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Archives of Virology Apr 2022Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections and aggravation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The 5'...
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections and aggravation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and the VP4/VP2 region are widely used for genotyping of HRVs. Members of the species Rhinovirus A and Rhinovirus C have been reported to be more frequently associated with severe disease than members of the species Rhinovirus B. We report the clinical and molecular epidemiological characteristics of HRVs circulating from 2012 to 2020 in Shanghai. A total of 5832 nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with acute respiratory infections were collected. A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used for virus detection. The 5' untranslated region and VP4/VP2 region were amplified and sequenced for genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. The overall rate of rhinovirus detection was 2.74% (160/5832), with members of species A, B, and C accounting for 68.13% (109/160), 20.00% (32/160), and 11.88% (19/160) of the total, respectively. A peak of HRV infection was observed in autumn (5.34%, 58/1087). Patients in the 3- to 14-year-old age group were the most susceptible to HRV infection (χ = 23.88, P = 0.017). Influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were detected more frequently than other pathogens in cases of coinfection. Recombination events were identified in 10 strains, which were successfully genotyped by phylogenetic analysis based on the 5' UTR-VP4/VP2 region but not the 5' UTR region alone. We observed a high degree of variability in the relative distribution of HRV genotypes and the prevalence of HRV infection in Shanghai and found evidence of recombination events in the portion of the genome containing the 5' UTR and the VP4/VP2 region between HRV-C strains and HRV-A-like strains. This study is important for surveillance of the spread of HRVs and the emergence of new variants.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 35303167
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05405-x -
Viruses Jan 2016Rhinoviruses (RVs) and respiratory enteroviruses (EVs) are leading causes of upper respiratory tract infections and among the most frequent infectious agents in humans... (Review)
Review
Rhinoviruses (RVs) and respiratory enteroviruses (EVs) are leading causes of upper respiratory tract infections and among the most frequent infectious agents in humans worldwide. Both are classified in the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family and they have been assigned to seven distinct species, RV-A, B, C and EV-A, B, C, D. As viral infections of public health significance, they represent an important financial burden on health systems worldwide. However, the lack of efficient antiviral treatment or vaccines against these highly prevalent pathogens prevents an effective management of RV-related diseases. Current advances in molecular diagnostic techniques have revealed the presence of RV in the lower respiratory tract and its role in lower airway diseases is increasingly reported. In addition to an established etiological role in the common cold, these viruses demonstrate an unexpected capacity to spread to other body sites under certain conditions. Some of these viruses have received particular attention recently, such as EV-D68 that caused a large outbreak of respiratory illness in 2014, respiratory EVs from species C, or viruses within the newly-discovered RV-C species. This review provides an update of the latest findings on clinical and fundamental aspects of RV and respiratory EV, including a summary of basic knowledge of their biology.
Topics: Animals; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Genome, Viral; Humans; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 26761027
DOI: 10.3390/v8010016 -
ICAM-1 induced rearrangements of capsid and genome prime rhinovirus 14 for activation and uncoating.Proceedings of the National Academy of... May 2021Most rhinoviruses, which are the leading cause of the common cold, utilize intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) as a receptor to infect cells. To release their...
Most rhinoviruses, which are the leading cause of the common cold, utilize intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) as a receptor to infect cells. To release their genomes, rhinoviruses convert to activated particles that contain pores in the capsid, lack minor capsid protein VP4, and have an altered genome organization. The binding of rhinoviruses to ICAM-1 promotes virus activation; however, the molecular details of the process remain unknown. Here, we present the structures of virion of rhinovirus 14 and its complex with ICAM-1 determined to resolutions of 2.6 and 2.4 Å, respectively. The cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of rhinovirus 14 virions contains the resolved density of octanucleotide segments from the RNA genome that interact with VP2 subunits. We show that the binding of ICAM-1 to rhinovirus 14 is required to prime the virus for activation and genome release at acidic pH. Formation of the rhinovirus 14-ICAM-1 complex induces conformational changes to the rhinovirus 14 capsid, including translocation of the C termini of VP4 subunits, which become poised for release through pores that open in the capsids of activated particles. VP4 subunits with altered conformation block the RNA-VP2 interactions and expose patches of positively charged residues. The conformational changes to the capsid induce the redistribution of the virus genome by altering the capsid-RNA interactions. The restructuring of the rhinovirus 14 capsid and genome prepares the virions for conversion to activated particles. The high-resolution structure of rhinovirus 14 in complex with ICAM-1 explains how the binding of uncoating receptors enables enterovirus genome release.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Crystallography, X-Ray; Enterovirus Infections; Genome, Viral; HeLa Cells; Humans; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Models, Molecular; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; RNA, Viral; Rhinovirus; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Virion; Virus Activation; Virus Uncoating
PubMed: 33947819
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024251118 -
Protein Science : a Publication of the... Oct 1994Rhinovirus infection is initiated by the recognition of a specific cell-surface receptor. The major group of rhinovirus serotypes attach to intercellular adhesion... (Review)
Review
Rhinovirus infection is initiated by the recognition of a specific cell-surface receptor. The major group of rhinovirus serotypes attach to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). The attachment process initiates a series of conformational changes resulting in the loss of genomic RNA from the virion. X-ray crystallography and sequence comparisons suggested that a deep crevice or canyon is the site on the virus recognized by the cellular receptor molecule. This has now been verified by electron microscopy of human rhinovirus 14 (HRV14) and HRV16 complexed with a soluble component of ICAM-1. A hydrophobic pocket underneath the canyon is the site of binding of various hydrophobic drug compounds that can inhibit attachment and uncoating. This pocket is also associated with an unidentified, possibly cellular in origin, "pocket factor." The pocket factor binding site overlaps the binding site of the receptor. It is suggested that competition between the pocket factor and receptor regulates the conformational changes required for the initiation of the entry of the genomic RNA into the cell.
Topics: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Microscopy, Electron; Picornaviridae; RNA, Viral; Receptors, LDL; Receptors, Virus; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 7849588
DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560031010 -
Microbes and Infection Jun 2012A newly discovered group of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) has been classified as the HRV-C species based on distinct genomic features. HRV-Cs circulate worldwide, and are... (Review)
Review
A newly discovered group of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) has been classified as the HRV-C species based on distinct genomic features. HRV-Cs circulate worldwide, and are important causes of upper and lower respiratory illnesses. Methods to culture and produce these viruses have recently been developed, and should enable identification of unique features of HRV-C replication and biology.
Topics: Base Sequence; Common Cold; Genetic Variation; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Picornaviridae Infections; Recombination, Genetic; Rhinovirus; Virus Cultivation
PubMed: 22285901
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.12.011 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Mar 2021Human rhinovirus (HRV) is one of the most common human viral pathogens related to infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, which can result in bronchiolitis...
INTRODUCTION
Human rhinovirus (HRV) is one of the most common human viral pathogens related to infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, which can result in bronchiolitis and pneumonia. However, the relevance of HRV in human health was under-estimated for long time due to the absence of molecular targets for influenza and influenza-like syndrome surveillance in Brasília, Brazil.
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this study was analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of HRV infections in comparison with patients without HRV and other common respiratory viruses.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For this purpose, new specific primer sets were designed based on the high throughput sequencing analysis in previous study. These primers were used for HRV detection by RT-qPCR and Sanger sequencing of amplified cDNA of 5' genomic region. The phylogenetic tree with representative HRV isolates was constructed using the Mega X software. Statistical analysis considering the patient profiles were performed using IBM SPSS program with non-parametric tests.
RESULTS
The most prevalent virus in negative samples was rhinovirus (n = 40), including three rhinovirus species (rhinovirus A, B, and C). The odds ratio associated with HRV infection was 2.160 for patients younger than 2 years and 4.367 for people living in rural areas. The multiple analysis showed lower chance of patients with HRV presenting respiratory distress.
CONCLUSION
In this study, it was reported the predominance of rhinoviruses in cases of respiratory illness for negative patients for the influenza and influenza-like syndrome surveillance, being rhinorrhea, the most significant symptom associated with the disease.
Topics: Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phylogeny; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Viruses
PubMed: 33410102
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00411-0 -
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI Jan 2016Human rhinoviruses are ubiquitous seasonal pathogens. They have known associations with first onset of wheezing illnesses in children and with asthma exacerbations in... (Review)
Review
Human rhinoviruses are ubiquitous seasonal pathogens. They have known associations with first onset of wheezing illnesses in children and with asthma exacerbations in patients of all ages. It is not yet certain whether human rhinoviruses play a direct role in the pathogenesis of asthma by activating deleterious inflammatory responses or if they only serve as a catalyst to accelerate the disease in genetically predisposed individuals. There have been previously demonstrated reductions in the development of the asthmatic phenotype with passive immunization against respiratory syncytial virus; however, in the case of rhinovirus, there are barriers to effective vaccine development, such as the lack of a common antigenic target due to alterations of surface markers among subtypes. It remains to be determined whether certain subtypes of human rhinovirus are more asthmagenic and therefore worthy of greater attention as vaccine candidates, but several studies have suggested that RV-C and certain RV-A strains may be more strongly linked with asthma.
Topics: Asthma; Child; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Interferons; Phenotype; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Sounds; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Rhinovirus; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 26376925
DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00414-15 -
Medicinal Research Reviews Jul 2004The absence of effective vaccines for most viral infections highlights an urgent necessity for the design and development of effective antiviral drugs. Due to the... (Review)
Review
The absence of effective vaccines for most viral infections highlights an urgent necessity for the design and development of effective antiviral drugs. Due to the advancement in virology since the late 1980s, several key events in the viral life cycle have been well delineated and a number of molecular targets have been validated, culminating in the emergence of many new antiviral drugs in recent years. Inhibitors against enteroviruses and rhinoviruses, responsible for about half of the human common colds, are currently under active investigation. Agents targeted at either viral protein 1 (VP1), a relatively conserved capsid structure mediating viral adsorption/uncoating process, or 3C protease, which is highly conserved among different serotypes and essential for viral replication, are of great potential to become antipicornavirus drugs.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Capsid; Enterovirus; Protease Inhibitors; Protein Binding; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 15170592
DOI: 10.1002/med.10067 -
Archives of Virology Mar 2020Enteroviruses (EVs) and rhinoviruses (RVs) are significant pathogens of humans and are the subject of intensive clinical and epidemiological research and public health...
Enteroviruses (EVs) and rhinoviruses (RVs) are significant pathogens of humans and are the subject of intensive clinical and epidemiological research and public health measures, notably in the eradication of poliovirus and in the investigation and control of emerging pathogenic EV types worldwide. EVs and RVs are highly diverse in their antigenic properties, tissue tropism, disease associations and evolutionary relationships, but the latter often conflict with previously developed biologically defined terms, such as "coxsackieviruses", "polioviruses" and "echoviruses", which were used before their genetic interrelationships were understood. This has created widespread formatting problems and inconsistencies in the nomenclature for EV and RV types and species in the literature and public databases. As members of the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Picornaviridae Study Group, we describe the correct use of taxon names for these viruses and have produced a series of recommendations for the nomenclature of EV and RV types and their abbreviations. We believe their adoption will promote greater clarity and consistency in the terminology used in the scientific and medical literature. The recommendations will additionally provide a useful reference guide for journals, other publications and public databases seeking to use standardised terms for the growing multitude of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses described worldwide.
Topics: Enterovirus; Humans; Rhinovirus; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 31980941
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04520-6 -
PloS One 2014Rhinoviruses, formerly known as Human rhinoviruses, are the most common cause of air-borne upper respiratory tract infections in humans. Rhinoviruses belong to the...
Rhinoviruses, formerly known as Human rhinoviruses, are the most common cause of air-borne upper respiratory tract infections in humans. Rhinoviruses belong to the family Picornaviridae and are divided into three species namely, Rhinovirus A, -B and -C, which are antigenically diverse. Genetic recombination is found to be one of the important causes for diversification of Rhinovirus species. Although emerging lineages within Rhinoviruses have been reported, their population structure has not been studied yet. The availability of complete genome sequences facilitates study of population structure, genetic diversity and underlying evolutionary forces, such as mutation, recombination and selection pressure. Analysis of complete genomes of Rhinoviruses using a model-based population genetics approach provided a strong evidence for existence of seven genetically distinct subpopulations. As a result of diversification, Rhinovirus A and -C populations are divided into four and two subpopulations, respectively. Genetically, the Rhinovirus B population was found to be homogeneous. Intra-species recombination was observed to be prominent in Rhinovirus A and -C species. Significant evidence of episodic positive selection was obtained for several sites within coding sequences of structural and non-structural proteins. This corroborates well with known phenotypic properties such as antigenicity of structural proteins. Episodic positive selection appears to be responsible for emergence of new lineages especially in Rhinovirus A. In summary, the Rhinovirus population is an ensemble of seven distinct lineages. In case of Rhinovirus A, intra-species recombination and episodic positive selection contribute to its further diversification. In case of Rhinovirus C, intra- and inter-species recombinations are responsible for observed diversity. Population genetics approach was further useful to analyze phylogenetic tree topologies pertaining to recombinant strains, especially when trees are derived using complete genomes. Understanding of population structure serves as a foundation for designing new vaccines and drugs as well as to explain emergence of drug resistance amongst subpopulations.
Topics: Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Linkage; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Humans; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Recombination, Genetic; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Sequence Analysis, RNA
PubMed: 24586469
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088981