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Current Opinion in Virology Jun 2012Since its discovery in 1956, rhinovirus (RV) has been recognized as the most important virus producing the common cold syndrome. Despite its ubiquity, little is known... (Review)
Review
Since its discovery in 1956, rhinovirus (RV) has been recognized as the most important virus producing the common cold syndrome. Despite its ubiquity, little is known concerning the pathogenesis of RV infections, and some of the research in this area has led to contradictions regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of RV-induced illness. In this article, we discuss the pathogenesis of this virus as it relates to RV-induced illness in the upper and lower airway, an issue of considerable interest in view of the minimal cytopathology associated with RV infection. We endeavor to explain why many infected individuals exhibit minimal symptoms or remain asymptomatic, while others, especially those with asthma, may have severe, even life-threatening, complications (sequelae). Finally, we discuss the immune responses to RV in the normal and asthmatic host focusing on RV infection and epithelial barrier integrity and maintenance as well as the impact of the innate and adaptive immune responses to RV on epithelial function.
Topics: Asthma; Common Cold; Humans; Rhinovirus; Virulence
PubMed: 22542099
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.03.008 -
Viruses Feb 2021Antibodies are a critical immune correlate of protection for rhinoviruses, particularly those antibodies found in the secretory compartment. For nonenveloped viruses... (Review)
Review
Antibodies are a critical immune correlate of protection for rhinoviruses, particularly those antibodies found in the secretory compartment. For nonenveloped viruses such as rhinoviruses, antibody binding to regions of the icosahedral capsid can neutralise infections by a number of different mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to address the neutralising mechanisms of antibodies to rhinoviruses that would help progress vaccine development. At least five mechanisms of antibody neutralisation have been identified which depend to some extent on the antibody binding footprints upon the capsid. The most studied mechanisms are virion aggregation, inhibition of attachment to cells, and stabilisation or destabilisation of the capsid structure. Newer mechanisms of degradation inside the cell through cytoplasmic antibody detection or outside by phagocytosis rely on what might have been previously considered as non-neutralising antibodies. We discuss these various approaches of antibody interference of rhinoviruses and offer suggestions as to how these could influence vaccine design.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Capsid; Humans; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 33668934
DOI: 10.3390/v13030360 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 1999Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of the common cold, but they can cause more severe illnesses in people with underlying lung disorders such as asthma, chronic... (Review)
Review
Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of the common cold, but they can cause more severe illnesses in people with underlying lung disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. Epidemiologic studies with sensitive detection methods such as PCR have identified rhinovirus infection as a major source of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults, especially during the spring and fall. Since rhinoviruses cause little tissue destruction, it is presumed that the immune response to the infection may play an important role in the pathogenesis of rhinovirus-induced exacerbations of asthma. This review examines the epidemiologic association between rhinovirus infections and exacerbations of asthma and outlines current information on immune responses to rhinovirus infection and potential connections between antiviral responses and preexisting allergic inflammation. Finally, current and future strategies for treating rhinovirus infections and virus-induced exacerbations of asthma are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Asthma; Humans; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 9880472
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.12.1.9 -
Journal of Virology Aug 2010Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) were discovered as common cold pathogens over 50 years ago. Recent advances in molecular viral diagnostics have led to an appreciation of their... (Review)
Review
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) were discovered as common cold pathogens over 50 years ago. Recent advances in molecular viral diagnostics have led to an appreciation of their role in more-significant respiratory illnesses, including bronchiolitis in infancy, childhood pneumonia, and acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, and cystic fibrosis. Until a few years ago, only two groups of HRVs (A and B) had been recognized. However, full and partial sequencing of HRVs led to the discovery of a third species of HRV (HRV-C) that has distinct structural and biologic features. Risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms for more-severe HRV infections are being defined, and yet fundamental questions persist about mechanisms relating this common pathogen to allergic diseases and asthma. The close relationship between HRV infections and asthma suggests that antiviral treatments could have a major impact on the morbidity associated with this chronic respiratory disease.
Topics: Asthma; Humans; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Sounds; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 20375160
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02290-09 -
British Medical Journal Oct 1970Rhinoviruses have been isolated from the serum of two infants at necropsy. Failure to isolate viruses from ten other sera from infants who yielded rhinoviruses from...
Rhinoviruses have been isolated from the serum of two infants at necropsy. Failure to isolate viruses from ten other sera from infants who yielded rhinoviruses from their respiratory tracts suggests that true rhinoviraemia occurs rarely, and is infrequently associated with rhinovirus infections, both clinical and subclinical, and death. It is suggested that this is the first report of isolations of human rhinoviruses from the blood.
Topics: Animals; Blood; Death, Sudden; Female; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Neutralization Tests; Respiratory System; Rhinovirus; Serotyping; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 4319364
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5726.28 -
International Journal of Infectious... May 2022Rhinoviruses are commonly considered simple "common cold" agents. The link between their molecular epidemiology and patient clinical presentation and outcomes remains...
BACKGROUND
Rhinoviruses are commonly considered simple "common cold" agents. The link between their molecular epidemiology and patient clinical presentation and outcomes remains unclear in adult populations.
MATERIALS/METHODS
All nasopharyngeal or bronchoalveolar lavages were screened using multiplex PCR in 3 Parisian hospitals from January 2018 to September 2018. For all detected rhinoviruses, the VP2/VP4 region was subtyped by sequencing.
RESULTS
The study included 178 unique patients who were positive for human rhinovirus (HRV). They were primarily men (56%), with a median age of 62.2 years (IQR: 46.8-71.4), frequently presenting chronic respiratory diseases (56%) and/or immunosuppression (46%). Of these, 63% were admitted for respiratory distress, including 25% for pneumonia; 95 (53%), 27 (15%), and 56 (32%) were positive for HRV-A, -B, and -C, respectively. HRV-B appeared to be more associated with immunosuppressive treatments (58% vs 30% and 36% of patients for HRV-A and -C, respectively, p = 0.038), higher coinfection rates (54% vs 34% and 23%, p = 0.03), and higher intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates (35% vs 17% and 13%, p = 0.048). Conversely, HRV-A was more frequently associated with pneumonia (54% vs 31% and 11% for HRV-B and -C, respectively, p = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
This study highlights the high proportion of chronic respiratory diseases or immunosuppression among hospitalized patients infected with a rhinovirus.
IMPORTANT
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are frequently detected in patients hospitalized for respiratory distress. Understanding their molecular differences is crucial to finding target treatments and improving patient outcomes.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Enterovirus; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phylogeny; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 35248716
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.02.055 -
Advances in Virus Research 1999Rhinoviruses cause more infections in humans than any other micro-organism. These acid-sensitive picornaviruses infect epithelial cells following inoculation onto the... (Review)
Review
Rhinoviruses cause more infections in humans than any other micro-organism. These acid-sensitive picornaviruses infect epithelial cells following inoculation onto the nasal mucosa and are detected reliably in nasopharyngeal secretions. Rhinovirus colds occur year round, with a peak of illness in the fall. Type-specific serum antibody correlates with protection against infection. The fact that there are at least 100 different immunotypes makes development of an effective vaccine unlikely. Nasopharyngeal secretions must be sampled for detection of rhinovirus by culture or RT-PCR. Efficient isolation of virus requires inoculation into two different types of sensitive cell cultures (i.e., fibroblasts and HeLa cells). RT of conserved sequences in the 5' noncoding region of the viral RNA to produce cDNA for PCR amplification has been coupled with detection of amplimers either by gel electrophoresis after nested PCR or by hybridization with labeled oligonucleotide probes to detect one viral genome in samples. In two studies in which both RT-PCR and cell cultures were used, virtually all of the positives were identified with RT-PCR; culture in two cell lines identified 75-80% of the positives. In year-round surveillance, 50% of colds in adults and children were rhinovirus positive. The symptoms occurring during rhinovirus colds are caused by the host's response to the virus, not by the virus itself. Elaboration of cytokines by infected epithelial cells is central to symptom pathogenesis.
Topics: Common Cold; Humans; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 10547683
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60375-9 -
Clinical Therapeutics Dec 2002Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory infections. Isolation of rhinoviruses occurs in a distinct and consistent seasonal pattern that can be used... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory infections. Isolation of rhinoviruses occurs in a distinct and consistent seasonal pattern that can be used to help determine whether an acute respiratory illness is caused by a rhinovirus.
OBJECTIVE
This article reviews information on the seasonality of rhinovirus infection derived from early and recent studies of rhinovirus occurrence and treatment.
METHODS
PubMed was searched from 1965 to the present to identify all potentially relevant papers. The search terms used were rhinovirus and seasonality. A total of 1998 papers were screened.
RESULTS
Rhinoviruses comprise more than three quarters of viruses circulating in early autumn. In some years and perhaps some geographic areas, spring is an even more important time for rhinovirus transmission. Although overall rates of respiratory illness are lower in summer, rhinoviruses are the most frequently isolated virus at this time of year. Other viral agents, including influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (particularly with parainfluenza virus), predominate in the winter. Thus, for most of the year, rhinoviruses are the cause of the majority of acute viral respiratory infections.
CONCLUSION
Understanding the seasonal incidence of rhinovirus infection may help determine how best to employ currently available antirhinoviral agents in patients presenting with symptoms of an acute viral respiratory infection.
Topics: Humans; Michigan; Picornaviridae Infections; Population; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 12581541
DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(02)80093-5 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jun 2019
Topics: Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Reverse Genetics; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 30383231
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy630 -
Archives of Virology Apr 2022Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections and aggravation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The 5'...
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections and aggravation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and the VP4/VP2 region are widely used for genotyping of HRVs. Members of the species Rhinovirus A and Rhinovirus C have been reported to be more frequently associated with severe disease than members of the species Rhinovirus B. We report the clinical and molecular epidemiological characteristics of HRVs circulating from 2012 to 2020 in Shanghai. A total of 5832 nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with acute respiratory infections were collected. A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used for virus detection. The 5' untranslated region and VP4/VP2 region were amplified and sequenced for genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. The overall rate of rhinovirus detection was 2.74% (160/5832), with members of species A, B, and C accounting for 68.13% (109/160), 20.00% (32/160), and 11.88% (19/160) of the total, respectively. A peak of HRV infection was observed in autumn (5.34%, 58/1087). Patients in the 3- to 14-year-old age group were the most susceptible to HRV infection (χ = 23.88, P = 0.017). Influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were detected more frequently than other pathogens in cases of coinfection. Recombination events were identified in 10 strains, which were successfully genotyped by phylogenetic analysis based on the 5' UTR-VP4/VP2 region but not the 5' UTR region alone. We observed a high degree of variability in the relative distribution of HRV genotypes and the prevalence of HRV infection in Shanghai and found evidence of recombination events in the portion of the genome containing the 5' UTR and the VP4/VP2 region between HRV-C strains and HRV-A-like strains. This study is important for surveillance of the spread of HRVs and the emergence of new variants.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 35303167
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05405-x