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Scientific Reports May 2022Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser is an extensively used medicinal shrub in the traditional as well as modern systems of medicines. It is a perennial hemiparasitic plant,...
Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser is an extensively used medicinal shrub in the traditional as well as modern systems of medicines. It is a perennial hemiparasitic plant, which is difficult to propagate artificially because of its low parasitic rate. Successful parasitism of parasitic plants is to fuse their tissues and connect their vasculature to the host vasculature building a physiological bridge, which can efficiently withdraw water, sugars and nutrients from their host plants. It is reported that endophytic fungi play an important role in cell wall degradation and fusion, which is the key forming process of the physiological bridge. Therefore, in this study, the endophytic fungi from T. chinensis of different hosts were isolated, and then the organisms that could degrade the main components of the cell walls were screened out using a medium consisting of guaihuol and cellulose degradation capacity. The results showed that five strains were screened out from 72 endophytic fungi of T. chinensis which with high enzyme activities for lignocellulosic degradation. The laccase and cellulase activities of five strains reached their peaks at day 7, and the highest enzyme activities of these two enzymes were found in strain P6, which was 117.66 and 1.66 U/mL, respectively. Manganese peroxidase of strain 4 and lignin peroxidase of strain N6 also reached their peaks at day 7 and were the highest among the 5 strains, with enzyme activities of 11.61 and 6.64 U/mL, respectively. Strains 4, 15, 31, N6 and P6 were identified as Colletotrichum sp., Nigerrospora sphaerica, Exserohilum sp., Diaporthe phaseolorum and Pestalotiopsis sp., respectively, according to their morphological and molecular biology properties. The endophytic fungi may secrete efficient cell wall degradation enzymes, which promote the dissolution and relaxation of the cell wall between T. chinensis and host, thus contributing to the parasitism of T. chinensis.
Topics: Colletotrichum; Endophytes; Fungi; Laccase; Loranthaceae; Symbiosis
PubMed: 35546173
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11940-z -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022Productivity decline of plantation and difficulty in natural regeneration remains a serious problem because of allelopathy. Previous studies have confirmed that...
Productivity decline of plantation and difficulty in natural regeneration remains a serious problem because of allelopathy. Previous studies have confirmed that 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) are the major allelochemicals of the litter exudates. The production of these allelochemicals may derive from decomposition of litter or from the litter endophyte and microorganisms adhering to litter surfaces. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between allelochemicals in litter and endophytic and epiphytic fungi and bacteria from litter. A total of 100 fungi and 116 bacteria were isolated from the interior and surface of litter of different forest ages (young, half-mature, and mature plantation). Results showed that the fermentation broth of fungal genera sp. and sp., and bacterial genera , , and had the strongest allelopathic effect on seeds. Allelochemicals, such as 2,4-DTBP and its analogs were identified in the fermentation broths of these microorganisms using GC/MS analysis. These results indicate that endophytic and epiphytic fungi and bacteria in litters are involved in the synthesis of allelochemicals of . To further determine the abundance of the allelopathic fungi and bacteria, Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was performed. The results showed that bacterial genera with strong allelopathic potential were mainly distributed in the young and half-mature plantation with low abundance, while the abundance of fungal genera sp. and sp. were higher in the young and mature plantations. In particular, the abundance of sp. in the young and mature plantations were 501.20% and 192.63% higher than in the half-mature plantation, respectively. Overall, our study demonstrates that the litter fungi with higher abundance in the young and mature plantation were involved in the synthesis of the allelochemical 2,4-DTBP of This finding may be important for understanding the relationship between autotoxicity and microorganism and clarifying the natural regeneration problem of
PubMed: 36407626
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022984 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023tolerates the dry and frigid climate of Beijing, China, and effectively filters out particles during the winter. However, fungal infestation frequently causes extreme...
tolerates the dry and frigid climate of Beijing, China, and effectively filters out particles during the winter. However, fungal infestation frequently causes extreme illness and can even lead to shrub death. In this study, 104 diseased specimens were collected from seven districts in Beijing. Seventy-nine isolates were identified as 22 fungal species in seven genera. The species were , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . On the basis of morphological and phylogenetic analyses, , , , and were introduced as novel species. , , and were subsequently confirmed as pathogens of leaves by pathogenicity testing. This study provides an important assessment of the fungi associated with diseases of in Beijing, China.
PubMed: 36836386
DOI: 10.3390/jof9020271 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2017A total of 124 Pestalotiopsis-like isolates associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic tissues of Camellia sinensis and other Camellia spp. from eight provinces in...
A total of 124 Pestalotiopsis-like isolates associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic tissues of Camellia sinensis and other Camellia spp. from eight provinces in China were investigated. Based on single- and multi-locus (ITS, TEF, TUB2) phylogenies, as well as morphological characters, host associations and geographical distributions, they were classified into at least 19 species in three genera, i.e. Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis. Eight novel species in Pestalotiopsis and three novel species in Pseudopestalotiopsis were described. Our data suggested that the currently widely used loci in Pestalotiopsis-like genera do not consistently provide stable and sufficient resolution tree topologies, especially for Neopestalotiopsis. Moreover, the number, branch pattern and length of the conidial basal appendages were revealed to be phylogenetically informative characters in Pestalotiopsis.
Topics: Camellia; China; DNA, Fungal; Phylogeny; Saccharomycetales; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 28408743
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00972-5 -
BMC Microbiology May 2023To explore the community composition and diversity of the endophytic fungi in Taxillus chinensis, samples of the parasites growing on seven different hosts, Morus alba,...
BACKGROUND
To explore the community composition and diversity of the endophytic fungi in Taxillus chinensis, samples of the parasites growing on seven different hosts, Morus alba, Prunus salicina, Phellodendron chinense, Bauhinia purpurea, Dalbergia odorifera, Diospyros kaki and Dimocarpus longan, were isolated. The strains were identified by their morphological characteristics and their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences.
RESULTS
150 different endophytic fungi were isolated from the haustorial roots of the seven hosts with a total isolation rate of 61.24%. These endophytic fungi were found to belong to 1 phylum, 2 classes, 7 orders, 9 families, 11 genera and 8 species. Among of them, Pestalotiopsis, Neopestalotiopsis and Diaporthe were the dominant genera, accounting for 26.67, 17.33 and 31.33% of the total number of strains, respectively. Diversity and similarity analyses showed that the endophytic fungi isolated from D. longan (H'=1.60) had the highest diversity index. The highest richness indexes were found in M. alba and D. odorifera (both 2.23). The evenness index of D. longan was the highest (0.82). The similarity coefficient of D. odorifera was the most similar to D. longan and M. alba (33.33%), while the similarity coefficient of P. chinense was the lowest (7.69%) with M. alba and D. odorifera. Nine strains showed antimicrobial activities. Among them, Pestalotiopsis sp., N. parvum and H. investiens showed significant antifungal activity against three fungal phytopathogens of medicinal plants. At the same time, the crude extracts from the metabolites of the three endophytic fungi had strong inhibitory effects on the three pathogens. Pestalotiopsis sp., N. parvum and H. investiens had the strongest inhibitory effects of S. cucurbitacearum, with inhibitory rates of 100%, 100% and 81.51%, respectively. In addition, N. parvum had a strong inhibitory effect on D. glomerata and C. cassicola, with inhibitory rates of 82.35% and 72.80%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that the species composition and diversity of endophytic fungi in the branches of T. chinensis were varied in the different hosts and showed good antimicrobial potential in the control of plant pathogens.
Topics: Humans; Fungi; Loranthaceae; Endophytes; Biodiversity; Anti-Infective Agents; Phylogeny
PubMed: 37173641
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02878-x -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Jun 2021sp. is a mycoparasite of the plant pathogen . To further understand the mycoparasitism mechanism of sp., we assembled and analyzed its genome. The genome of sp.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
sp. is a mycoparasite of the plant pathogen . To further understand the mycoparasitism mechanism of sp., we assembled and analyzed its genome. The genome of sp. strain PG52 was assembled into 335 scaffolds and had a size of 58.01 Mb. A total of 20,023 predicted genes and proteins were annotated. This study compared PG52 with the mycoparasites , , and . This study reveals the entirely different mycoparasitism mechanism of compared to and reveals this mycoparasite's strong ability to produce secondary metabolites.
Topics: Genome, Fungal; Pestalotiopsis; Trichoderma
PubMed: 34349810
DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2021-016 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023Leaf litter is an essential functional aspect of forest ecosystems, acting as a source of organic matter, a protective layer in forest soils, and a nurturing habitat for...
Leaf litter is an essential functional aspect of forest ecosystems, acting as a source of organic matter, a protective layer in forest soils, and a nurturing habitat for micro- and macro-organisms. Through their successional occurrence, litter-inhabiting microfungi play a key role in litter decomposition and nutrient recycling. Despite their importance in terrestrial ecosystems and their abundance and diversity, information on the taxonomy, diversity, and host preference of these decomposer taxa is scarce. This study aims to clarify the taxonomy and phylogeny of four saprobic fungal taxa inhabiting leaf litter. Leaf litter samples were collected from Doi Inthanon National Park in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Fungal isolates were characterized based on morphology and molecular phylogeny of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS, LSU) and protein-coding genes (, , ). One novel saprobic species, , and two new host records, and , are introduced. The newly described taxa are compared with similar species, and comprehensive descriptions, micrographs, and phylogenetic trees are provided.
PubMed: 37367561
DOI: 10.3390/jof9060625 -
Persoonia Dec 2022() is an important ornamental and medicinal plant genus worldwide, with several species being cultivated in China. Members of (pestalotioid fungi) are globally...
() is an important ornamental and medicinal plant genus worldwide, with several species being cultivated in China. Members of (pestalotioid fungi) are globally distributed and include endophytes, saprobes but also plant pathogens, infecting a broad range of host plants on which they can cause important plant diseases. Although several species were recorded to inhabit spp., the taxa occurring on remain largely unresolved. In this study, a total of 295 diseased samples were collected from branches, fruits, leaves and spines of eight species (. , . , . , . , . , . , . and . ) in Gansu, Henan, Hunan, Qinghai, Shaanxi Provinces and the Ningxia Autonomous Region of China. Subsequently 126 strains were obtained and identified based on comparisons of DNA sequence data. Based on these results 15 species residing in six genera of were delineated, including four known species (, . , and . ) and 11 new species described here as , , . , , , . , . , . , , , and . . This study also represents the first report of . , . and . on . The overall data revealed that was the most prevalent genus, followed by , while . and . were the two most prevalent species. Analysis of abundance on species and plant organs revealed that spines of . had the highest species diversity. : Peng C, Crous PW, Jiang N, et al. 2022. Diversity of Sporocadaceae (pestalotioid fungi) from Rosa in China. Persoonia 49: 201-260. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.07.
PubMed: 38234377
DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.07 -
BioMed Research International 2022Plant species are known to harbor large number of endophytes, which stays in plant tissues as symbionts. These endophytes secrete large array of bioactive compounds that...
Plant species are known to harbor large number of endophytes, which stays in plant tissues as symbionts. These endophytes secrete large array of bioactive compounds that have potency against certain diseases with no side effects. We have collected leaf samples of the plant from the Pakistan Forest Institute, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan for the isolation of beneficial endophytes. The strains isolated from the leaves of were coded with MOL and tested for antimicrobial, antifungal, germicidal, phytotoxic, insecticidal, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The isolates, MOL1, MOL16, MOL19, and MOL21, possessed antibacterial activity against , whereas MOL7 inhibited 55% of the growth of . MOL3 inhibited the growth of , S. , and . The strains, MOL1 and MOL7, showed antifungal activity against and , while the strains, MOL11 and MOL17, showed activity against . The isolates, MOL3, MOL7, MOL9, MOL15, MOL17, MOL18, and MOL19, inhibited the growth of (duckweed) at 100 g/ml. MOL2 exhibited strong activity in the brine shrimp assay, while MOL1, MOL2, MOL5, MOL6, MOL12, MOL17, MOL19, and MOL20 showed insecticidal, and MOL3 demonstrated larvicidal and antileishmanial activity. The isolated potent endophytes were identified as , through morphological and microscopic characteristics of the colonies.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Moringa oleifera; Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Fungi; Anti-Infective Agents; Plant Leaves; Endophytes
PubMed: 36567913
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2461021 -
Fungal Systematics and Evolution Jun 2018This study introduces two new families, one new genus, 22 new species, 10 new combinations, four epitypes, and 16 interesting new host and / or geographical records....
This study introduces two new families, one new genus, 22 new species, 10 new combinations, four epitypes, and 16 interesting new host and / or geographical records. (based on ) is introduced as new family, with three new combinations. (based on ) is introduced to accommodate gen. nov. (based on ) is described on stems of (Germany). New species include: on leaf litter on leaves of sp on leaves of and on leaves of (Australia); on leaves of (Chile); on (Germany); on branch tissue of sp. (France); on stems of on twig of on branch tissues of on twigs of and on twigs of (Germany); on leaves of (Malaysia); on dead wood (Spain); on leaves of on leaves of and on leaves of (South Africa); on leaves of on sp., and on twig cankers on sp. (UK); on leaf litter and on fallen branches of (Ukraine). New combinations include: on leaves of sp. (Portugal), on leaf litter (USA), on leaves of sp. (Australia), on leaves of sp. (Malaysia), on × (Malaysia), on leaves of (Australia), on leaves of (Australia), on leaves of (Australia), on leaf litter (South Africa), and on leaves of sp. (Brazil). New records include: on leaves of sp., on leaves of sp. and , and on leaf litter of sp. (Australia); on twigs of sp. (Finland); on twigs of , on branches (Germany); on stems of (Hungary); on leaves of (Malaysia); from garden soil (Netherlands); on needles of (Spain), on twigs of sp. (South Africa), on branch of sp. (Switzerland); on leaves of (UK); on decaying wood of on decaying wood (Ukraine). Epitypes are designated for: on leaves of (Brazil), on twig bark (Italy), on fronds of (Brazil), on leaves of × (Chile), and on leaves of sp. (Malaysia).
PubMed: 32490366
DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2018.01.08