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JACC. Clinical Electrophysiology Oct 2020
Topics: Atrial Fibrillation; Catheter Ablation; Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33092756
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2020.06.029 -
International Journal of Radiation... Oct 2020
Review
Topics: Azithromycin; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Pandemics; Personal Protective Equipment; Pneumonia, Viral; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 32890500
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.08.001 -
Journal of Nutrition Education and... Apr 2023To examine the dietary behaviors of mothers from very low food security (VLFS) households following the availability of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) unemployment...
OBJECTIVE
To examine the dietary behaviors of mothers from very low food security (VLFS) households following the availability of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) unemployment and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits.
METHODS
Diet and food security status were obtained from 2,584 California mothers during Federal Fiscal Year 2020. Fruits, vegetables, and 100% fruit juice (FV100%FJ), sugar-sweetened beverages, and water intake, and Healthy Eating Index-2015 scores, were compared across 4 groups (before vs after COVID-19 benefits by VLFS vs non-VLFS households) with race/ethnicity and age as covariates.
RESULTS
Before COVID-19 benefits, VLFS was associated with fewer cups of FV100%FJ (P = 0.010), more fluid ounces of sugar-sweetened beverages (P = 0.004), and poorer diet quality (P = 0.003). After COVID-19 benefits, mothers from VLFS vs non-VLFS households reported similar dietary outcomes. VLFS mothers reported 0.96 (95% confidence interval, 0.53-1.38) more cups of FV100%FJ after COVID-19 benefits.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Coronavirus disease 2019 benefits may have reduced dietary inequities among low-income families. Associations between increased Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and unemployment benefits and decreased costs associated with the negative health outcomes linked to food insecurity and poor diets would be of value.
Topics: Female; Humans; Feeding Behavior; Food Supply; COVID-19; Diet; Food Assistance; Food Insecurity
PubMed: 36739249
DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2022.10.009 -
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental... Mar 2021Evidence suggests that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) may adversely impact insulin production and signaling but there is limited information on the range of these...
OBJECTIVE
Evidence suggests that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) may adversely impact insulin production and signaling but there is limited information on the range of these effects and their future health consequences.
METHOD
A prospective cohort of predominantly African-American individuals identified while in utero and followed into adulthood were used to evaluate differences in various indicators of diabetes, including fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and insulin levels. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was also computed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and normal defined as < 25 kg/m . Participants were categorized as having PAE (n = 39) if their mothers drank at least 1 ounce of absolute alcohol per week or more during the 1 trimester of pregnancy and as Controls (n = 22) if their mothers reported abstaining from alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
RESULTS
Mean age of the sample was 36.0 ± 1.5 years. Indices of glucose metabolism, including fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels, did not vary by group status but insulin levels and HOMA-IR values varied by group status and BMI level. PAE individuals with a normal BMI had lower insulin levels than Controls. However, in PAE subjects, there was a steeper increase in insulin levels relative to their BMI than in Control subjects. A cluster of 5 PAE cases had low levels of insulin and 4 of the 5 had severe cognitive impairment.
CONCLUSIONS
The bidirectional effects on insulin level and insulin resistance associated with PAE may indicate differential rates of diabetes disease impact or differential PAE impact in the brain and peripheral areas involved in insulin production and signaling. These alterations may contribute to the metabolic disease risk associated with PAE.
Topics: Adult; Black or African American; Alcohol Drinking; Blood Glucose; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 33486796
DOI: 10.1111/acer.14559 -
Diabetes Care Apr 2014Sugar-sweetened drinks have been associated with several health problems. In the point narrative as presented below, we provide our opinion and review of the data to... (Review)
Review
Sugar-sweetened drinks have been associated with several health problems. In the point narrative as presented below, we provide our opinion and review of the data to date that we need to reconsider consumption of dietary sugar based on the growing concern of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In the counterpoint narrative following our contribution, Drs. Kahn and Sievenpiper provide a defense and suggest that dietary sugar is not the culprit. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and U.S. Department of Agriculture dietary surveys along with commercial Homescan data on household purchases were used to understand changes in sugar and fructose consumption. Meta-analyses and randomized clinical trials were used to evaluate outcomes of beverage and fructose intake. About 75% of all foods and beverages contain added sugar in a large array of forms. Consumption of soft drinks has increased fivefold since 1950. Meta-analyses suggest that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is related to the risk of diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Drinking two 16-ounce SSBs per day for 6 months induced features of the metabolic syndrome and fatty liver. Randomized controlled trials in children and adults lasting 6 months to 2 years have shown that lowering the intake of soft drinks reduced weight gain. Recent studies suggest a gene-SSB potential relationship. Consumption of calorie-sweetened beverages has continued to increase and plays a role in the epidemic of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver disease. Reducing intake of soft drinks is associated with less weight gain.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Beverages; Body Weight; Carbonated Beverages; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Sucrose; Energy Intake; Fatty Liver; Female; Fructose; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Prospective Studies; Satiation; United States; Weight Gain; Young Adult
PubMed: 24652725
DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2085 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jan 2017Observational associations between red meat intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are inconsistent. There are limited comprehensive analyses of randomized controlled... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Total red meat intake of ≥0.5 servings/d does not negatively influence cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systemically searched meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
BACKGROUND
Observational associations between red meat intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are inconsistent. There are limited comprehensive analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigate the effects of red meat consumption on CVD risk factors.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this systematically searched meta-analysis was to assess the effects of consuming ≥0.5 or <0.5 servings of total red meat/d on CVD risk factors [blood total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, ratio of TC to HDL cholesterol (TC:HDL), and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP, respectively)]. We hypothesized that the consumption of ≥0.5 servings of total red meat/d would have a negative effect on these CVD risk factors.
DESIGN
Two researchers independently screened 945 studies from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases and extracted data from 24 qualified RCTs. Inclusion criteria were 1) RCT, 2) subjects aged ≥19 y, 3) consumption of ≥0.5 or <0.5 total red meat servings/d [35 g (1.25 ounces)], and 4) reporting ≥1 CVD risk factor. We performed an adjusted 2-factor nested ANOVA mixed-effects model procedure on the postintervention values of TC, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, TC:HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, SBP, and DBP; calculated overall effect sizes of change values; and used a repeated-measures ANOVA to assess pre- to postintervention changes.
RESULTS
Red meat intake did not affect lipid-lipoprotein profiles or blood pressure values postintervention (P > 0.05) or changes over time [weighted mean difference (95% CI): -0.01 mmol/L (-0.08, 0.06 mmol/L), 0.02 mmol/L (-0.05, 0.08 mmol/L), 0.03 mmol/L (-0.01, 0.07 mmol/L), and 0.04 mmol/L (-0.02, 0.10 mmol/L); -0.08 mm Hg (-0.26, 0.11 mm Hg); and -1.0 mm Hg (-2.4, 0.78 mm Hg) and 0.1 mm Hg (-1.2, 1.5 mm Hg) for TC, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, TC:HDL cholesterol, SBP, and DBP, respectively]. Among all subjects, TC, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, TC:HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and DBP, but not SBP, decreased over time (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The results from this systematically searched meta-analysis of RCTs support the idea that the consumption of ≥0.5 servings of total red meat/d does not influence blood lipids and lipoproteins or blood pressures.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Red Meat; Risk Factors; Triglycerides; Young Adult
PubMed: 27881394
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.142521 -
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders Sep 2016Black adolescents are at increased risk of cardiometabolic disease but have lower fasting triglyceride, which is usually associated with decreased risk. No one has...
BACKGROUND
Black adolescents are at increased risk of cardiometabolic disease but have lower fasting triglyceride, which is usually associated with decreased risk. No one has studied racial differences in triglycerides or free fatty acids (FFAs) after a high-fat meal.
METHODS
Oral glucose tolerance testing was used to assess insulin secretion, sensitivity, and disposition index (DI). Endothelial function, triglycerides, FFA, c-reactive protein, interleukin 6 (IL6), and adiponectin were measured both pre- and 3 hr postprandially (McDonald's Big Breakfast(®) and 12 ounce Sprite(®)) in obese adolescents (10-13 years, 9 black and 7 white). Endothelial function was assessed using reactive hyperemic changes in forearm vascular resistance (FVR).
RESULTS
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed no difference in insulin sensitivity, but blacks tended to have (P = 0.08) higher insulin secretion and had increased DI (P = 0.003). After a high-fat meal, triglycerides increased in both groups (P < 0.001), tended to be lower in blacks compared with whites preprandially (64 ± 33 mg/dL vs 110 ± 80, P = 0.064), and was lower postprandially (112 ± 63 vs 188 ± 112, P = 0.039). Pre- and postprandial FFA (Black: 0.58 ± 0.15 and 0.39 ± 0.18 vs. white: 0.44 ± 0.14 and 0.26 ± 0.06, P = 0.020) and adiponectin (P = 0.002) were increased in blacks. FFA decreased in both groups postprandially (P = 0.002). IL6 increased after the meal (P = 0.022). Endothelial function decreased postprandially (P < 0.02), but this was due to a decrease in preocclusion FVR.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that differences in fat metabolism are present in both black and white obese adolescents. How these differences explain higher rates of cardiometabolic disease in blacks is unclear.
Topics: Adolescent; Black People; Child; Fasting; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Male; Meals; Pediatric Obesity; Postprandial Period; Vasodilation
PubMed: 27419255
DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0122 -
Nutrients May 2023Pregnancy is a vulnerable time where the lives of mother and baby are affected by diet, especially high-risk pregnancies in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)....
BACKGROUND
Pregnancy is a vulnerable time where the lives of mother and baby are affected by diet, especially high-risk pregnancies in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Limited research has examined diet during pregnancy with IBD.
AIMS
Describe and compare the diet quality of pregnant women with and without IBD, and examine associations between dietary intake and guidelines during pregnancy.
METHODS
Three 24 h recalls were utilized to assess the diets of pregnant women with IBD ( = 88) and without IBD ( = 82) during 27-29 weeks of gestation. A customized frequency questionnaire was also administered to measure pre- and probiotic foods.
RESULTS
Zinc intake ( = 0.02), animal protein (g) ( = 0.03), and ounce equivalents of whole grains ( = 0.03) were significantly higher in the healthy control (HC) group than the IBD group. Nutrients of concern with no significant differences between groups included iron (3% IBD and 2% HC met the goals), saturated fat (only 1% of both groups met the goals), choline (23% IBD and 21% HC met the goals), magnesium (38% IBD and 35% HC met the goals), calcium (48% IBD and 60% HC met the goals), and water intake (49% IBD and 48% HC met the goals).
CONCLUSIONS
Most pregnant women in this cohort fell short of the dietary nutrients recommended in pregnancy, especially concerning for women with IBD.
Topics: Animals; Female; Pregnancy; United States; Humans; Pregnant Women; Diet; Eating; Nutritional Status; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
PubMed: 37299427
DOI: 10.3390/nu15112464 -
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental... Nov 2019The relation of lifetime drinking trajectories to coronary heart disease is not well understood.
BACKGROUND
The relation of lifetime drinking trajectories to coronary heart disease is not well understood.
METHODS
Cases hospitalized for a nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and healthy population-based controls matched on age and sex completed a physical examination and an interview covering known AMI risk factors and a detailed lifetime drinking history. Distinct lifetime drinking trajectories based on ounces of ethanol consumed per decade between ages 10 and 59 years were derived and characterized according to lifetime drinking patterns associated with each. Sex-specific multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate AMI risk among participants who never drank regularly compared to lifetime drinking trajectories and risk associated with distinct trajectories among former and current drinkers.
RESULTS
Two lifetime drinking trajectories were derived, early peak and stable. Early peak trajectories were characterized by earlier onset of regular drinking, less frequent drinking, more drinks per drinking day, fewer total drinks, more frequent drunkenness per drinking year, and reduced alcohol intake or abstention by middle age. Never drinking regularly, reported by significantly more women than men, was associated with significantly higher AMI risk than stable lifetime drinking trajectories among men and in the sex-combined analysis of former drinkers only. Compared to stable lifetime drinking trajectories, early peak trajectories were associated with significantly higher AMI risk among male former drinkers, among sex-combined former drinkers, and among female current drinkers.
CONCLUSIONS
Epidemiological studies of alcohol and health in populations over age 35 may have underestimated the impact of heavy episodic drinking during adolescence and emerging adulthood on the cardiovascular system.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Case-Control Studies; Child; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; New York; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 31566766
DOI: 10.1111/acer.14190