-
The Journal of Nutrition Sep 2022The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2020 DGA) recommend 3 dietary patterns for Americans, including a Healthy Vegetarian Dietary Pattern (HVDP).
BACKGROUND
The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2020 DGA) recommend 3 dietary patterns for Americans, including a Healthy Vegetarian Dietary Pattern (HVDP).
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to assess whether nutritionally adequate dairy-free and vegan adaptations to the HVDP can be modeled with foods already in the DGA.
METHODS
Using similar food pattern modeling procedures as the 2020 DGA, the nutrient composition of 2 alternative models-dairy-free and vegan-of the 1800-, 2000-, 2200-, and 2400-kcal/d HVDPs was assessed. The dairy food group was replaced with a dairy alternative group comprised of soy milk and soy yogurt fortified with calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin D. For the vegan model, eggs were replaced with equal proportions of vegetarian protein foods.
RESULTS
Dairy-free and vegan models required minimal changes to the HVDP. Cup-equivalents and/or ounce-equivalents of vegetables, fruits, grains, oils, and discretionary calories remained unchanged. Content of total fat, polyunsaturated fat, linoleic acid (18:2n-6), linolenic acid, iron, copper, vitamin D, riboflavin, vitamin B-12, and vitamin K increased in both models by ≥10% (all comparisons relative to the original HVDP). Choline increased ≥25% in the dairy-free models. Protein decreased 11% in both 1800-kcal/d models and 10% in both 2000-kcal/d models. Sodium, cholesterol, zinc, and phosphorus decreased across all energy levels in both models, and selenium decreased in the vegan model. Carbohydrate, fiber, saturated fat, EPA, DHA, calcium, magnesium, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, thiamin, folate, and vitamin B-6 changed ≤10%. Both models contained adequate nutrients to meet Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for most age and sex groups for which 1800-, 2000-, 2200-, and 2400-kcal/d diets are appropriate. Zinc was the only nutrient below the DRI for males.
CONCLUSIONS
The dairy-free and vegan HVDP models could help adults who do not consume dairy foods and/or other animal products to meet nutrition recommendations.
Topics: Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Diet; Diet, Vegetarian; Humans; Male; United States; United States Department of Agriculture; Vegans; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Zinc
PubMed: 35485767
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac100 -
Cureus Mar 2020Widespread, non-stop, and often sensational coverage of the coronavirus (COVID-19) has caught many governments flat-footed in efforts to protect the health and safety of...
Widespread, non-stop, and often sensational coverage of the coronavirus (COVID-19) has caught many governments flat-footed in efforts to protect the health and safety of their citizens. In response to the current global health event, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. Mass gatherings present a historic challenge in protecting the health and safety of attendees. The majority of the prominent mass gatherings are religious in nature. Global sporting events, such as the Olympics and the World Cup, pose unique health risks to attendees and host nations. Deferment or cancellation of such mass gatherings may exert an extraordinary economic loss to the host nation. Universal adoption of best practices for infection control is the surest way for governments to prepare for mass gatherings. In these uncertain times, it is up to intergovernmental organizations to be the voice of reason.
PubMed: 32211279
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7345 -
American Family Physician Nov 2006Toddlers make a transition from dependent milk-fed infancy to independent feeding and a typical omnivorous diet. This stage is an important time for physicians to... (Review)
Review
Toddlers make a transition from dependent milk-fed infancy to independent feeding and a typical omnivorous diet. This stage is an important time for physicians to monitor growth using growth charts and body mass index and to make recommendations for healthy eating. Fat and cholesterol restriction should be avoided in children younger than two years. After two years of age, fat should account for 30 percent of total daily calories, with an emphasis on polyunsaturated fats. Toddlers should consume milk or other dairy products two or three times daily, and sweetened beverages should be limited to 4 to 6 ounces of 100 percent juice daily. Vitamin D, calcium, and iron should be supplemented in select toddlers, but the routine use of multivitamins is unnecessary. Food from two of the four food groups should be offered for snacks, and meals should be made up of three of the four groups. Parental modeling is important in developing good dietary habits. No evidence exists that early childhood obesity leads to adult obesity, but physicians should monitor body mass index and make recommendations for healthy eating. The fear of obesity must be carefully balanced with the potential for undernutrition in toddlers.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Dietary Supplements; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutrition Disorders; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Requirements; Obesity
PubMed: 17111891
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Virus Research 1996Several viruses cause damage to the tissue by immunopathological mechanisms. This chapter presents the principal examples of immunopathogenesis caused by the viruses,... (Review)
Review
Several viruses cause damage to the tissue by immunopathological mechanisms. This chapter presents the principal examples of immunopathogenesis caused by the viruses, accompanied by speculations about its management. The most common mechanism of lesion development in virus induced immunopathology involves T cells. Usually, it seems that when CD8 T cells act as the controlling cell type, lesions are acute and the outcome is decided quickly. The classic example is provided by LCM in mice. The newest candidate may turn out to be SNV infection in humans. Lesions orchestrated primarily by CD4 T cells can be either acute or long-lasting. Curiously, in the LCMV example, if CD8 T cells are removed from the scene, immunopathological responses may still occur and these involve CD4 T cells. Such responses are far more chronic and of lower grade than those mediated by CD8 T lymphocytes. One possible sequel to chronic inflammatory responses to viruses is that autoreactive inflammatory reactions are initiated and an autoimmune disease occurs. The adage that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure is certainly true in the field of viral pathogenesis. Preventing viral infection or manipulating immune processes during the initial phases of infection is far more successful than attempting to counteract pathological events once underway.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Autoimmunity; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Humans; Inflammation; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 8895836
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60739-3 -
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and... Nov 2022Marketing strategies for sweetened beverages (SBs) are pervasive across food retail. Yet few studies have examined how these strategies associate with planned and... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Marketing strategies for sweetened beverages (SBs) are pervasive across food retail. Yet few studies have examined how these strategies associate with planned and unplanned SB purchasing.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to examine whether customers with greater exposure to SB retail marketing (eg, advertisements and product placement) were more likely to purchase an SB and whether this varied by customer characteristics.
DESIGN
This was an observational, cross-sectional study using objective customer purchasing and store assessment data from convenience and other small food stores.
PARTICIPANTS/SETTING
Participants were 1,604 food and beverage customers at 144 randomly sampled convenience and other small food stores in Minneapolis-St Paul, MN.
EXPOSURE
Marketing strategies, including SB advertisements, placement, and shelf space were included.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
We determined the probability of customers purchasing ≥4 fluid ounces of a ready-to-drink sugar and/or artificially sweetened beverage.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED
Associations between marketing strategies and purchasing were estimated using mixed regression models, controlling for customer characteristics and accounting for customers nested within stores.
RESULTS
Fifty-six percent of customers purchased an SB; 14% also specified that it was an unplanned purchase. Customers were more likely to purchase an SB when exterior advertisements (P < .001) and advertisements hanging from the ceiling (P < .001) that promoted SBs were present. Customers with moderate and high cumulative exposure to SB marketing were significantly more likely to purchase SBs (51.2% and 54.9%, respectively) than those with lower exposure (34%); this effect was particularly salient for men. There were no significant associations between retail marketing strategies and unplanned purchases.
CONCLUSIONS
Findings demonstrate that feasible and sustainable approaches are required from policy makers, retailers, and public health professionals to shift store environments away from cues that promote unhealthy beverage selections. Given that numerous retail actors are invested in the availability, promotion, and sales of SBs, changing the predominance of SB marketing in convenience stores will likely be challenging and require cross-sector collaboration.
Topics: Male; Humans; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages; Sweetening Agents; Consumer Behavior; Beverages; Commerce; Food Supply; Marketing; Sugars
PubMed: 35240342
DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.02.017 -
JTCVS Techniques Apr 2021
PubMed: 34318142
DOI: 10.1016/j.xjtc.2021.01.015 -
Cureus Aug 2021Disorders of skin hyperpigmentation have an appreciable impact on quality of life, carrying social and cultural importance that influences widespread consumer demand for...
Disorders of skin hyperpigmentation have an appreciable impact on quality of life, carrying social and cultural importance that influences widespread consumer demand for cosmetic lightening products. We sought to investigate product factors that may influence consumer preference when choosing an over-the-counter cream for skin-lightening purposes. The keyword "lightening cream" was searched in the "Beauty and Personal Care category" of online retailer Amazon.com. The top fifth percentile of products was determined by filtering the search results for a minimum of four out of five stars from customer reviews, and then further filtered by products with over 100 reviews. Number of reviews, rating, price per unit, vehicle, application instructions, ingredients, and review attributes were evaluated. Over 2,900 products were catalogued as "lightening cream" on Amazon.com. There were 40 products rated >4 stars and >100 reviews, constituting the top 1.34% of entries. Tocopheryl was present in 58% of the top 40 products, ascorbic acid in 40%, and niacinamide in 20%. Notably, 22.5% of the top 40 products contained no known skin-lightening ingredient. There was a moderate positive correlation (R=0.378) between price and consumer rating, with kojic acid being the most expensive per ounce ($24.89) and salicylic acid being the most highly rated (4.54 stars; $15.00/oz). This study provides insight on the factors influencing the choice, preferences, and satisfaction of consumer that sought Amazon for the purchase of lightening products.
PubMed: 34540471
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17245 -
Cureus Oct 2023Background In the field of aesthetic dermatology, there is currently very little data on affordability and cost analysis regarding cosmeceuticals as more demand from...
Background In the field of aesthetic dermatology, there is currently very little data on affordability and cost analysis regarding cosmeceuticals as more demand from patients showing interest in cosmeceutical products to reduce and prevent aging continues to grow. Photoaging, a form of extrinsic aging from sun exposure, can be ameliorated by applying sunscreen and retinol products. Topical ascorbic acid and niacinamide have been shown to target the oxidative stress process that contributes to photoaging. These four products have been identified as the cosmeceutical ingredients with the most evidence-based data on photoaging prevention and treatment. Objective Given the demand for effective skin care, the paucity of data on cost differentiation, and the availability of cosmeceutical products, we analyzed the unit cost of four anti-aging products from major online and physical retailers in the United States. Such a cost comparison may facilitate more economically appropriate recommendations on skin care to consumers. Methods and materials We analyzed sunscreen, topical vitamin C (ascorbic acid), topical vitamin B3 (niacinamide), and topical vitamin A (retinol) products sold by four major United States retailers: Walmart, Ulta, Walgreens, and Amazon. The average cost in dollars per ounce (dollar/oz) was calculated for each product category at each retailer. Statistical analyses were done to determine statistical significance for each product category between retailers as well as between each category of product. Results Between the four retailers, Walmart offered the lowest cost per ounce for every product. In contrast, Amazon offered the highest cost per ounce for every product except for sunscreen. We also found that sunscreen products are less expensive per ounce as compared to retinol, ascorbic acid, and niacinamide products. Conclusion Dermatologists should be knowledgeable of product costs when providing patients with anti-aging product recommendations. Our study provides data on the financial cost by retail location of evidence-based anti-aging cosmeceuticals to better guide physicians in patient consulting and economical resource sharing.
PubMed: 37933373
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46596 -
Fertility and Sterility Oct 2020
Topics: Genetic Testing; Humans
PubMed: 33040982
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.08.1403