-
TheScientificWorldJournal 2022This study was conducted to isolate and identify the endophytic fungi from the bark and leaves of the plant and investigate the pharmacological activities of endophytic...
This study was conducted to isolate and identify the endophytic fungi from the bark and leaves of the plant and investigate the pharmacological activities of endophytic fungi along with plant parts. After isolation, endophytic fungi were identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular identification. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities were studied by a disc diffusion method, free radical scavenging DPPH assay, and brine shrimp lethality bioassay, respectively. A total of eight endophytic fungi were isolated and identified up to the genus level based on morphological characteristics and confirmed by molecular identification techniques. Among the eight isolates, three isolates were identified as sp. (SCBE-2, SCBE-7, and SCLE-9), while the rest of the isolates belonged to sp. (SCBE-1), sp. (SCBE-3), sp. (SCBE-4), sp. (SCLE-7), and sp. (SCLE-8). The presence of flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, and isocoumarins was assumed by the preliminary screening of the fungal and plant extracts by a thin-layer chromatographic technique under UV light. Fungal extracts of sp. sp. were found sensitive to all test bacteria, but only extracts from the leaf and bark showed significant antifungal activity along with their antimicrobial activity. sp. The fungal extract showed the highest free radical scavenging activity (2.43 g/mL) near that of ascorbic acid (2.42 g/mL). Some fungal extracts showed cytotoxic activity that, in general, suggests their probable abundance of biological metabolites. This is the first approach to investigate the endophytic fungi of Linn. in Bangladesh, to find the pharmacological potential of endophytes, and to explore novel compounds from those endophytes.
Topics: Syzygium; Fungi; Endophytes; Anti-Infective Agents; Free Radicals
PubMed: 36393829
DOI: 10.1155/2022/9529665 -
MycoKeys 2024, commonly referred to as pestalotiopsis-like fungi, exhibit a broad distribution and are frequently found as endophytes, saprobes and pathogens across various plant...
, commonly referred to as pestalotiopsis-like fungi, exhibit a broad distribution and are frequently found as endophytes, saprobes and pathogens across various plant hosts. The taxa within pestalotiopsis-like fungi are classified into three genera viz. , and , based on the conidial colour of their median cells and multi-locus molecular phylogenies. In the course of a biodiversity investigation focusing on pestalotiopsis-like fungi, a total of 12 fungal strains were identified. These strains were found to be associated with stromata of , and in various regions of Taiwan from 2018 to 2021. These strains were evaluated morphologically and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer), (translation elongation factor 1-α) and (beta-tubulin) gene regions were conducted for genotyping. The results revealed seven well-classified taxa and one tentative clade in and . One novel species, and four new records, , , and , were reported for the first time in Taiwan. In addition, and an unclassified strain of were identified, based on similarities of phylogeny and morphology. However, the data obtained in the present study suggest that the currently recommended loci for species delimitation of pestalotiopsis-like fungi do not deliver reliable or adequate resolution of tree topologies. The mycelial growth rates of selected strains from these taxa had an optimum temperature of 25 °C, but growth ceased at 5 °C and 35 °C, while all the strains grew faster under alkaline than acidic or neutral pH conditions. This study provides the first assessment of pestalotiopsis-like fungi, associated with entomopathogenic taxa.
PubMed: 38333551
DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.101.113090 -
BMC Microbiology May 2023To explore the community composition and diversity of the endophytic fungi in Taxillus chinensis, samples of the parasites growing on seven different hosts, Morus alba,...
BACKGROUND
To explore the community composition and diversity of the endophytic fungi in Taxillus chinensis, samples of the parasites growing on seven different hosts, Morus alba, Prunus salicina, Phellodendron chinense, Bauhinia purpurea, Dalbergia odorifera, Diospyros kaki and Dimocarpus longan, were isolated. The strains were identified by their morphological characteristics and their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences.
RESULTS
150 different endophytic fungi were isolated from the haustorial roots of the seven hosts with a total isolation rate of 61.24%. These endophytic fungi were found to belong to 1 phylum, 2 classes, 7 orders, 9 families, 11 genera and 8 species. Among of them, Pestalotiopsis, Neopestalotiopsis and Diaporthe were the dominant genera, accounting for 26.67, 17.33 and 31.33% of the total number of strains, respectively. Diversity and similarity analyses showed that the endophytic fungi isolated from D. longan (H'=1.60) had the highest diversity index. The highest richness indexes were found in M. alba and D. odorifera (both 2.23). The evenness index of D. longan was the highest (0.82). The similarity coefficient of D. odorifera was the most similar to D. longan and M. alba (33.33%), while the similarity coefficient of P. chinense was the lowest (7.69%) with M. alba and D. odorifera. Nine strains showed antimicrobial activities. Among them, Pestalotiopsis sp., N. parvum and H. investiens showed significant antifungal activity against three fungal phytopathogens of medicinal plants. At the same time, the crude extracts from the metabolites of the three endophytic fungi had strong inhibitory effects on the three pathogens. Pestalotiopsis sp., N. parvum and H. investiens had the strongest inhibitory effects of S. cucurbitacearum, with inhibitory rates of 100%, 100% and 81.51%, respectively. In addition, N. parvum had a strong inhibitory effect on D. glomerata and C. cassicola, with inhibitory rates of 82.35% and 72.80%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that the species composition and diversity of endophytic fungi in the branches of T. chinensis were varied in the different hosts and showed good antimicrobial potential in the control of plant pathogens.
Topics: Humans; Fungi; Loranthaceae; Endophytes; Biodiversity; Anti-Infective Agents; Phylogeny
PubMed: 37173641
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02878-x -
BMC Microbiology May 2021Eucalyptus bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important eucalyptus disease. Endophytic fungi, an important source of natural active substances,...
BACKGROUND
Eucalyptus bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important eucalyptus disease. Endophytic fungi, an important source of natural active substances, provide a new breakthrough for the control of plant diseases.
RESULTS
In the present study, 80 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from the healthy branches and fruits of Eucalyptus exserta. Fifteen distinct isolates (MK120854-MK120868) were selected for further taxonomic identification through morphological trait assessments and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region-rRNA gene sequence analysis. Thirteen genera, namely, Phyllosticta, Penicillium, Eutypella, Purpureocillium, Talaromyces, Lophiostoma, Cladosporium, Pestalotiopsis, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Gongronella, Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria, were identified on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Members of the genus Phyllosticta were the primary isolates, with a colonization frequency (CF) of 27.5 %. Most of the fungal isolates displayed antibacterial activity. The crude extracts obtained from Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7, Pestalotiopsis sp. Eef-9 and Chaetomium sp. Eef-10 exhibited strong inhibition on the test bacteria, and Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 was further cultured on a large scale. Three known compounds, scorpinone (1), 5-deoxybostrycoidin (2) and 4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-2 H-pyran-2-one (3), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 associated with E. exserta. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectra and a comparison of their spectral data with published values. Compounds 1 and 2 showed weak antimicrobial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum.
CONCLUSIONS
Endophytic fungi from Eucalyptus exserta may represent alternative sources of antimicrobial agents. Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 can produce 2-azaanthraquinone derivatives and shows weak antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Endophytes; Eucalyptus; Fruit; Fungi; Plant Stems; Ralstonia solanacearum; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
PubMed: 34044780
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02229-8 -
Biodiversity Data Journal 2021Pestalotiopsis-like fungi are widely distributed in many plants and include endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. Five strains of were isolated from diseased leaves of...
BACKGROUND
Pestalotiopsis-like fungi are widely distributed in many plants and include endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. Five strains of were isolated from diseased leaves of (Principes, Palmae), and (Ericales, Ericaceae) and (Santalales, Olacaceae) in southern China.
NEW INFORMATION
Based on morphology and multi-gene (ITS, , ) phylogeny, our five strains of represent two new species and one extant species. Descriptions, illustrations and notes are also provided for the new species.
PubMed: 34539202
DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e70446 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022causes crown rot in wheat. This study aimed to assess the effects of the bacterial strain QTH8 isolated from rhizosphere soil against . Bacterial strain QTH8 was...
causes crown rot in wheat. This study aimed to assess the effects of the bacterial strain QTH8 isolated from rhizosphere soil against . Bacterial strain QTH8 was identified as in accordance with the phenotypic traits and the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA and gene sequence. Culture filtrates of bacterial strain QTH8 inhibited the mycelial growth of and resulted in mycelial malformation such as tumor formation, protoplast condensation, and mycelial fracture. In addition, bacterial strain QTH8 also inhibited the mycelial growth of , sp., , , , , , and . The active compounds produced by bacterial strain QTH8 were resistant to pH, ultraviolet irradiation, and low temperature, and were relatively sensitive to high temperature. After 4 h exposure, culture filtrates of bacterial strain QTH8-when applied at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%-significantly reduced conidial germination of . The coleoptile infection assay proved that bacterial strain QTH8 reduced the disease index of wheat crown rot. In vivo application of QTH8 to wheat seedlings decreased the disease index of wheat crown rot and increased root length, plant height, and fresh weight. Iturin, surfactin, and fengycin were detected in the culture extract of bacterial strain QTH8 by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Bacterial strain QTH8 was identified for the presence of the , , , , , , and genes using the specific polymerase chain reaction primers. QTH8 has a vital potential for the sustainable biocontrol of wheat crown rot.
PubMed: 35631116
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050595 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022In the tobacco phyllosphere, some of the microbes may have detrimental effects on plant health, while many may be neutral or even beneficial. Some cannot be cultivated,...
In the tobacco phyllosphere, some of the microbes may have detrimental effects on plant health, while many may be neutral or even beneficial. Some cannot be cultivated, so culture-independent methods are needed to explore microbial diversity. In this study, both metagenetic analysis and traditional culture-dependent methods were used on asymptomatic healthy leaves and symptomatic diseased leaves of tobacco plants. In the culture-independent analysis, asymptomatic leaves had higher microbial diversity and richness than symptomatic leaves. Both asymptomatic and symptomatic leaves contained several potentially pathogenic bacterial and fungal genera. The putative bacterial pathogens, such as species of , , or , and putative fungal pathogens, such as species of , , , , , and , had a higher relative abundance in symptomatic leaves than asymptomatic leaves. FUNGuild analysis indicated that the foliar fungal community also included endophytes, saprotrophs, epiphytes, parasites, and endosymbionts. PICRUSt analysis showed that the dominant functions of the bacterial community in a symptomatic leaf were cellular processes and environmental information processing. In the other five foliar samples, the dominant functions of the bacterial community were genetic information processing, metabolism, and organismal systems. In the traditional culture-dependent method, 47 fungal strains were isolated from 60 symptomatic tobacco leaf fragments bearing leaf spots. Among them, 21 strains of (29%), (14%), (14%), (10%), (10%), (10%), (5%), (5%), and (5%) all fulfilled Koch's postulates and were found to cause disease on detached tobacco leaves in artificial inoculation tests. Symptoms on detached leaves caused by three strains of in artificial inoculation tests were similar to the original disease symptoms in the tobacco field. This study showed that the combined application of culture-dependent and independent methods could give comprehensive insights into microbial composition that each method alone did not reveal.
PubMed: 35572673
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.843389 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023Leaf litter is an essential functional aspect of forest ecosystems, acting as a source of organic matter, a protective layer in forest soils, and a nurturing habitat for...
Leaf litter is an essential functional aspect of forest ecosystems, acting as a source of organic matter, a protective layer in forest soils, and a nurturing habitat for micro- and macro-organisms. Through their successional occurrence, litter-inhabiting microfungi play a key role in litter decomposition and nutrient recycling. Despite their importance in terrestrial ecosystems and their abundance and diversity, information on the taxonomy, diversity, and host preference of these decomposer taxa is scarce. This study aims to clarify the taxonomy and phylogeny of four saprobic fungal taxa inhabiting leaf litter. Leaf litter samples were collected from Doi Inthanon National Park in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Fungal isolates were characterized based on morphology and molecular phylogeny of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS, LSU) and protein-coding genes (, , ). One novel saprobic species, , and two new host records, and , are introduced. The newly described taxa are compared with similar species, and comprehensive descriptions, micrographs, and phylogenetic trees are provided.
PubMed: 37367561
DOI: 10.3390/jof9060625 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2021Endophytic fungi are emerging as attractive producers of natural products with diverse bioactivities and novel structures. However, difficulties in the genetic...
Endophytic fungi are emerging as attractive producers of natural products with diverse bioactivities and novel structures. However, difficulties in the genetic manipulation of endophytic fungi limit the search of novel secondary metabolites. In this study, we improved the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation method by introducing the CRISPR/Cas9 system into endophytic fungus . Using this approach, we performed genome editing such as site-specific gene insertion, dual-locus mutations, and long DNA fragment deletions in efficiently. The average efficiency for site-specific gene insertion and two-site gene editing was up to 48.0% and 44.4%, respectively. In addition, the genetic manipulation time with long DNA fragment (5-10 kb) deletion was greatly shortened to one week in comparison with traditional methods such as -mediated transformation (ATMT). Taken together, the development of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in the endophytic fungus will accelerate the discovery of novel natural products and further biological study.
PubMed: 34682231
DOI: 10.3390/jof7100809 -
Fungal Systematics and Evolution Jun 2018This study introduces two new families, one new genus, 22 new species, 10 new combinations, four epitypes, and 16 interesting new host and / or geographical records....
This study introduces two new families, one new genus, 22 new species, 10 new combinations, four epitypes, and 16 interesting new host and / or geographical records. (based on ) is introduced as new family, with three new combinations. (based on ) is introduced to accommodate gen. nov. (based on ) is described on stems of (Germany). New species include: on leaf litter on leaves of sp on leaves of and on leaves of (Australia); on leaves of (Chile); on (Germany); on branch tissue of sp. (France); on stems of on twig of on branch tissues of on twigs of and on twigs of (Germany); on leaves of (Malaysia); on dead wood (Spain); on leaves of on leaves of and on leaves of (South Africa); on leaves of on sp., and on twig cankers on sp. (UK); on leaf litter and on fallen branches of (Ukraine). New combinations include: on leaves of sp. (Portugal), on leaf litter (USA), on leaves of sp. (Australia), on leaves of sp. (Malaysia), on × (Malaysia), on leaves of (Australia), on leaves of (Australia), on leaves of (Australia), on leaf litter (South Africa), and on leaves of sp. (Brazil). New records include: on leaves of sp., on leaves of sp. and , and on leaf litter of sp. (Australia); on twigs of sp. (Finland); on twigs of , on branches (Germany); on stems of (Hungary); on leaves of (Malaysia); from garden soil (Netherlands); on needles of (Spain), on twigs of sp. (South Africa), on branch of sp. (Switzerland); on leaves of (UK); on decaying wood of on decaying wood (Ukraine). Epitypes are designated for: on leaves of (Brazil), on twig bark (Italy), on fronds of (Brazil), on leaves of × (Chile), and on leaves of sp. (Malaysia).
PubMed: 32490366
DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2018.01.08