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NeuroImage Sep 2009Combining human functional neuroimaging with other forms of psychophysiological measurement, including autonomic monitoring, provides an empirical basis for... (Review)
Review
Combining human functional neuroimaging with other forms of psychophysiological measurement, including autonomic monitoring, provides an empirical basis for understanding brain-body interactions. This approach can be applied to characterize unwanted physiological noise, examine the neural control and representation of bodily processes relevant to health and morbidity, and index covert expression of affective and cognitive processes to enhance the interpretation of task-evoked regional brain activity. In recent years, human neuroimaging has been dominated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. The spatiotemporal information of fMRI regarding central neural activity is valuably complemented by parallel physiological monitoring, yet such studies still remain in the minority. This review article highlights fMRI studies that employed cardiac, vascular, respiratory, electrodermal, gastrointestinal and pupillary psychophysiological indices to address specific questions regarding interaction between brain and bodily state in the context of experience, cognition, emotion and behaviour. Physiological monitoring within the fMRI environment presents specific technical issues, most importantly related to safety. Mechanical and electrical hazards may present dangers to scanned subjects, operator and/or equipment. Furthermore, physiological monitoring may interfere with the quality of neuroimaging data, or itself be compromised by artefacts induced by the operation of the scanner. We review the sources of these potential problems and the current approaches and advice to enable the combination of fMRI and physiological monitoring in a safe and effective manner.
Topics: Artifacts; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Monitoring, Physiologic; Psychophysiology
PubMed: 19460445
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.033 -
Physiological Measurement May 2018Physiological, behavioral, and psychological changes associated with neuropsychiatric illness are reflected in several related signals, including actigraphy, location,... (Review)
Review
Physiological, behavioral, and psychological changes associated with neuropsychiatric illness are reflected in several related signals, including actigraphy, location, word sentiment, voice tone, social activity, heart rate, and responses to standardized questionnaires. These signals can be passively monitored using sensors in smartphones, wearable accelerometers, Holter monitors, and multimodal sensing approaches that fuse multiple data types. Connection of these devices to the internet has made large scale studies feasible and is enabling a revolution in neuropsychiatric monitoring. Currently, evaluation and diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders relies on clinical visits, which are infrequent and out of the context of a patient's home environment. Moreover, the demand for clinical care far exceeds the supply of providers. The growing prevalence of context-aware and physiologically relevant digital sensors in consumer technology could help address these challenges, enable objective indexing of patient severity, and inform rapid adjustment of treatment in real-time. Here we review recent studies utilizing such sensors in the context of neuropsychiatric illnesses including stress and depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, post traumatic stress disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Topics: Behavior; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; Humans; Mental Disorders; Monitoring, Physiologic; Smartphone; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 29671754
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aabf64 -
Biotechnology Journal Jan 2014Recent advances in integrating microengineering and tissue engineering have generated promising microengineered physiological models for experimental medicine and... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in integrating microengineering and tissue engineering have generated promising microengineered physiological models for experimental medicine and pharmaceutical research. Here we review the recent development of microengineered physiological systems, or also known as "ogans-on-chips", that reconstitute the physiologically critical features of specific human tissues and organs and their interactions. This technology uses microengineering approaches to construct organ-specific microenvironments, reconstituting tissue structures, tissue-tissue interactions and interfaces, and dynamic mechanical and biochemical stimuli found in specific organs, to direct cells to assemble into functional tissues. We first discuss microengineering approaches to reproduce the key elements of physiologically important, dynamic mechanical microenvironments, biochemical microenvironments, and microarchitectures of specific tissues and organs in microfluidic cell culture systems. This is followed by examples of microengineered individual organ models that incorporate the key elements of physiological microenvironments into single microfluidic cell culture systems to reproduce organ-level functions. Finally, microengineered multiple organ systems that simulate multiple organ interactions to better represent human physiology, including human responses to drugs, is covered in this review. This emerging organs-on-chips technology has the potential to become an alternative to 2D and 3D cell culture and animal models for experimental medicine, human disease modeling, drug development, and toxicology.
Topics: Animals; Cellular Microenvironment; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Humans; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; Microtechnology; Models, Biological; Precision Medicine; Tissue Culture Techniques; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 24357624
DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300187 -
Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi =... Dec 2023The aging population and the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases in the elderly have brought a significant economic burden to families and society. The...
The aging population and the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases in the elderly have brought a significant economic burden to families and society. The non-invasive wearable sensing system can continuously and real-time monitor important physiological signs of the human body and evaluate health status. In addition, it can provide efficient and convenient information feedback, thereby reducing the health risks caused by chronic diseases in the elderly. A wearable system for detecting physiological and behavioral signals was developed in this study. We explored the design of flexible wearable sensing technology and its application in sensing systems. The wearable system included smart hats, smart clothes, smart gloves, and smart insoles, achieving long-term continuous monitoring of physiological and motion signals. The performance of the system was verified, and the new sensing system was compared with commercial equipment. The evaluation results demonstrated that the proposed system presented a comparable performance with the existing system. In summary, the proposed flexible sensor system provides an accurate, detachable, expandable, user-friendly and comfortable solution for physiological and motion signal monitoring. It is expected to be used in remote healthcare monitoring and provide personalized information monitoring, disease prediction, and diagnosis for doctors/patients.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Monitoring, Physiologic; Wearable Electronic Devices; Chronic Disease
PubMed: 38151929
DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202208012 -
Journal of Intensive Care 2018Endotracheal intubation in critically ill is a high-risk procedure requiring significant expertise in airway handling as well as understanding of pathophysiology of the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Endotracheal intubation in critically ill is a high-risk procedure requiring significant expertise in airway handling as well as understanding of pathophysiology of the disease process.
MAIN BODY
Critically ill patients are prone for hypotension and hypoxemia in the immediate post-intubation phase due to blunting of compensatory sympathetic response. Preoxygenation without NIV is frequently suboptimal, as alveolar flooding cause loss of alveolar capillary interface in many of these patients. All these factors, along with relative fluid deficit, neuromuscular fatigue and coexistent organ dysfunction lead to physiologically difficult airway. Airway in ICU can be classified as anatomically difficult, physiologically difficult and anatomically as well as physiologically difficult. Though rapid sequence intubation is the recommended method for securing airway in these patients, other methods like delayed sequence intubation awake intubation and double setup approach can be used in specific subgroups. Further research is needed in this field to set guidelines and fine tune airway management for patients with specific organ failure or dysfunction.
CONCLUSION
Airway in ICU should be managed according to the physiological as well as the anatomical abnormalities.
PubMed: 30123510
DOI: 10.1186/s40560-018-0318-4 -
Frontiers in Physiology 2022Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models are a promising tool for xenobiotic environmental risk assessment that could reduce animal testing by predicting exposure....
Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models are a promising tool for xenobiotic environmental risk assessment that could reduce animal testing by predicting exposure. PBK models for birds could further our understanding of species-specific sensitivities to xenobiotics, but would require species-specific parameterization. To this end, we summarize multiple major morphometric and physiological characteristics in chickens, particularly laying hens () and mallards () in a meta-analysis of published data. Where such data did not exist, data are substituted from domesticated ducks () and, in their absence, from chickens. The distribution of water between intracellular, extracellular, and plasma is similar in laying hens and mallards. Similarly, the lengths of the components of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) are similar in chickens and mallards. Moreover, not only are the gastrointestinal absorptive areas similar in mallard and chickens but also they are similar to those in mammals when expressed on a log basis and compared to log body weight. In contrast, the following are much lower in laying hens than mallards: cardiac output (CO), hematocrit (Hct), and blood hemoglobin. There are shifts in ovary weight (increased), oviduct weight (increased), and plasma/serum concentrations of vitellogenin and triglyceride between laying hens and sexually immature females. In contrast, reproductive state does not affect the relative weights of the liver, kidneys, spleen, and gizzard.
PubMed: 35464078
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.858283 -
Seminars in Radiation Oncology Jan 2019The aberrant vasculature in the tumor microenvironment creates hypoxic zones, poor perfusion, and high interstitial fluid pressure. Also, the tumor cell metabolic... (Review)
Review
The aberrant vasculature in the tumor microenvironment creates hypoxic zones, poor perfusion, and high interstitial fluid pressure. Also, the tumor cell metabolic phenotype utilizes the aerobic glycolytic pathways for energy source and generation of cell mass. These physiologic and metabolic phenotypes in solid tumors are amenable for molecular imaging techniques to extract imaging biomarkers such as pO and enzyme kinetics reflecting glycolysis. The imaging biomarkers have value in diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Additionally, they can be used to guide choices for tailored treatment regimens. Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging for pO imaging and C magnetic resonance imaging with hyperpolarized C probes such as C-labeled pyruvate have shown significant potential in characterizing the tumor microenvironment physiologically and metabolically.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Glycolysis; Humans; Molecular Imaging; Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 30573188
DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2018.10.004 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2020Physiologic hypertrophy of the heart preserves or enhances systolic function without interstitial fibrosis or cell death. As a unique form of physiological stress,... (Review)
Review
Physiologic hypertrophy of the heart preserves or enhances systolic function without interstitial fibrosis or cell death. As a unique form of physiological stress, regular exercise training can trigger the adaptation of cardiac muscle to cause physiological hypertrophy, partly due to its ability to improve cardiac metabolism. In heart failure (HF), cardiac dysfunction is closely associated with early initiation of maladaptive metabolic remodeling. A large amount of clinical and experimental evidence shows that metabolic homeostasis plays an important role in exercise training, which is conducive to the treatment and recovery of cardiovascular diseases. Potential mechanistic targets for modulation of cardiac metabolism have become a hot topic at present. Thus, exploring the energy metabolism mechanism in exercise-induced physiologic cardiac hypertrophy may produce new therapeutic targets, which will be helpful to design novel effective strategies. In this review, we summarize the changes of myocardial metabolism (fatty acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and mitochondrial adaptation), metabolically-related signaling molecules, and probable regulatory mechanism of energy metabolism during exercise-induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy.
PubMed: 32848751
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01133 -
Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy :... Jul 2014The emphasis on high-school blood drives and acceptance of 16-year-old blood donors led to more research on physiologic and psychological ways to decrease vasovagal... (Review)
Review
The emphasis on high-school blood drives and acceptance of 16-year-old blood donors led to more research on physiologic and psychological ways to decrease vasovagal reaction rates in young blood donors and to increase donor retention. Research on how to accomplish this has been advantageous for the blood collection industry and blood donors. This review discussed the current situation and what can be done psychologically, physiologically, and via process improvements to decrease vasovagal reaction rates and increase donor retention. The donation process can be significantly improved. Future interventions may include more dietary salt, a shorter muscle tension program to make it more feasible, recommendations for post-donation muscle tension / squatting / laying down for lightheadedness, more donor education by the staff at the collection site, more staff attention to donors with fear or higher risk for a vasovagal reaction (e.g. estimated blood volume near 3.5 l, first-time donor), and a more focused donation process to ensure a pleasant and safer procedure.
PubMed: 25254024
DOI: 10.1159/000364849 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Mar 2021Over the last decade, scientists have begun to model CNS development, function, and disease in vitro using human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived organoids. Using... (Review)
Review
Over the last decade, scientists have begun to model CNS development, function, and disease in vitro using human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived organoids. Using traditional protocols, these 3D tissues are generated by combining the innate emergent properties of differentiating hPSC aggregates with a bioreactor environment that induces interstitial transport of oxygen and nutrients and an optional supportive hydrogel extracellular matrix (ECM). During extended culture, the hPSC-derived neural organoids (hNOs) obtain millimeter scale sizes with internal microscale cytoarchitectures, cellular phenotypes, and neuronal circuit behaviors mimetic of those observed in the developing brain, eye, or spinal cord. Early studies evaluated the cytoarchitectural and phenotypical character of these organoids and provided unprecedented insight into the morphogenetic processes that govern CNS development. Comparisons to human fetal tissues revealed their significant similarities and differences. While hNOs have current disease modeling applications and significant future promise, their value as anatomical and physiological models is limited because they fail to form reproducibly and recapitulate more mature in vivo features. These include biomimetic macroscale tissue morphology, positioning of morphogen signaling centers to orchestrate appropriate spatial organization and intra- and inter-connectivity of discrete tissue regions, maturation of physiologically relevant neural circuits, and formation of vascular networks that can support sustained in vitro tissue growth. To address these inadequacies scientists have begun to integrate organoid culture with bioengineering techniques and methodologies including genome editing, biomaterials, and microfabricated and microfluidic platforms that enable spatiotemporal control of cellular differentiation or the biochemical and biophysical cues that orchestrate organoid morphogenesis. This review will examine recent advances in hNO technologies and culture strategies that promote reproducible in vitro morphogenesis and greater biomimicry in structure and function.
Topics: Bioengineering; Brain; Cell Differentiation; Endothelial Cells; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Models, Biological; Morphogenesis; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Neural Stem Cells; Neurogenesis; Neuroglia; Neurons; Organoids; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 32540123
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.025