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The Laryngoscope Nov 2020Acute sialadenitis may be caused by viruses, including coronaviruses. Although there are anecdotal reports of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2...
Acute sialadenitis may be caused by viruses, including coronaviruses. Although there are anecdotal reports of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) salivary gland infections, there have been no well-documented cases of sialadenitis in patients with COVID-19 described in the literature. We report a case of parotitis and submandibular gland sialadenitis, as well as an isolated case of parotitis, in two patients with concurrent SARS-CoV-2 infections. Computed tomography imaging demonstrated parotid and submandibular gland enlargement with heterogenous enhancement and attenuation, consistent with sialadenitis. Medical management was sufficient for successful resolution of the acute sialadenitis. Laryngoscope, 130:2595-2597, 2020.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; COVID-19; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Parotitis; SARS-CoV-2; Sialadenitis; Submandibular Gland; Submandibular Gland Diseases
PubMed: 32833242
DOI: 10.1002/lary.29083 -
Epidemics Sep 2023Mumps is a vaccine-preventable, reemerging, and highly transmissible infectious disease. Widespread vaccination dramatically reduced cases; however, case counts have...
Mumps is a vaccine-preventable, reemerging, and highly transmissible infectious disease. Widespread vaccination dramatically reduced cases; however, case counts have been increasing over the past 20 years. To provide a quantitative overview of historical mumps dynamics that can act as baseline information to help identify causes of mumps reemergence, we analyzed timeseries of cases reported from 1923 to 1932 in the United States. During that time, 239,230 mumps cases were reported in 70 cities. Larger cities reported annual epidemics and smaller cities reported intermittent, sporadic outbreaks. The critical community size above which transmission continuously occurred was likely between 365,583 and 781,188 individuals but could range as high as 3,376,438 individuals. Mumps cases increased as city size increased, suggesting density-dependent transmission. Using a density-dependent SEIR model, we calculated a mean effective reproductive number (R) of 1.2. R varied by city and over time, with periodic high values that could characterize short periods of very high transmission known as superspreading events. Case counts most often peaked in March, with higher-than-average transmission from December through April and showed a correlation with weekly births. While certain city pairs in Midwestern states had synchronous outbreaks, most outbreaks were less synchronous and not driven by distance between cities. This work demonstrates the importance of long-term infectious disease surveillance data and will inform future studies on mumps reemergence and control.
Topics: Humans; United States; Mumps; Epidemics; Vaccination; Disease Outbreaks; Basic Reproduction Number
PubMed: 37379775
DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2023.100700 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jan 2023Over the past two decades, multiple countries with high vaccine coverage have experienced resurgent outbreaks of mumps. Worryingly, in these countries, a high proportion...
Over the past two decades, multiple countries with high vaccine coverage have experienced resurgent outbreaks of mumps. Worryingly, in these countries, a high proportion of cases have been among those who have completed the recommended vaccination schedule, raising alarm about the effectiveness of existing vaccines. Two putative mechanisms of vaccine failure have been proposed as driving observed trends: 1) gradual waning of vaccine-derived immunity (necessitating additional booster doses) and 2) the introduction of novel viral genotypes capable of evading vaccinal immunity. Focusing on the United States, we conduct statistical likelihood-based hypothesis testing using a mechanistic transmission model on age-structured epidemiological, demographic, and vaccine uptake time series data. We find that the data are most consistent with the waning hypothesis and estimate that 32.8% (32%, 33.5%) of individuals lose vaccine-derived immunity by age 18 y. Furthermore, we show using our transmission model how waning vaccine immunity reproduces qualitative and quantitatively consistent features of epidemiological data, namely 1) the shift in mumps incidence toward older individuals, 2) the recent recurrence of mumps outbreaks, and 3) the high proportion of mumps cases among previously vaccinated individuals.
Topics: Humans; United States; Adolescent; Mumps; Likelihood Functions; Mumps virus; Vaccines; Causality; Disease Outbreaks; Vaccination
PubMed: 36623178
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207595120 -
Medicine Mar 2010Since the introduction of the mumps vaccine, the age of appearance of mumps infection has shifted from children to adolescents and young adults, groups with a higher... (Review)
Review
Since the introduction of the mumps vaccine, the age of appearance of mumps infection has shifted from children to adolescents and young adults, groups with a higher incidence of disease complications and sequelae. During the years 2000-2001, the Gran Canaria Island was part of an epidemic of mumps. In that period, our institution attended 67 cases of serologically confirmed acute mumps orchitis, the most serious complication of mumps infection in young postpubertal males. We conducted a descriptive and prospective study of this cohort and extensively reviewed the literature from 1967 (the year the first mumps vaccine was introduced) to 2009. Fifty-six patients were admitted because of general impairment and were treated with alpha-interferon. Sixty-six patients presented parotitis previous to orchitis (interval from parotitis to orchitis, 4.9 d). Orchitis was unilateral in 89.5% and bilateral in 10.4% of cases. More than 98% of patients had orchitis-associated fever. Nine patients had clinical and biochemical data showing acute mumps meningitis, and 11 had subclinical pancreatitis. The mean duration of symptoms was 4.6 days (range, 1-9). During the acute phase, more than 41% of the evaluated testes had a volume >25 mL. Acute hormonal disturbances were highly prevalent. These included decreased levels of testosterone and inhibin B with low or normal levels of gonadotropins in 35% of subjects, and, to our knowledge not previously reported, an atypical hormonal pattern consisting of low levels of free testosterone and inhibin B, along with increased measures of luteinizing hormone but low or normal follicle-stimulating hormone levels (11% of cases). During the follow-up period (mean, 331 d) a high incidence of sperm disturbance was found.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cohort Studies; Humans; Incidence; Interferon-alpha; Male; Mumps; Mumps Vaccine; Orchitis; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Semen Analysis; Spain; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 20517181
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3181d63191 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Dec 2019In Chile, the strain of the mumps virus used in the vaccine is Leningrad-Zagreb (L-Z). Although the relationship between meningitis and the L-Z strain remains...
In Chile, the strain of the mumps virus used in the vaccine is Leningrad-Zagreb (L-Z). Although the relationship between meningitis and the L-Z strain remains controversial, most of the reported cases have shown a benign course without permanent neurological sequelae. We present a case of a patient who presented an aseptic meningitis three weeks after immunization with a mumps vaccine; and laboratory confirmation showed positive serum mumps IgM antibody. In this clinical case, there was a temporal relationship between vaccination and the onset of the mumps and subsequently the meningeal involvement; the immunoglobulin curve demonstrates acute infection after vaccination. Although it was not possible to isolate the virus in CSF, it is reasonable to attribute the picture to a post-vaccinal infection.
Topics: Chile; Humans; Meningitis; Mumps; Mumps Vaccine; Mumps virus
PubMed: 33660758
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182019000600774 -
Vaccine Feb 2022In Japan, a monovalent mumps vaccine is provided on a voluntary basis. Due to public concerns over post-vaccination aseptic meningitis, the vaccination coverage is not... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
In Japan, a monovalent mumps vaccine is provided on a voluntary basis. Due to public concerns over post-vaccination aseptic meningitis, the vaccination coverage is not high enough. The present study investigated the incidence of adverse events, including aseptic meningitis, after Torii strain-derived mumps vaccination.
METHODS
This retrospective, observational study used data collected by a vaccine manufacturer regarding adverse events following mumps vaccinations at medical institutions between 1992 and 2018. In addition, the number of Torii strain-derived mumps vaccines shipped each year was obtained. The incidence (per 100,000 doses) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for all adverse events and each adverse event, categorized as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, mumps, mumps complications, and others.
RESULTS
During the study period, 8,262,121 mumps vaccine doses were shipped, and 688 subjects reported adverse events. The incidence for all adverse events (per 100,000 doses) was 8.33, and the incidence was 4.19 for aseptic meningitis, 0.33 for encephalitis, 0.80 for mumps, 0.25 for mumps complications, and 3.78 for others. The incidence of aseptic meningitis (per 100,000 doses) was 7.90 (95% CI: 5.61-10.18) between 1998 and 2000 but declined by half, to 3.91 (2.46-5.36), between 2001 and 2003. The most recent incidence (per 100,000 doses) of aseptic meningitis, for the period 2016 to 2018, was 2.78 (1.94-3.62).
CONCLUSION
The incidence of post-vaccination aseptic meningitis has declined significantly since 2001, and the incidence has remained stable at fewer than 3 cases per 100,000 doses since 2010. Multiple factors might have contributed to the decline in aseptic meningitis incidence, including (i) lowered misclassification of aseptic meningitis resulting from echovirus infection; (ii) changes in the vaccine manufacturing process in 2000; and (iii) publication in 2008 of the recommendation for vaccination of children at 1 year of age.
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Japan; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Meningitis, Aseptic; Mumps; Mumps Vaccine; Retrospective Studies; Vaccination
PubMed: 35058077
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.008 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2012
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Parotitis; Sialadenitis; Sialography; Submandibular Gland Diseases
PubMed: 23257498
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.104973 -
ARP Rheumatology Oct 2022Pediatric Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) is an auto-immune disorder of unknown prevalence with significant risk of comorbidity. In contrast to the classical dyad of xerostomia...
Pediatric Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) is an auto-immune disorder of unknown prevalence with significant risk of comorbidity. In contrast to the classical dyad of xerostomia and xeropthalmia frequently seen in adults, in children and adolescents, recurrent parotiditis and sialadenitis are more often the presenting symptoms. We describe the case of a previously healthy 16-year-old girl with recurrent cervical lymphadenopathy and parotid swelling. Over the course of nine months, extensive investigation established chronic bilateral recurrent sialadenitis of unknown cause. The patient's clinic and complementary exams favor a primary SS diagnosis; however, she later meets classification criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Although currently clinically stable under hydroxychloroquine with minor parotid swelling and eye redness, long term multidisciplinary follow-up will be needed to manage the patient's disease. This report aims to bring awareness to this diagnostic challenge and to the need for pediatric criteria for SS.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Child; Humans; Sjogren's Syndrome; Sialadenitis; Parotitis; Xerostomia; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Chronic Disease
PubMed: 36057088
DOI: No ID Found -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Jul 2018From February to April 2016, the Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH) confirmed mumps outbreaks at four universities (three public and one private). All...
From February to April 2016, the Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH) confirmed mumps outbreaks at four universities (three public and one private). All universities were located within 65 miles of Indianapolis; however, epidemiologic links among outbreaks were limited. ISDH and local health departments investigated the outbreaks and initiated control measures at all universities. A protocol describing recommended testing for mumps, testing priorities during the outbreak, and a preauthorization process for submitting specimens to the ISDH Laboratory (ISDHL) was developed and disseminated to providers and public health partners (1). Outbreaks at each university were declared over after two incubation periods* elapsed without identified cases; the last outbreak ended September 10, 2016. Among the 281 confirmed and probable cases identified, 216 (76.9%) persons had documentation of presumptive evidence of immunity (2). At some universities, documentation of receipt of 2 doses of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR), which is a criterion for evidence of immunity, was not available and required substantial personnel time to verify. Implementation of policies for excluding susceptible persons from classes and other group settings was also difficult. The laboratory testing protocol increased the percentage of specimens testing positive and improved case detection. Outbreak-specific laboratory testing guidance on specimen collection for mumps confirmation and standardized vaccination documentation in highly vaccinated settings could aid outbreak management. Evaluation of exclusion policies might also be necessary. In 2018, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) published a recommendation that persons previously vaccinated with 2 doses of MMR who are determined by public health authorities to be part of a group at increased risk for infection during a mumps outbreak receive a third dose of MMR (3).
Topics: Contact Tracing; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Indiana; Measles virus; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Public Health Practice; Universities
PubMed: 30048422
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6729a1 -
American Journal of Transplantation :... Apr 2022Pediatric liver transplant (LT) recipients are often transplanted at a young age, precluding them from receiving live virus vaccinations (LVV) such as varicella (VZV)...
Pediatric liver transplant (LT) recipients are often transplanted at a young age, precluding them from receiving live virus vaccinations (LVV) such as varicella (VZV) vaccine and measles, mumps and rubella. This places them at profound risk for vaccine preventable illness. We sought to detail safety of vaccination. This was a retrospective cohort study of pediatric LT recipients at two children's hospitals. Among 204 LT recipients included in the study, 97 received at least one LVV after LT. Six patients who did not receive LVV after transplant had evidence of vaccine-preventable infection following vaccination (one disseminated VZV disease, five VZV-related rash), while one patient who received LVV after transplant developed a diffuse VZV-related rash. Rejection rates were the same between those that did and did not receive a live virus vaccine post-transplant. There were no serious adverse events caused by vaccination post-transplant. LVV following LT was safe at our two institutions, although there exist limitations in our study due to its retrospective study design. Larger scale studies should be performed to evaluate the effectiveness of LVV in relation to immunosuppression.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Chickenpox Vaccine; Child; Hospitals; Humans; Liver Transplantation; Mumps; Retrospective Studies; Vaccination
PubMed: 34967134
DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16937