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Bulletin of the World Health... 1971Methylcarbamate insecticides undergo hydrolysis, oxidation, dealkylation, and conjugation in animals, plants, and insects to form similar or identical products. Carbaryl... (Review)
Review
Methylcarbamate insecticides undergo hydrolysis, oxidation, dealkylation, and conjugation in animals, plants, and insects to form similar or identical products. Carbaryl is hydroxylated in biological systems to form hydroxy, dihydro-dihydroxy, and N-hydroxymethyl carbaryl and is hydrolysed to form 1-naphthol. The products are conjugated, stored, or excreted. Carbofuran is hydroxylated at the 3 position and propoxur at the 5 position to form hydroxylated derivatives. N-hydroxymethyl derivatives of these two carbamates may also be formed. Hydrolysis appears to be the major metabolic pathway of carbofuran in the animal. Aldicarb is oxidized to its sulfoxide and then hydrolysed to the oxime sulfoxide in animals and plants. Plants hydrolyse the oxime sulfoxide to form the corresponding aldehyde, which is an intermediate in the formation of 2-methyl-2-(methyl-sulfinyl)propanol. Methomyl, which is structurally similar to aldicarb, is metabolized in plants to acetonitrile, carbon dioxide, and methylamine. Bux and Meobal undergo hydrolysis and hydroxylation to form N-hydroxy methylcarbamates, as well as hydroxybutylphenyl and hydroxymethylphenyl methylcarbamates. Zectran, which contains a dimethylamino group, is converted to the methylamino, amino, and methylformamido derivatives by insects and plants. In soil and water, methylcarbamate insecticides are hydrolysed to their respective phenols or oximes.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Animals; Benzofurans; Carbamates; Carbaryl; Carbon Isotopes; Cattle; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Dogs; Hydrolysis; Imines; Insecta; Insecticides; Methylamines; Microsomes, Liver; Oxidation-Reduction; Oximes; Plants; Rats; Sulfides; Xylenes
PubMed: 4999481
DOI: No ID Found -
Pediatric Clinics of North America Apr 1986More than 6 per cent of poisonings involve alcohols and glycols, reflecting their availability in a wide range of household products, including aftershave, brake fluid,... (Review)
Review
More than 6 per cent of poisonings involve alcohols and glycols, reflecting their availability in a wide range of household products, including aftershave, brake fluid, gas line antifreeze, model airplane fuel, mouthwash, rubbing alcohol, and windshield washing solution. Diagnosis involves recognition of an osmolal gap and variable degrees and delays in development of an anion gap metabolic acidosis. Therapeutic modalities are similar for methanol and ethylene glycol, both cases requiring ethanol-blocking of alcohol dehydrogenase and hemodialysis. More often, treatment of ethanol and isopropanol poisoning is limited to supportive care.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Absorption; Acidosis; Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Bicarbonates; Blindness; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Ethylene Glycol; Ethylene Glycols; Gastric Lavage; Humans; Hypotension; Infant; Ipecac; Kidney Diseases; Kinetics; Liver; Methanol; Mortality; Osmolar Concentration; Renal Dialysis; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate
PubMed: 2870460
DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)35004-0 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022In the present study KrF Excimer laser has been employed to irradiate the Cadmium (Cd) targets for various number of laser pulses of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000, at...
In the present study KrF Excimer laser has been employed to irradiate the Cadmium (Cd) targets for various number of laser pulses of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000, at constant fluence of 3.6 J cm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was utilized to reveal the formation of laser induced nano/micro structures on the irradiated target (Cd) surfaces. SEM results show the generation of cavities, cracks, micro/nano wires/rods, wrinkles along with re-deposited particles during irradiation in air, whereas subsurface boiling, pores, cavities and Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) on the inner walls of cavities are revealed at the central ablated area after irradiation in propanol. The ablated volume and depth of ablated region on irradiated Cd targets are evaluated for various number of pulses and is higher in air as compared to propanol ambient. Fast Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses show the presence of oxides and hydro-oxides of Cd after irradiation in propanol, whereas the existence of oxides is observed after irradiation in air ambient. Nano-hardness tester was used to investigate mechanical modifications of ablated Cd. It reveals an increase in hardness after irradiation which is more pronounced in propanol as compared to air.
Topics: Cadmium; 1-Propanol; Lasers; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Oxides
PubMed: 36361538
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112749 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society Jul 2008Metal-free homoallylic oxygen-directed intramolecular hydroboration is reported. Regioselectivities from 20:1 to 82:1 favoring the 1,3-dioxy-substituted products have...
Metal-free homoallylic oxygen-directed intramolecular hydroboration is reported. Regioselectivities from 20:1 to 82:1 favoring the 1,3-dioxy-substituted products have been achieved using Me2S.BH3/TfOH followed by standard oxidative workup. Branching at the C5 position improves regioselectivity.
Topics: Alcohols; Alkenes; Boranes; Iodine; Oxidation-Reduction; Propanols
PubMed: 18572941
DOI: 10.1021/ja800402g -
Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces... Sep 2022The DNA origami technique allows the precise synthesis of complex, biocompatible nanomaterials containing small molecules, biomolecules, and inorganic nanoparticles. The...
The DNA origami technique allows the precise synthesis of complex, biocompatible nanomaterials containing small molecules, biomolecules, and inorganic nanoparticles. The negatively charged phosphates in the backbone make DNA highly water-soluble and require salts to shield its electrostatic repulsion. DNA origamis are therefore not soluble in most organic solvents. While this is not problematic for applications in biochemistry, biophysics, or nanomedicine, other potential applications, processes, and substrates are incompatible with saline solutions, which include the synthesis of many nanomaterials, and reactions in templated synthesis, the operation of nanoelectronic devices, or semiconductor fabrication. To overcome this limitation, we coated DNA origami with amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol) polylysine block copolymers and transferred them into various organic solvents including chloroform, dichloromethane, acetone, or 1-propanol. Our approach maintains the shape of the nanostructures and protects functional elements bound to the structure, such as fluorophores, gold nanoparticles, or proteins. The DNA origami polyplex micellization (DOPM) strategy hence enables solubilization or a phase transfer of complex structures into various organic solvents, which significantly expands the use of DNA origami for a range of potential applications and technical processes.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Acetone; Chloroform; DNA; Gold; Metal Nanoparticles; Methylene Chloride; Nanostructures; Phosphates; Polyethylene Glycols; Polylysine; Polymers; Salts; Solubility; Solvents; Water
PubMed: 36103620
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01508 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023Ionic liquids (ILs) have presented excellent behaviors in the separation of azeotropes in extractive distillation. However, the intrinsic molecular nature of ILs in the...
Ionic liquids (ILs) have presented excellent behaviors in the separation of azeotropes in extractive distillation. However, the intrinsic molecular nature of ILs in the separation of azeotropic systems is not clear. In this paper, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and theoretical calculations were applied to screen the microstructures of ethyl propionate-n-propanol-1-ethyl-3-methylimidzolium acetate ([EMIM][OAC]) systems before and after azeotropy breaking. A detailed vibrational analysis was carried out on the (C=O) region of ethyl propionate and (O-D) region of n-propanol-. Different species, including multiple sizes of propanol and ethyl propionate self-aggregators, ethyl propionate-n-propanol interaction complexes, and different IL-n-propanol interaction complexes, were identified using excess spectroscopy and confirmed with theoretical calculations. Their changes in relative amounts were also observed. The hydrogen bond between n-propanol and ethyl propionate/[EMIM][OAC] was detected, and the interaction properties were also revealed. Overall, the intrinsic molecular nature of the azeotropy breaking was clear. First, the interactions between [EMIM][OAC] and n-propanol were stronger than those between [EMIM][OAC] and ethyl propionate, which influenced the relative volatilities of the two components in the system. Second, the interactions between n-propanol and [EMIM][OAC] were stronger than those between n-propanol and ethyl propionate. Hence, adding [EMIM][OAC] could break apart the ethyl propionate-n-propanol complex (causing the azeotropy in the studied system). When ([EMIM][OAC]) was lower than 0.04, the azeotropy still existed mainly because the low IL could not destroy the whole ethyl propionate-n-propanol interaction complex. At (IL) > 0.04, the whole ethyl propionate-n-propanol complex was destroyed, and the azeotropy disappeared.
Topics: Ionic Liquids; 1-Propanol; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Propanols
PubMed: 37445775
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310597 -
Inhalation Toxicology 2020The inhalation of air-borne toxicants is associated with adverse health outcomes which can be somewhat mitigated by enhancing endogenous anti-oxidant capacity. Carnosine...
OBJECTIVE
The inhalation of air-borne toxicants is associated with adverse health outcomes which can be somewhat mitigated by enhancing endogenous anti-oxidant capacity. Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide (β-alanine-L-histidine), present in high abundance in skeletal and cardiac muscle. This multi-functional dipeptide has anti-oxidant properties, can buffer intracellular pH, chelate metals, and sequester aldehydes such as acrolein. Due to these chemical properties, carnosine may be protective against inhaled pollutants which can contain metals and aldehydes and can stimulate the generation of electrophiles in exposed tissues. Thus, assessment of carnosine levels, or levels of its acrolein conjugates (carnosine-propanal and carnosine-propanol) may inform on level of exposure and risk assessment.
METHODS
We used established mass spectroscopy methods to measure levels of urinary carnosine ( = 605) and its conjugates with acrolein ( = 561) in a subset of participants in the Louisville Healthy Heart Study (mean age = 51 ± 10; 52% male). We then determined associations between these measures and air pollution exposure and smoking behavior using statistical modeling approaches.
RESULTS
We found that higher levels of non-conjugated carnosine, carnosine-propanal, and carnosine-propanol were significantly associated with males ( < 0.02) and those of Caucasian ethnicity ( < 0.02). Levels of carnosine-propanol were significantly higher in never-smokers ( = 0.001) but lower in current smokers ( = 0.037). This conjugate also demonstrated a negative association with mean-daily particulate air pollution (PM) levels ( = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that urinary levels of carnosine-propanol may inform as to risk from inhaled pollutants.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Adult; Air Pollutants; Aldehydes; Biological Monitoring; Carnosine; Female; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Male; Middle Aged; Smoking
PubMed: 33179563
DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1845257 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023Vapor pressures and other thermodynamic properties of liquids, such as density and enthalpy of mixtures, are the key parameters in chemical engineering for designing new...
Vapor pressures and other thermodynamic properties of liquids, such as density and enthalpy of mixtures, are the key parameters in chemical engineering for designing new process units, and are also essential for understanding the physical chemistry, macroscopic and molecular behavior of fluid systems. In this work, vapor pressures between 278.15 and 323.15 K, densities and enthalpies of mixtures between 288.15 and 318.15 K for the binary mixture (2-propanol + 1,8-cineole) have been measured. From the vapor pressure data, activity coefficients and excess Gibbs energies were calculated via the Barker's method and the Wilson equation. Excess molar volumes and excess molar enthalpies were also obtained from the density and calorimetric measurements. Thermodynamic consistency test between excess molar Gibbs energies and excess molar enthalpies has been carried out using the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. Robinson-Mathias, and Peng-Robinson-Stryjek-Vera together with volume translation of Peneloux equations of state (EoS) are considered, as well as the statistical associating fluid theory that offers a molecular vision quite suitable for systems having highly non-spherical or associated molecules. Of these three models, the first two fit the experimental vapor pressure results quite adequately; in contrast, only the last one approaches the volumetric behavior of the system. A brief comparison of the thermodynamic excess molar functions for binary mixtures of short-chain alcohol + 1,8-cineole (cyclic ether), or +di-n-propylether (lineal ether) is also included.
Topics: Eucalyptol; 2-Propanol; 1-Propanol; Thermodynamics; Gases; Propanols
PubMed: 37373528
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210380 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2024Accurate determination of the concentration of alcohols and their metabolites is important in forensics and in several life science areas. A new headspace gas...
Accurate determination of the concentration of alcohols and their metabolites is important in forensics and in several life science areas. A new headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method has been developed to quantify alcohols and their oxidative products using isotope-labeled internal standards. The limit of detection (LOD) of the analytes in the developed method was 0.211 µg/mL for methanol, 0.158 µg/mL for ethanol, 0.157 µg/mL for isopropanol, 0.010 µg/mL for n-propanol, 0.157 µg/mL for acetone, and 0.209 µg/mL for acetaldehyde. The precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated, and the relative standard deviation percentages were found to be less than 3%. This work demonstrates the application of this method, specifically in quantifying the concentration of oxidative products of alcohol and other minor alcohols found in hand sanitizers, which have become an essential household item since the COVID-19 pandemic. Apart from the major components, the minor alcohols found in hand sanitizers include methanol, isopropanol, and n-propanol. The concentration range of these minor alcohols found in ethanol-based hand sanitizer samples was as follows: methanol, 0.000921-0.0151 mg/mL; isopropanol, 0.454-13.8 mg/mL; and n-propanol, 0.00474-0.152 mg/mL. In ethanol-based hand sanitizers, a significant amount of acetaldehyde (0.00623-0.231 mg/mL) was observed as an oxidation product, while in the isopropanol-based hand sanitizer, acetone (0.697 mg/mL) was observed as an oxidation product. The concentration of acetaldehyde in ethanol-based hand sanitizers significantly increased with storage time and temperature, whereas no such increase in acetone concentration was observed in isopropanol-based hand sanitizers with storage time and temperature. In two of the selected hand sanitizers, the acetaldehyde levels increased by almost 200% within a week when stored at room temperature. Additionally, exposing the hand sanitizers to a temperature of 45 °C for 24 h resulted in a 100% increase in acetaldehyde concentration. On the contrary, the acetone level remained constant upon the change in storage time and temperature.
Topics: Humans; Methanol; Acetaldehyde; Hand Sanitizers; Acetone; 2-Propanol; 1-Propanol; Temperature; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Pandemics; Ethanol
PubMed: 38248538
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010074 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... Jul 2022The approval of ethanol by the Biocidal Products Regulation has been under evaluation since 2007. This follows concern over alcohol uptake from ethanol-based hand rubs... (Review)
Review
Ethanol is indispensable for virucidal hand antisepsis: memorandum from the alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) Task Force, WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, and the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
BACKGROUND
The approval of ethanol by the Biocidal Products Regulation has been under evaluation since 2007. This follows concern over alcohol uptake from ethanol-based hand rubs (EBHR). If ethanol is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), then this would affect infection prevention and control practices.
AIM
A review was performed to prove that ethanol is toxicological uncritical and indispensable for hand antisepsis because of its unique activity against non-enveloped viruses and thus the resulting lack of alternatives. Therefore, the following main points are analyzed: The effectiveness of ethanol in hand hygiene, the evidence of ethanol at blood/tissue levels through hand hygiene in healthcare, and the evidence of toxicity of different blood/tissue ethanol levels and the non-comparability with alcoholic consumption and industrial exposure.
RESULTS
EBHR are essential for preventing infections caused by non-enveloped viruses, especially in healthcare, nursing homes, food industry and other areas. Propanols are effective against enveloped viruses as opposed to non-enveloped viruses but there are no other alternatives for virucidal hand antisepsis. Long-term ingestion of ethanol in the form of alcoholic beverages can cause tumours. However, lifetime exposure to ethanol from occupational exposure < 500 ppm does not significantly contribute to the cancer risk. Mutagenic effects were observed only at doses within the toxic range in animal studies. While reprotoxicity is linked with abuse of alcoholic beverages, there is no epidemiological evidence for this from EBHR use in healthcare facilities or from products containing ethanol in non-healthcare settings.
CONCLUSION
The body of evidence shows EBHRs have strong efficacy in killing non-enveloped viruses, whereas 1-propanol and 2-propanol do not kill non-enveloped viruses, that pose significant risk of infection. Ethanol absorbed through the skin during hand hygiene is similar to consumption of beverages with hidden ethanol content (< 0.5% v/v), such as apple juice or kefir. There is no risk of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity or reprotoxicity from repeated use of EBHR. Hence, the WHO Task Force strongly recommend retaining ethanol as an essential constituent in hand rubs for healthcare.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antisepsis; Berlin; Ethanol; Germany; Hand Disinfection; Hand Hygiene; Hospitals; Patient Safety; World Health Organization
PubMed: 35794648
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01134-7