointegration in bone anchoring implants, where osseointegration defines the biological bonding between the implant surface and bone tissue. Bone-anchored implants are used in the rehabilitation of hearing and limb loss, and extensively in edentulous patients. Inadequate osseointegration is one of the major factors of implant failure that could be prevented by accelerating or enhancing the osseointegration process by artificial means. In this article, we reviewed the efforts to enhance the biofunctionality at the bone-implant interface with electrical stimulation using the implant as an electrode. We reviewed articles describing different electrode configurations, power sources, and waveform-dependent stimulation parameters tested in various in vitro and in vivo models. In total 55 English-language and peer-reviewed publications were identified until April 2020 using PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Chalmers University of Technology Library discovery system using the keywords: osseointegration, electrical stimulation, direct current and titanium implant. Thirteen of those publications were within the scope of this review. We reviewed and compared studies from the last 45 years and found nonuniform protocols with disparities in cell type and animal model, implant location, experimental timeline, implant material, evaluation assays, and type of electrical stimulation. The reporting of stimulation parameters was also found to be inconsistent and incomplete throughout the literature. Studies using in vitro models showed that osteoblasts were sensitive to the magnitude of the electric field and duration of exposure, and such variables similarly affected bone quantity around implants in in vivo investigations. Most studies showed benefits of electrical stimulation in the underlying processes leading to osseointegration, and therefore we found the idea of promoting osseointegration by using electric fields to be supported by the available evidence. However, such an effect has not been demonstrated conclusively nor optimally in humans. We found that optimal stimulation parameters have not been thoroughly investigated and this remains an important step towards the clinical translation of this concept. In addition, there is a need for reporting standards to enable meta-analysis for evidence-based treatments.
Topics: Animals; Bone-Implant Interface; Electric Stimulation; Humans; Osseointegration; Prostheses and Implants; Surface Properties; Titanium
PubMed: 35313892
DOI: 10.1186/s12984-022-01005-7 -
Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... May 2015The present work is a revision of the processes occurring in osseointegration of titanium dental implants according to different types of surfaces -namely, polished... (Review)
Review
The present work is a revision of the processes occurring in osseointegration of titanium dental implants according to different types of surfaces -namely, polished surfaces, rough surfaces obtained from subtraction methods, as well as the new hydroxyapatite biomimetic surfaces obtained from thermochemical processes. Hydroxyapatite's high plasma-projection temperatures have proven to prevent the formation of crystalline apatite on the titanium dental implant, but lead to the formation of amorphous calcium phosphate (i.e., with no crystal structure) instead. This layer produce some osseointegration yet the calcium phosphate layer will eventually dissolve and leave a gap between the bone and the dental implant, thus leading to osseointegration failure due to bacterial colonization. A new surface -recently obtained by thermochemical processes- produces, by crystallization, a layer of apatite with the same mineral content as human bone that is chemically bonded to the titanium surface. Osseointegration speed was tested by means of minipigs, showing bone formation after 3 to 4 weeks, with the security that a dental implant can be loaded. This surface can be an excellent candidate for immediate or early loading procedures.
Topics: Animals; Biomimetic Materials; Blood Coagulation; Dental Implants; Humans; Osseointegration; Surface Properties
PubMed: 25662555
DOI: 10.4317/medoral.20353 -
BioMed Research International 2015With the growing use of dental implants, the incidence of implants' failures grows. Late treatment complications, after reaching full osseointegration and functionality,... (Review)
Review
With the growing use of dental implants, the incidence of implants' failures grows. Late treatment complications, after reaching full osseointegration and functionality, include mechanical failures, such as fracture of the implant and its components. Those complications are deemed severe in dentistry, albeit being usually considered as rare, and therefore seldom addressed in the clinical literature. The introduction of dental implants into clinical practice fostered a wealth of research on their biological aspects. By contrast, mechanical strength and reliability issues were seldom investigated in the open literature, so that most of the information to date remains essentially with the manufacturers. Over the years, implants have gone through major changes regarding the material, the design, and the surface characteristics aimed at improving osseointegration. Did those changes improve the implants' mechanical performance? This review article surveys the state-of-the-art literature about implants' mechanical reliability, identifying the known causes for fracture, while outlining the current knowledge-gaps. Recent results on various aspects of the mechanical integrity and failure of implants are presented and discussed next. The paper ends by a general discussion and suggestions for future research, outlining the importance of mechanical considerations for the improvement of their future performance.
Topics: Dental Implants; Dental Restoration Failure; Humans; Mechanical Phenomena; Osseointegration; Titanium
PubMed: 26583117
DOI: 10.1155/2015/547384 -
Periodontology 2000 Oct 2022Historically, there has been broad consensus that osseointegration represents a homeostasis between a titanium dental implant and the surrounding bone, and that the... (Review)
Review
Historically, there has been broad consensus that osseointegration represents a homeostasis between a titanium dental implant and the surrounding bone, and that the crestal bone loss characteristic of peri-implantitis is a plaque-induced inflammatory process. However, this notion has been challenged over the past decade by proponents of a theory that considers osseointegration an inflammatory process characterized by a foreign body reaction and peri-implant bone loss as an exacerbation of this inflammatory response. A key difference in these two schools of thought is the perception of the relative importance of dental plaque in the pathogenesis of crestal bone loss around implants, with obvious implications for treatment. This review investigates the evidence for a persistent foreign body reaction at osseointegrated dental implants and its possible role in crestal bone loss characteristic of peri-implantitis. Further, the role of implant-related material release within the surrounding tissue, particularly titanium particles and corrosion by-products, in the establishment and progression in peri-implantitis is explored. While it is acknowledged that these issues require further investigation, the available evidence suggests that osseointegration is a state of homeostasis between the titanium implant and surrounding tissues, with little evidence that a persistent foreign body reaction is responsible for peri-implant bone loss after osseointegration is established. Further, there is a lack of evidence for a unidirectional causative role of corrosion by-products and titanium particles as possible non-plaque related factors in the etiology of peri-implantitis.
Topics: Alveolar Bone Loss; Dental Implants; Foreign Bodies; Foreign-Body Reaction; Humans; Osseointegration; Peri-Implantitis; Titanium
PubMed: 35916872
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12456