-
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2014Despite substantial progress, global polio eradication has remained elusive. Indigenous wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission in 4 endemic countries (Afghanistan, India,... (Review)
Review
Despite substantial progress, global polio eradication has remained elusive. Indigenous wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission in 4 endemic countries (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan) persisted into 2010 and outbreaks from imported WPV continued. By 2013, most outbreaks in the interim were promptly controlled. The number of polio-affected districts globally has declined by 74% (from 481 in 2009 to 126 in 2013), including a 79% decrease in the number of affected districts in endemic countries (from 304 to 63). India is now polio-free. The challenges to success in the remaining polio-endemic countries include (1) threats to the security of vaccinators in each country and a ban on polio vaccination in areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan; (2) a risk of decreased government commitment; and (3) remaining surveillance gaps. Coordinated efforts under the International Health Regulations and efforts to mitigate the challenges provide a clear opportunity to soon secure global eradication.
Topics: Africa; Asia; Disease Eradication; Disease Outbreaks; Endemic Diseases; Global Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Topography, Medical
PubMed: 25316873
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu456 -
Lancet (London, England) May 2006
Topics: Adolescent; Angola; Child; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Marburg Virus Disease; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Population Surveillance
PubMed: 16679142
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68624-8 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023Detection of poliovirus transmission and ongoing oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) use continue to delay poliomyelitis eradication. In 2016, the Global Polio Eradication... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Detection of poliovirus transmission and ongoing oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) use continue to delay poliomyelitis eradication. In 2016, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) coordinated global cessation of type 2 OPV (OPV2) for preventive immunization and limited its use to emergency outbreak response. In 2019, GPEI partners requested restart of some Sabin OPV2 production and also accelerated the development of a genetically modified novel OPV2 vaccine (nOPV2) that promised greater genetic stability than monovalent Sabin OPV2 (mOPV2).
METHODS
We reviewed integrated risk, economic, and global poliovirus transmission modeling performed before OPV2 cessation, which recommended multiple risk management strategies to increase the chances of successfully ending all transmission of type 2 live polioviruses. Following OPV2 cessation, strategies implemented by countries and the GPEI deviated from model recommended risk management strategies. Complementing other modeling that explores prospective outbreak response options for improving outcomes for the current polio endgame trajectory, in this study we roll back the clock to 2017 and explore counterfactual trajectories that the polio endgame could have followed if GPEI had: (1) managed risks differently after OPV2 cessation and/or (2) developed nOPV2 before and used it exclusively for outbreak response after OPV2 cessation.
RESULTS
The implementation of the 2016 model-based recommended outbreak response strategies could have ended (and could still substantially improve the probability of ending) type 2 poliovirus transmission. Outbreak response performance observed since 2016 would not have been expected to achieve OPV2 cessation with high confidence, even with the availability of nOPV2 prior to the 2016 OPV2 cessation.
DISCUSSION
As implemented, the 2016 OPV2 cessation failed to stop type 2 transmission. While nOPV2 offers benefits of lower risk of seeding additional outbreaks, its reduced secondary spread relative to mOPV2 may imply relatively higher coverage needed for nOPV2 than mOPV2 to stop outbreaks.
Topics: Humans; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Serogroup; Poliovirus; Poliomyelitis; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 37033033
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1098419 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Apr 1954
Topics: Poliomyelitis; Poliomyelitis, Bulbar
PubMed: 13155531
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Mar 1971
Topics: Humans; Immunization; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; United Kingdom
PubMed: 5551239
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Dec 1980
Topics: Child; Humans; Laboratory Infection; Poliomyelitis; Public Health Administration
PubMed: 7437880
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.281.6254.1564-d -
The Lancet. Global Health Jun 2014
Topics: Attitude to Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 25103297
DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70209-8 -
Journal of Global Health Mar 2021
Review
Topics: Disease Eradication; Humans; Immunization Programs; Pakistan; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Population Surveillance
PubMed: 33763210
DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.03036 -
Virology Journal Jul 2007Poliomyelitis has afflicted humankind since antiquity, and for nearly a century now, we have known the causative agent, poliovirus. This pathogen is an enterovirus that... (Review)
Review
Poliomyelitis has afflicted humankind since antiquity, and for nearly a century now, we have known the causative agent, poliovirus. This pathogen is an enterovirus that in recent history has been the source of a great deal of human suffering. Although comparatively small, its genome is packed with sufficient information to make it a formidable pathogen. In the last 20 years the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has proven successful in greatly diminishing the number of cases worldwide but has encountered obstacles in its path which have made halting the transmission of wild polioviruses a practical impossibility. As we begin to realize that a change in strategy may be crucial in achieving success in this venture, it is imperative that we critically evaluate what is known about the molecular biology of this pathogen and the intricacies of its interaction with its host so that in future attempts we may better equipped to more effectively combat this important human pathogen.
Topics: DNA, Complementary; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccines; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 17623069
DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-4-70 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2023acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is the gold standard of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) for detecting cases of poliomyelitis and tracking...
INTRODUCTION
acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is the gold standard of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) for detecting cases of poliomyelitis and tracking poliovirus transmission. Nigeria's AFP surveillance performance indicators are among the highest in countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. The primary AFP surveillance performance indicators are the rate of non-polio AFP among children and the proportion of timely, adequate specimen collection. The surveillance working group of the National Emergency Operations Centre assessed the quality of AFP surveillance data in some reportedly high-performing states.
METHODS
we conducted a retrospective review of AFP surveillance performance indicators in Nigeria for 2010-2019. We also reviewed data in reports from four groups of surveillance peer reviews and validation visits (conducted by in-country GPEI partners) during August 2017-May 2019 in 16 states with high primary AFP surveillance indicators; the validation visits reviewed clinical information and the dates of specimen collection and onset of paralysis with caretakers.
RESULTS
there were consistently increasing AFP surveillance primary performance indicators during 2010-2016, followed by declines during 2017-2019. From the data for 16 states with peer reviews conducted from August 2017-May 2019, overall concordance of reported and "true" (validated) AFP indicator data in peer review investigations was highly variable. True AFP concordance ranged from 58%-100%, and stool timeliness concordance ranged from 56%-95%. The most common clinical causes of reported AFP cases that were not true AFP were spastic paralysis, malaria, sickle cell disease, and malnutrition. All the states that participated in peer reviews developed surveillance improvement plans based on the gaps identified.
CONCLUSION
Nigeria has highly sensitive AFP surveillance according to reported primary AFP performance indicators. The findings of peer reviews indicate that the AFP surveillance system needs to be strengthened and well-supervised to enhance data quality.
Topics: Child; Humans; Nigeria; alpha-Fetoproteins; Population Surveillance; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Paralysis
PubMed: 38370096
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.2.39450