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British Medical Journal Jan 1954
Topics: Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 13106490
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4853.99 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Sep 2018Substantial progress has been made since the World Health Assembly (WHA) resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis in 1988 (1). Among the three wild poliovirus (WPV) types,...
Substantial progress has been made since the World Health Assembly (WHA) resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis in 1988 (1). Among the three wild poliovirus (WPV) types, type 2 (WPV2) was declared eradicated in 2015, and type 3 (WPV3) has not been reported since 2012 (1). In 2017 and 2018, only Afghanistan and Pakistan have reported WPV type 1 (WPV1) transmission (1). When global eradication of poliomyelitis is achieved, facilities retaining poliovirus materials need to minimize the risk for reintroduction of poliovirus into communities and reestablishment of transmission. Poliovirus containment includes biorisk management requirements for laboratories, vaccine production sites, and other facilities that retain polioviruses after eradication; the initial milestones are for containment of type 2 polioviruses (PV2s). At the 71st WHA in 2018, World Health Organization (WHO) Member States adopted a resolution urging acceleration of poliovirus containment activities globally, including establishment by the end of 2018 of national authorities for containment (NACs) to oversee poliovirus containment (2). This report summarizes containment progress since the previous report (3) and outlines remaining challenges. As of August 2018, 29 countries had designated 81 facilities to retain PV2 materials; 22 of these countries had established NACs. Although there has been substantial progress, intensification of containment measures is needed.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Global Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 30188884
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6735a5 -
Cell Jan 20231988, the World Health Assembly committed to eradicate poliomyelitis, a viral disease that can cause permanent paralysis. Today, only type 1 of the three wild poliovirus...
1988, the World Health Assembly committed to eradicate poliomyelitis, a viral disease that can cause permanent paralysis. Today, only type 1 of the three wild poliovirus types remains circulating in limited geographic areas following widespread use of different poliovirus vaccines. While we are close to zero new cases of wild polio, it is a fragile situation, and there are many remaining and new hurdles to overcome. Here, experts discuss how to address them.
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines; Poliovirus; Global Health; Disease Eradication
PubMed: 36608647
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.021 -
British Medical Journal Aug 1955
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 13240161
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4937.485 -
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal Feb 2020Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a highly infectious viral disease, predominantly affecting children under five years old. The virus is transmitted from...
Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a highly infectious viral disease, predominantly affecting children under five years old. The virus is transmitted from person-to-person and mainly spreads through the fecal-oral route. The virus multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system via the bloodstream, potentially causing paralysis. Polio symptoms include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, neck stiffness and pain in the limbs. The disease causes permanent paralysis in one out of 200 infections. Currently, there is no cure for polio; it can only be prevented by immunisation.1.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Eradication; Female; Humans; Male; Oman; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus
PubMed: 32190363
DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.01.001 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2014
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Eradication; Endemic Diseases; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Topography, Medical
PubMed: 25316822
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu383 -
Expert Review of Vaccines 2015The polio eradication endgame aims to bring transmission of all polioviruses to a halt. To achieve this aim, it is essential to block viral replication in individuals... (Review)
Review
The polio eradication endgame aims to bring transmission of all polioviruses to a halt. To achieve this aim, it is essential to block viral replication in individuals via induction of a robust mucosal immune response. Although it has long been recognized that inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is incapable of inducing a strong mucosal response on its own, it has recently become clear that IPV may boost immunity in the intestinal mucosa among individuals previously immunized with oral poliovirus vaccine. Indeed, mucosal protection appears to be stronger following a booster dose of IPV than oral poliovirus vaccine, especially in older children. Here, we review the available evidence regarding the impact of IPV on mucosal immunity, and consider the implications of this evidence for the polio eradication endgame. We conclude that the implementation of IPV in both routine and supplementary immunization activities has the potential to play a key role in halting poliovirus transmission, and thereby hasten the eradication of polio.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated
PubMed: 26159938
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1052800 -
Lancet (London, England) Apr 2020
Review
Topics: Americas; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 32247397
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30213-0 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2023The eradication of polio during the latter half of the 20th century can be considered one of the greatest medical triumphs in history. This achievement can be attributed... (Review)
Review
The eradication of polio during the latter half of the 20th century can be considered one of the greatest medical triumphs in history. This achievement can be attributed to the development of vaccines that received the public's almost unwavering acceptance of them, especially by parents who had been waiting/hoping for a medical breakthrough that would ensure that their children would not succumb to the devastating effects of infantile paralysis. Sixty years later, the worldwide population was now confronted with an equally devastating disease - Covid-19 - which by the 2020-2021 time period had reached pandemic levels not seen since the flu outbreak of 1918. Unlike polio, however, several vaccines against Covid-19 were rapidly developed and deployed due to advances in microbiologic and immunologic technology. But also, unlike the polio vaccine experience, there was not universal acceptance of the Covid-19 vaccines and this has led to continuation of the pandemic into 2023 (albeit at a reduced level). In addition, acceptance of the Covid-19 vaccines has been confronted with the uncertainty that they do not apparently prevent transmission in asymptomatic people, and the mutation rate of the virus requires periodic re-evaluation and possible upgrading of the vaccines. This review will focus on the various factors that have led to these contrasting attitudes toward these two different vaccines and how resistance and hesitancy to vaccine use can be overcome by implementing various measures, after introducing the key roles that the sciences of microbiology and immunology have played in vaccine development over the past 250+ years.
Topics: Child; Humans; COVID-19 Vaccines; COVID-19; Vaccines; Vaccination; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 37651977
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102386 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... Jun 2022BackgroundPolioviruses are human pathogens which may easily be imported via travellers from endemic areas and countries where oral polio vaccine (OPV) is still routinely...
BackgroundPolioviruses are human pathogens which may easily be imported via travellers from endemic areas and countries where oral polio vaccine (OPV) is still routinely used to polio-free countries. Risk of reintroduction strictly depends on polio immunisation coverage. Sustaining a polio-free status requires strategies that allow rapid detection and control of potential poliovirus reintroductions.AimThe aim of this study was to apply environmental surveillance at an international airport in Poland to estimate the probability of poliovirus importation via air transport.MethodsBetween 2017 and 2020, we collected 142 sewage samples at Warsaw Airport. After sewage concentration, virus was isolated in susceptible cell cultures. Poliovirus isolates were characterised by intratypic differentiation and sequencing.ResultsSeven samples were positive for polioviruses. All isolates were characterised as Sabin-like polioviruses type 3 (SL-3). No wild or vaccine-derived polioviruses were found. The number of mutations accumulated in most isolates suggested a limited circulation in humans. Only one SL-3 isolate contained seven mutations, which is compatible with more than half a year of circulation.ConclusionSince OPV was withdrawn from the immunisation schedule in Poland in 2016, detection of SL-3 in airport sewage may indicate the events of importation from a region where OPV is still in use. Our study shows that environmental surveillance, including airport sewage investigation, has the capacity to detect emerging polioviruses and monitor potential exposure to poliovirus importation. Poliovirus detection in sewage samples indicates the need for sustaining a high level of polio immunisation coverage in the population.
Topics: Airports; Humans; Poland; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Sewage
PubMed: 35713024
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.24.2100674