-
Frontiers in Psychology 2023The other-race effect (ORE) is characterized by processing advantages for faces of one's own race over faces of another race and is observed at ~9 months of age....
The other-race effect (ORE) is characterized by processing advantages for faces of one's own race over faces of another race and is observed at ~9 months of age. Environmental exposure to other races has an impact on the development of the ORE. In the current study, we examined the effects of community racial diversity on the ORE in 9- to 12-month-olds from across the United States. We hypothesized that community racial diversity would influence the amount of experience that infants have with individuals of other races and be an important factor in predicting the ORE across broad regions of the United States. We predicted that infants from more diverse communities would demonstrate successful processing of own- and other-race faces, while infants from less diverse communities would demonstrate successful processing of own-race but not other-race faces. This would indicate that the ORE is exhibited more strongly in infants from less diverse communities than in infants from more diverse communities. Participants completed familiarization and visual paired comparison (VPC) trials with own- and other-race faces in an online study. Our results showed that although the ORE was present, the effect was driven by community members who were the racial majority. Recognition biases were not observed in community racial or ethnic minority participants, potentially due to increased exposure to racial out-group members, which mitigated the development of the ORE in this subset of participants. This study has far-reaching implications in the study of infant face perception, child development, and social justice, as the ORE develops at a young age, and may lead to a complex pattern of racial biases contributing to systemic barriers in society.
PubMed: 37767215
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1214075 -
NeuroImage. Clinical 2020An alteration in self/other differentiation has been proposed as a basis for several symptoms in schizophrenia, including delusions of reference and social functioning...
BACKGROUND
An alteration in self/other differentiation has been proposed as a basis for several symptoms in schizophrenia, including delusions of reference and social functioning deficits. Dysfunction of the right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), a region linked with social cognition, has been proposed as the basis of this alteration. However, imaging studies of self- and other-processing in schizophrenia have shown, so far, inconsistent results.
METHODS
Patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls underwent fMRI scanning while performing a task with three conditions: self-reflection, other-reflection and semantic processing.
RESULTS
Both groups activated similar brain regions for self- and other-reflection compared to semantic processing, including the medial prefrontal cortex, the precuneus and the TPJ. Compared to healthy subjects, patients hyperactivated the left lateral frontal cortex during self- and other-reflection. In other-reflection, compared to self-reflection, patients failed to increase right TPJ activity.
CONCLUSIONS
Altered activity in the right TPJ supports a disturbance in self/other differentiation in schizophrenia, which could be linked with psychotic symptoms and affect social functioning in patients. Hyperactivity of the lateral frontal cortex for self- and other-reflection suggests the presence of greater cognitive demand to perform the task in the patient group.
Topics: Adult; Brain; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Self Concept; Social Cognition; Theory of Mind; Young Adult
PubMed: 31877452
DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102134 -
Vision Research Feb 2018The other-race effect is the finding of diminished performance in recognition of other-race faces compared to those of own-race. It has been suggested that the...
The other-race effect is the finding of diminished performance in recognition of other-race faces compared to those of own-race. It has been suggested that the other-race effect stems from specialized expert processes being tuned exclusively to own-race faces. In the present study, we measured recognition contrast thresholds for own- and other-race faces as well as houses for Caucasian observers. We have factored face recognition performance into two invariant aspects of visual function: efficiency, which is related to neural computations and processing demanded by the task, and equivalent input noise, related to signal degradation within the visual system. We hypothesized that if expert processes are available only to own-race faces, this should translate into substantially greater recognition efficiencies for own-race compared to other-race faces. Instead, we found similar recognition efficiencies for both own- and other-race faces. The other-race effect manifested as increased equivalent input noise. These results argue against qualitatively distinct perceptual processes. Instead they suggest that for Caucasian observers, similar neural computations underlie recognition of own- and other-race faces.
Topics: Adult; Asian People; Contrast Sensitivity; Facial Recognition; Female; Humans; Male; Photic Stimulation; Recognition, Psychology; Sensory Thresholds; White People; Young Adult
PubMed: 29294319
DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.12.005 -
Psychology Research and Behavior... 2023Based on the attribution and appraisal theories of emotion, this study investigates whether a consumer's frustration and anger after a service failure reduces in...
Frustration and Anger Mitigation After Service Failure: The Effect of Other Consumer's Explanation and Employee's Explanation on Frustration and Anger After the Service Failure.
PURPOSE
Based on the attribution and appraisal theories of emotion, this study investigates whether a consumer's frustration and anger after a service failure reduces in different ways after hearing explanations from different sources (other customer vs employee vs none) under different blame attribution circumstances (situational vs service provider), and its subsequent influence on complaining intention.
METHODS
In Study 1, valid data from 239 participants (46.9% female, =35.6 years) were used to test the interaction effect of the explanation source and blame attribution on frustration and anger. In Study 2, using valid answers from 253 students at Korea University (57.9% female, =20.9 years), Study 1 was replicated and, in addition, tested the moderated mediating impact on complaining intention. The overall theoretical model was tested with ANOVA and Hayes process model 8.
RESULTS
When blame attribution was situational, the employee's explanation did not mitigate either frustration or anger, whereas the other customer's explanation mitigated frustration but not anger. In contrast, when blame attribution was towards the service provider, the employee's explanation mitigated both frustration and anger, whereas the other customer's explanation mitigated only frustration. In addition, the mitigation of frustration and anger by other customers subsequently led to a decrease in complaining intention, which was stronger and only significant when blame attribution was situational. However, only anger acted as a mediator between the employee's explanation and complaining intention, which did not vary according to blame attribution.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study advance the current knowledge on informational support as a service recovery process by suggesting the crucial role of other consumers in mitigating the target customer's frustration, especially under situational service failure, which successively leads to a decrease in complaining intention, whereas the employee's explanation decreases complaining intention only through the mitigation of anger.
PubMed: 37193542
DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S406753 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jan 2016Social interactions come with the fundamental problem of trying to understand others' mental and affective states while under the overpowering influence of one's own... (Review)
Review
Social interactions come with the fundamental problem of trying to understand others' mental and affective states while under the overpowering influence of one's own concurrent thoughts and feelings. The ability to distinguish between simultaneous representations of others' current experiences as well as our own is crucial to navigate our complex social environments successfully. The developmental building blocks of this ability and how this is given rise to by functional and structural brain development remains poorly understood. In this review, I outline some of the key findings on the role of self-other distinction in understanding others' mental as well as emotional states in children and adults. I will begin by clarifying the crucial role for self-other distinction in avoiding egocentric attributions of one's own cognitive as well as affective states to others in adults and outline the underlying neural circuitry in overcoming such egocentricity. This will provide the basis for a discussion of the emergence of self-other distinction in early childhood as well as developmental changes therein throughout childhood and into adulthood. I will demonstrate that self-other distinction of cognitive and emotional states is already dissociable early in development. Concomitantly, I will show that processes of self-other distinction in cognitive and affective domains rely on adjacent but distinct neural circuitry each with unique connectivity profiles, presumably related to the nature of the distinction that needs to be made.
Topics: Adult; Affect; Brain; Child; Cognition; Emotions; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Interpersonal Relations; Psychology, Developmental; Self Concept; Social Perception
PubMed: 26644593
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0074 -
Personality Disorders Jul 2021Self-other distinction (SOD) refers to the ability to distinguish one's own body, actions, and mental representations from those of others. Problems with SOD are...
Self-other distinction (SOD) refers to the ability to distinguish one's own body, actions, and mental representations from those of others. Problems with SOD are considered to be a key feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, empirical studies on SOD in BPD are scarce. Here, we present a study providing preliminary support for the usefulness and validity of a self-other facial morphing task to capture the capacity for SOD in a sample of nonclinical participants high (n = 30) and low (n = 32) in BPD features. Participants had to watch a video sequence in which their own face was gradually morphed into the face of an unfamiliar other (self-to-other) or vice versa (other-to-self), requiring them to indicate at which point they judged the morph to look more like the target face than the starting face. Consistent with predictions, results showed that participants in the high-BPD group judged the morph to look like themselves for longer in the self-to-other direction (suggestive of egocentric bias), but only with a relatively more attractive target face. In the other-to-self direction, the high-BPD group had more difficulty recognizing their own face (i.e., an altercentric bias), but this time only with the relatively less attractive face. Further research is needed to replicate these findings in clinical samples, but overall they suggest that the current task might be suited to investigate SOD problems in BPD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Borderline Personality Disorder; Humans
PubMed: 33197197
DOI: 10.1037/per0000415 -
Journal of the American College of... Jul 2015Inactivation of platelet cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 by low-dose aspirin leads to long-lasting suppression of thromboxane (TX) A2 production and TXA2-mediated platelet... (Review)
Review
Inactivation of platelet cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 by low-dose aspirin leads to long-lasting suppression of thromboxane (TX) A2 production and TXA2-mediated platelet activation and aggregation. This effect is necessary and sufficient to explain aspirin's unique (among other COX-1 inhibitors) effectiveness in preventing atherothrombosis, as well as its shared (with other antiplatelet agents) bleeding liability. However, different mechanisms of action have been suggested to explain other beneficial effects of aspirin, such as prevention of venous thromboembolism, chemoprevention of colorectal (and other) cancers, and reduced risk of dementia. These mechanisms include acetylation of other proteins in blood coagulation, inhibition of COX-2 activity, and other COX-independent mechanisms. The intent of this review is to develop the concept that the multifaceted therapeutic effects of low-dose aspirin may reflect pleiotropic consequences of platelet inhibition on pathophysiological tissue repair processes. Furthermore, the clinical implications of this concept will be discussed in terms of current clinical practice and future research.
Topics: Aspirin; Chemoprevention; Colorectal Neoplasms; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dementia, Vascular; Humans; Vascular Diseases; Wound Healing
PubMed: 26139061
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.012 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Jun 2021Primates are group-living creatures that constantly face the challenges posed by complex social demands. To date, the cortical mechanisms underlying social information... (Review)
Review
Primates are group-living creatures that constantly face the challenges posed by complex social demands. To date, the cortical mechanisms underlying social information processing have been the major focus of attention. However, emerging evidence suggests that subcortical regions also mediate the collection and processing of information from other agents. Here, we review the literature supporting the hypothesis that behavioral variables important for decision-making, i.e., stimulus, action, and outcome, are associated with agent information (self and other) in subcortical regions, such as the amygdala, striatum, lateral hypothalamus, and dopaminergic midbrain nuclei. Such self-relevant and other-relevant associative signals are then integrated into a social utility signal, presumably at the level of midbrain dopamine neurons. This social utility signal allows decision makers to organize their optimal behavior in accordance with social demands. Determining how self-relevant and other-relevant signals might be altered in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders will be fundamental to better understand how social behaviors are dysregulated in disease conditions.
Topics: Animals; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; Macaca; Reward; Social Behavior
PubMed: 33609569
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.018 -
International Journal of... Jan 2020The present work aimed to investigate the expression of CD160/ CD200 in CLL and other mature B-cell neoplasms (MBN) and their use as an additional diagnostic tool for...
The present work aimed to investigate the expression of CD160/ CD200 in CLL and other mature B-cell neoplasms (MBN) and their use as an additional diagnostic tool for differentiating CLL from other MBN. Using flow cytometry, we detected the expression of CD160 &CD200 on B-cells from 30 CLL patients, 30 other MBN patients in addition to 20 controls. CDs160/200 measurements were determined as a percentage expression (≥20% was considered positive) and as a ratio of the mean fluorescence intensities (MFIR) of leukemic cells/controls and were considered positive when the ratios were ≥2 and 20, respectively. 90% and 100% of the CLL group expressed CDs160/200 in comparison to 60% and 63.3% of other MBN (p=0.007, p<0.001), respectively. By MFIR, 96.7% and 50% of our CLL group expressed CDs160/200 in comparison to 76.7% and 30% of other MBN, respectively. CDs160/ 200 were not expressed on the controls. Positive co-expression of CD160 and CD200 was found in 90% of the CLL cases, 60% of HCL patients and only in 40% of B-NHL. However, double negative expression of both markers was found only in 24% of the B-NHL patients. CD160 with CD200 can be used as additional diagnostic markers to the available routine panel to differentiate between B-CLL and other non-specified B-NHL patients.
PubMed: 32337012
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Physiology Nov 2013Gliomas, primary brain cancers, are characterized by remarkable invasiveness and fast growth. While they share many qualities with other solid tumors, gliomas have... (Review)
Review
Gliomas, primary brain cancers, are characterized by remarkable invasiveness and fast growth. While they share many qualities with other solid tumors, gliomas have developed special mechanisms to convert the cramped brain space and other limitations afforded by the privileged central nervous system into pathophysiological advantages. In this review we discuss gliomas and other primary brain cancers in the context of acid-base regulation and interstitial acidification; namely, how the altered proton (H(+)) content surrounding these brain tumors influences tumor development in both autocrine and paracrine manners. As proton movement is directly coupled to movement of other ions, pH serves as both a regulator of cell activity as well as an indirect readout of other cellular functions. In the case of brain tumors, these processes result in pathophysiology unique to the central nervous system. We will highlight what is known about pH-sensitive processes in brain tumors in addition to gleaning insight from other solid tumors.
PubMed: 24198789
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00316