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Brain Sciences May 2020The other-race effect (ORE) can be described as difficulties in discriminating between faces of ethnicities other than one's own, and can already be observed at...
The other-race effect (ORE) can be described as difficulties in discriminating between faces of ethnicities other than one's own, and can already be observed at approximately 9 months of age. Recent studies also showed that infants visually explore same-and other-race faces differently. However, it is still unclear whether infants' looking behavior for same- and other-race faces is related to their face discrimination abilities. To investigate this question we conducted a habituation-dishabituation experiment to examine Caucasian 9-month-old infants' gaze behavior, and their discrimination of same- and other-race faces, using eye-tracking measurements. We found that infants looked longer at the eyes of same-race faces over the course of habituation, as compared to other-race faces. After habituation, infants demonstrated a clear other-race effect by successfully discriminating between same-race faces, but not other-race faces. Importantly, the infants' ability to discriminate between same-race faces significantly correlated with their fixation time towards the eyes of same-race faces during habituation. Thus, our findings suggest that for infants old enough to begin exhibiting the ORE, gaze behavior during habituation is related to their ability to differentiate among same-race faces, compared to other-race faces.
PubMed: 32486016
DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060331 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2023The other-race effect (ORE) is characterized by processing advantages for faces of one's own race over faces of another race and is observed at ~9 months of age....
The other-race effect (ORE) is characterized by processing advantages for faces of one's own race over faces of another race and is observed at ~9 months of age. Environmental exposure to other races has an impact on the development of the ORE. In the current study, we examined the effects of community racial diversity on the ORE in 9- to 12-month-olds from across the United States. We hypothesized that community racial diversity would influence the amount of experience that infants have with individuals of other races and be an important factor in predicting the ORE across broad regions of the United States. We predicted that infants from more diverse communities would demonstrate successful processing of own- and other-race faces, while infants from less diverse communities would demonstrate successful processing of own-race but not other-race faces. This would indicate that the ORE is exhibited more strongly in infants from less diverse communities than in infants from more diverse communities. Participants completed familiarization and visual paired comparison (VPC) trials with own- and other-race faces in an online study. Our results showed that although the ORE was present, the effect was driven by community members who were the racial majority. Recognition biases were not observed in community racial or ethnic minority participants, potentially due to increased exposure to racial out-group members, which mitigated the development of the ORE in this subset of participants. This study has far-reaching implications in the study of infant face perception, child development, and social justice, as the ORE develops at a young age, and may lead to a complex pattern of racial biases contributing to systemic barriers in society.
PubMed: 37767215
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1214075 -
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology Feb 2022Studies examining children's face perception have revealed developmental changes in early and face-sensitive event-related potential (ERP) components. Children also tend...
Studies examining children's face perception have revealed developmental changes in early and face-sensitive event-related potential (ERP) components. Children also tend to show racial biases in their face perception and evaluation of others. The current study examined how early face-sensitive ERPs are influenced by face race in children and adults. A second objective examined face recognition proficiency and implicit racial bias in relation to ERP responses to own- and other-race faces. Electroencephalographic responses were recorded while Caucasian children and adults viewed Caucasian and East Asian faces. Participants also completed recognition tasks and an IAT with Caucasian and East Asian faces. Other-race faces elicited larger P100 amplitudes than own-race faces. Furthermore, adults with better other-race recognition proficiency showed larger P100 amplitude responses to other-race faces compared with adults with worse other-race recognition proficiency. In addition, larger implicit biases favoring own-race individuals were associated with larger P100 to N170 peak-to-peak amplitudes for other-race faces in adults. In contrast, larger implicit biases favoring own-race individuals were associated with smaller P100 to N170 peak-to-peak amplitudes for both own- and other-race faces in 8- to 10-year-olds. There was also an age-related decrease in P100 to N170 peak-to-peak amplitudes for own-race faces among 5- to 10-year-olds with better own-race recognition proficiency. The age-related decrease in N170 latency for other-race faces was also more pronounced in 5- to 10-year-olds with better other-race recognition proficiency. Thus, recognition proficiency and implicit racial bias are associated with early ERP responses in adults and children, but in different ways.
Topics: Adult; Child; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Facial Recognition; Humans; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Racial Groups; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 34507182
DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105287 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2022A dominant theory of the other race effect (ORE) is that group-bias causes us to process own-race and other-race faces using different cognitive processes. To test this...
A dominant theory of the other race effect (ORE) is that group-bias causes us to process own-race and other-race faces using different cognitive processes. To test this theory, we measured individual differences across two face recognition tasks. Our predictions were that the magnitude and pattern of performance on own-race faces would not predict performance on other-race faces and that participants would take more time with own-race faces. In a face matching task, we found that participants were more accurate with own-race faces compared to other-race faces. However, performance on own-race faces was highly correlated with performance on other-race faces. In a face sorting task, participants made fewer piles and fewer errors (i.e. higher accuracy) with own-race faces compared to other-race faces. However, we again found that performance on own-race faces was highly correlated with performance on other-race faces. The covariation in performance between own-race and other-race faces suggests that they engage similar perceptual processes. Finally, we found that participants did not spend more time on tasks involving own-race faces suggesting that different levels of motivation do not explain the ORE. Together, these findings argue against the idea that group bias leads to different perceptual processing of own-race and other-race faces.
Topics: Bias; Face; Facial Recognition; Humans; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 35906295
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17330-9 -
Sexually Transmitted Infections May 2021This study draws on qualitative insights on the barriers and facilitators to HIV testing, as well as perceptions of HIV self-testing (HIVST), to propose a framework to...
Potential interactions between the pathways to diagnosis of HIV and other STIs and HIV self-testing: insights from a qualitative study of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Singapore.
OBJECTIVES
This study draws on qualitative insights on the barriers and facilitators to HIV testing, as well as perceptions of HIV self-testing (HIVST), to propose a framework to understand not only the benefits but also potential knock-on implications of introducing HIVST in the context of other STI testing.
METHODS
We conducted semistructured, in-depth interviews with 30 gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men aged 18 and 39 years old in Singapore. Interview topics included barriers and facilitators to HIV and other STI testing, as well as perceptions of HIVST. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded and analysed using thematic analysis.
RESULTS
For HIV testing, participants cited the perceived risk of acquiring, susceptibility to and symptoms of HIV as internal motivators, while social influence and accessibility of HIV testing services were external motivators. For STI testing, perceived symptoms and partner notification of STI were reported as internal and external motivators, respectively. Availability of bundle tests, starting a new relationship and instances of mandatory testing motivated both simultaneous HIV and other STI testing. The fear of a positive diagnosis and lack of confidentiality were cited as internal and external barriers to HIV testing, respectively, while low perceived severity of other STI and the cost of STI tests were cited as internal and external barriers to other STI testing, respectively. We identified pathways to HIV and other STI testing and discussed how the introduction of HIVST may reduce opportunities for other STI testing.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study suggest that introducing HIVST might weaken linkages to other STI testing if alternative strategies of promoting other STI testing are not simultaneously implemented. We recommend that future interventions address both the risks of HIV and other STI simultaneously, and that structural interventions promoting HIV and other STI preventions be balanced accordingly.
Topics: Adult; Fear; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Motivation; Qualitative Research; Self-Testing; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Singapore; Young Adult
PubMed: 33087479
DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2020-054623 -
Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and... Apr 2023Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs), particularly cerebral stroke, remain a primary cause of disability and death worldwide. Accurate diagnosis of CVDs is essential to guide... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs), particularly cerebral stroke, remain a primary cause of disability and death worldwide. Accurate diagnosis of CVDs is essential to guide therapeutic decisions and foresee the prognosis. Different CVDs have different pathological processes while they have many signs in common with some other brain diseases. Thus, differential diagnoses of strokes from other primary and secondary CVDs are especially important and challenging.
METHODS
This review is composed mainly based on searching PubMed articles between September, 2013 and December 26, 2022 in English.
KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS
Neuroimaging is a powerful tool for CVD diagnosis including cerebral angiography, ultrasound, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI excels other imaging techniques by its features of non-invasive, diverse sequences and high spatiotemporal resolution. It can detect hemodynamic, structural alterations of intracranial arteries and metabolic status of their associated brain regions. In acute stroke, differential diagnosis of ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke and other intracranial vasculopathies is a common application of MRI. By providing information about the pathological characteristics of cerebral diseases exhibiting different degrees of behavioral alterations, cognitive impairment, motor dysfunction and other indications, MRI can differentiate strokes from other primary CVDs involving cerebral small vessels and identify vascular dementia from hyponatremia, brain tumors and other secondary or non-primary CVDs.
CONCLUSIONS
Recent advances in MRI technology allow clinical neuroimaging to provide unique reference for differentiating many previously inconclusive CVDs. MRI technology is worthy of full exploration while breaking its limitations in clinical applications should be considered.
PubMed: 37064346
DOI: 10.21037/qims-22-750 -
Adversity and Resilience Science 2022Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor health. Childhood experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination and other forms of racism may underlie or...
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor health. Childhood experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination and other forms of racism may underlie or exacerbate other ACEs. We explored health-related associations with perceived racial/ethnic discrimination relative to other ACEs, using data from 2016-2019 National Survey of Children's Health, an annual cross-sectional, nationally representative survey. Parent responses for 88,183 children ages 6-17 years with complete data for ACEs (including racial/ethnic discrimination) were analyzed for associations between racial/ethnic discrimination, other ACEs, demographics, and physical and mental health conditions with weighted prevalence estimates and Wald chi-square tests. To assess associations between racial/ethnic discrimination and health conditions relative to other ACEs, we used weighted Poisson regressions, adjusted for exposure to other ACEs, age, and sex. We assessed effect modification by race/ethnicity. Prevalence of other ACEs was highest among children with racial/ethnic discrimination, and both racial/ethnic discrimination and other ACEs were associated with having one or more health conditions. Adjusted associations between racial/ethnic discrimination and health conditions differed by race/ethnicity (interaction -values < 0.001) and were strongest for mental health conditions among Hispanic/Latino (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR)=1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24-2.10) and non-Hispanic/Latino Asian American (aPR=2.25, 95% CI: 1.37-3.71) children. Results suggest racial/ethnic discrimination and other ACEs are associated with child health conditions, with differences in relative associations by race/ethnicity. Public health efforts to prevent childhood adversity, including racial/ethnic discrimination and other forms of racism could be associated with improvements in child health.
PubMed: 37181947
DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00063-z -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2009Most avian influenza (AI) vaccination and field studies have focused on chickens and turkeys because of their high death rates and the large amounts of highly pathogenic... (Review)
Review
Most avian influenza (AI) vaccination and field studies have focused on chickens and turkeys because of their high death rates and the large amounts of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus that they excrete into the environment when infected. Data on vaccination of other species against HPAI remain limited. An increasing number of studies have been conducted to test the efficacy of inactivated vaccines in ducks and geese since it became clear that these species are a source of HPAI H5N1. One problem is the varying susceptibility of waterfowl to H5N1 in general, and to different H5N1 clades in particular. This makes the extrapolation of protection results obtained for a particular waterfowl species against a particular viral strain very difficult. At present, the vaccine industry only produces and licenses products for chickens and turkeys. Since the market for other birds is small, it does not invest heavily in testing products in other species. Most information on vaccination in other birds comes from zoo vaccination, and consists solely of serological data. Whenever experimental challenge was performed in birds other than chickens and turkeys, vaccination using inactivated vaccines always protected against disease and mortality, provided the vaccine was sufficiently matched antigenically with the challenge virus. Inactivated vaccines induce good antibody titres in most species when applied twice and when body weight is taken into account. Until the advent of more specific waterfowl vaccines that can be used in day-old chicks, inactivated vaccines can be applied to protect not only chickens and turkeys but also ducks and other valuable and/or endangered bird species.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Animals, Zoo; Birds; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza in Birds; Vaccination; Vaccines, Inactivated; Vaccines, Synthetic
PubMed: 19618634
DOI: 10.20506/rst.28.1.1872 -
Schizophrenia Research. Cognition Dec 2022Well characterised cognitive and perceptual impairments in schizophrenia may not be diagnostically specific with some studies suggesting no significant differences...
Well characterised cognitive and perceptual impairments in schizophrenia may not be diagnostically specific with some studies suggesting no significant differences between psychotic disorders. This transdiagnostic ambiguity is paralleled in the boundary distinctions between psychotic disorders and the sub-threshold symptomatology of schizotypy. The current study used the CNTRACS test battery to explore if performance deficits in visual integration, relational memory and goal maintenance were specific to schizophrenia or extend to other psychotic disorders; and if task performance varied between individuals with schizophrenia and schizotypy in healthy adults. The sample consisted of healthy controls, and patients who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders and non-psychotic disorders who were tested in person; and an online sample of self-assessed healthy adults. No significant differences were found in performance between patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in contrast to non-psychotic disorders and healthy controls. The high schizotypy group performed better on the tasks compared to the other psychoses and schizophrenia groups. There were no differences in the healthy control group between individuals with high versus low schizotypy or between in-person and online task performance. These findings support the notion that cognitive and perceptual impairments in schizophrenia extend to other psychotic disorders but are discontinuous with schizotypy. This study provides insights into similarities between schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders with regards to the potential neural substrates underpinning these functions and supports the use of online tools for assessing domains of cognition and perception.
PubMed: 35959485
DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2022.100266 -
Topics in Cognitive Science Jul 2017When making inferences about similar others, people anchor and adjust away from themselves (Tamir & Mitchell, 2013). However, research on relational self theory...
When making inferences about similar others, people anchor and adjust away from themselves (Tamir & Mitchell, 2013). However, research on relational self theory (Andersen & Chen, 2002) suggests the possibility of using knowledge about others as an anchor when they are more similar to a target. We investigated whether social inferences are made on the basis of significant other knowledge through an anchoring and adjustment process, and whether anchoring on a significant other is more effortful than anchoring on the self. Participants answered questions about their likes and habits, as well as the likes and habits of a significant other, a target similar to their significant other, and a yoked control. We found that prediction differences between the significant other and similar target led to longer response times, and we found the opposite effect for self and target differences, suggesting anchoring and adjustment from the significant other rather than the self. These effects were moderated by the source-relative salience of the dimension being evaluated. The evidence was mixed with respect to the question of whether anchoring on a significant other is more effortful than anchoring on the self.
Topics: Humans; Reaction Time; Self Concept; Social Behavior
PubMed: 28635003
DOI: 10.1111/tops.12275