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Forum of Nutrition 2010It is now axiomatic that neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus have a primary role in responding to changes in circulating levels of leptin and transmitting... (Review)
Review
It is now axiomatic that neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus have a primary role in responding to changes in circulating levels of leptin and transmitting signals to downstream circuits that influence eating and energy expenditure. Signals generated from the gastrointestinal tract during meals reach the brainstem, via the vagus nerve and other routes, and impinge on neural circuits that influence the timing and size of meals and amount of food consumed. One of the mechanisms by which leptin exerts its anorexic effects is by increasing the effectiveness of intestinal signals that cause satiation during a meal. It is clear that the effects of gut satiation signals such as CCK can be amplified by leptin acting in the CNS, and in the arcuate nucleus in particular. The present article describes the state of our knowledge about specific neural circuits between the hypothalamus and brainstem that play a role in the interaction of leptin and meal-control signals to control food intake.
Topics: Animals; Appetite Regulation; Brain Stem; Eating; Humans; Neural Pathways; Prosencephalon; Satiation; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 19955781
DOI: 10.1159/000264401 -
Physiology & Behavior Sep 2018Despite the ability of some gastrointestinal hormones to reliably reduce meal size when administered prior to a meal, it is not understood why the repeated... (Review)
Review
Despite the ability of some gastrointestinal hormones to reliably reduce meal size when administered prior to a meal, it is not understood why the repeated administration or genetic knockout of these hormones appear largely ineffective in reducing food intake and body weight. Here, we review evidence that the ability of GI peptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK) to elicit satiation is a consequence of prior learning. Evidence includes first, that the ability of some of these signals to modify food intake depends upon past experience and is malleable with new experience. Additionally, the ability of CCK and other gut signals to reduce food intake may not be hard-wired; i.e., any so-called "satiation" signal that reduces food intake in a single-meal situation may not continue to do so over repeated trials. The individual will respond to the signal only so long as it provides reliable information about caloric content. If a particular signal becomes unreliable, the individual will rely on other signals to end meals. Thus, gut peptides/hormones have important metabolic effects such as mediating absorption, digestion, and many aspects of the distribution of ingested nutrients throughout the body; and, if they have been reliably associated with natural stimuli that mediate satiation, they also inform behavior.
Topics: Animals; Eating; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Humans; Peptides; Satiation
PubMed: 29577941
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.048 -
Nutrients Apr 2021Sensory and motor functions of the stomach, including gastric emptying and accommodation, have significant effects on energy consumption and appetite. Obesity is... (Review)
Review
Sensory and motor functions of the stomach, including gastric emptying and accommodation, have significant effects on energy consumption and appetite. Obesity is characterized by energy imbalance; altered gastric functions, such as rapid gastric emptying and large fasting gastric volume in obesity, may result in increased food intake prior to reaching usual fullness and increased appetite. Thus, many different interventions for obesity, including different diets, anti-obesity medications, bariatric endoscopy, and surgery, alter gastric functions and gastrointestinal motility. In this review, we focus on the role of the gastric and intestinal functions in food intake, pathophysiology of obesity, and obesity management.
Topics: Energy Intake; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Obesity; Satiation; Stomach
PubMed: 33915747
DOI: 10.3390/nu13041158 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Dec 2011
Topics: Appetite Regulation; Blood Glucose; Dietary Sucrose; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Satiation; Stomach; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 22170121
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.11.0998 -
Journal of Nutritional Science 2020This brief report summarises a framework for understanding satiety presented at the 13th European Nutrition Conference, FENS 2019 - Malnutrition in an Obese World:...
This brief report summarises a framework for understanding satiety presented at the 13th European Nutrition Conference, FENS 2019 - Malnutrition in an Obese World: European Perspectives. Aspects of satiety phenotyping and role of food hedonics in satiation are considered in the context of appetite control and obesity. Almonds are evaluated for their unique composition and structure which affect their behaviour in the human gastrointestinal tract. Their role in appetite control and management of satiety has been explored.
Topics: Appetite Regulation; Congresses as Topic; Europe; Humans; Malnutrition; Nutritional Requirements; Obesity; Satiation
PubMed: 33101661
DOI: 10.1017/jns.2020.32 -
Physiology & Behavior Nov 2011Peptidergic and neural signals arising from the presence of food in the gastrointestinal track provide feedback signals to the brain about the nature and quantity of... (Review)
Review
Peptidergic and neural signals arising from the presence of food in the gastrointestinal track provide feedback signals to the brain about the nature and quantity of consumed nutrients. Peptide secreting cells are differentially distributed along the gastrointestinal tract. How ingested nutrients activate or inhibit peptide secretion is complex and depends upon local, hormonal and neural mechanisms. The mode of action of the various peptides is equally complex involving endocrine, paracrine and neurocrine signaling. The success of bariatric surgical approaches to obesity treatment is secondary to alterations in gastrointestinal feedback signaling and roles of increased secretion of lower gut peptides such as peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in mediating the superior effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery are becoming evident. Direct nutrient delivery to jejunal sites that models the site of gastric-jejunal anastamosis in RYGB is especially effective at inhibiting food intake. Such infusions also stimulate the release of lower gut peptides suggesting a role for increased gut peptide signaling in sustaining such feeding inhibitions. Thus, gut peptides are clear targets for future obesity therapeutic developments.
Topics: Animals; Cholecystokinin; Feedback, Physiological; Ghrelin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Intestines; Peptide YY; Satiation
PubMed: 21315751
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.005 -
Nutrients Jan 2016Subjective feelings of appetite are measured using visual analogue scales (VAS) in controlled trials. However, the methods used to analyze VAS during the Satiation (pre-... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Subjective feelings of appetite are measured using visual analogue scales (VAS) in controlled trials. However, the methods used to analyze VAS during the Satiation (pre- to post-meal) and Satiety (post-meal to subsequent meal) periods vary broadly, making it difficult to compare results amongst independent studies testing the same product. This review proposes a methodology to analyze VAS during both the Satiation and Satiety periods, allowing us to compare results in a meta-analysis.
METHODS
A methodology to express VAS results as incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) for both the Satiation and Satiety periods is proposed using polydextrose as a case study. Further, a systematic review and meta-analysis on subjective feelings of appetite was conducted following the PRISMA methodology. Meta-analyses were expressed as Standardized Mean Difference (SMD).
RESULTS
Seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. There were important differences in the methods used to analyze appetite ratings amongst these studies. The separate subjective feelings of appetite reported were Hunger, Satisfaction, Fullness, Prospective Food Consumption, and the Desire to Eat. The method proposed here allowed the results of the different studies to be homogenized. The meta-analysis showed that Desire to Eat during the Satiation period favors polydextrose for the reduction of this subjective feeling of appetite (SMD = 0.24, I² < 0.01, p = 0.018); this effect was also significant in the sub-analysis by sex for the male population (SMD = 0.35, I² < 0.01, p = 0.015). There were no other significant results.
CONCLUSION
It is possible to compare VAS results from separate studies. The assessment of iAUC for both the Satiation and Satiety periods generates results of homogeneous magnitudes. This case study demonstrates, for the first time, that polydextrose reduces the Desire to Eat during the Satiation period. This may explain, at least in part, the observed effects of polydextrose on the reduction of levels of energy intake at subsequent meals.
Topics: Adult; Appetite; Area Under Curve; Emotions; Female; Food Additives; Glucans; Humans; Hunger; Male; Middle Aged; Postprandial Period; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Research Design; Satiation; Visual Analog Scale
PubMed: 26784221
DOI: 10.3390/nu8010045 -
Nutrients Sep 2014Increased energy consumption, especially increased consumption of sweet energy-dense food, is thought to be one of the main contributors to the escalating rates in... (Review)
Review
Increased energy consumption, especially increased consumption of sweet energy-dense food, is thought to be one of the main contributors to the escalating rates in overweight individuals and obesity globally. The individual's ability to detect or sense sweetness in the oral cavity is thought to be one of many factors influencing food acceptance, and therefore, taste may play an essential role in modulating food acceptance and/or energy intake. Emerging evidence now suggests that the sweet taste signaling mechanisms identified in the oral cavity also operate in the gastrointestinal system and may influence the development of satiety. Understanding the individual differences in detecting sweetness in both the oral and gastrointestinal system towards both caloric sugar and high intensity sweetener and the functional role of the sweet taste system may be important in understanding the reasons for excess energy intake. This review will summarize evidence of possible associations between the sweet taste mechanisms within the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and the brain systems towards both caloric sugar and high intensity sweetener and sweet taste function, which may influence satiation, satiety and, perhaps, predisposition to being overweight and obesity.
Topics: Diet; Dietary Sucrose; Energy Intake; Food Preferences; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Obesity; Satiation; Satiety Response; Sweetening Agents; Taste Perception; Taste Threshold
PubMed: 25184369
DOI: 10.3390/nu6093431 -
Appetite Aug 2018Purging disorder (PD) has been included as a named condition within the DSM-5 category of Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder and differs from bulimia nervosa... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Purging disorder (PD) has been included as a named condition within the DSM-5 category of Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder and differs from bulimia nervosa (BN) in the absence of binge-eating episodes. The current study evaluated satiation through behavioral and self-report measures to understand how this construct may explain distinct symptom presentations for bulimia nervosa (BN) and purging disorder (PD). Women (N = 119) were recruited from the community if they met DSM-5 criteria for BN (n = 57), PD (n = 31), or were free of eating pathology (n = 31 controls). Participants completed structured clinical interviews and questionnaires and an ad lib test meal during which they provided reports of subjective states. Significant group differences were found on self-reported symptoms, ad lib test meal intake, and subjective responses to food intake between individuals with eating disorders and controls and between BN and PD. Further, ad lib intake was associated with self-reported frequency and size of binge episodes. In a multivariable model, the amount of food consumed during binges as reported during clinical interviews predicted amount of food consumed during the ad lib test meal, controlling for other binge-related variables. Satiation deficits distinguish BN from PD and appear to be specifically linked to the size of binge episodes. Future work should expand exploration of physiological bases of these differences to contribute to novel interventions.
Topics: Bulimia Nervosa; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Meals; Satiation; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 29654850
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.009 -
Neurogastroenterology and Motility May 2008Studying communication between the gut and the brain is as relevant and exciting as it has been since Pavlov's discoveries a century ago. Although the efferent limb of... (Review)
Review
Studying communication between the gut and the brain is as relevant and exciting as it has been since Pavlov's discoveries a century ago. Although the efferent limb of this communication has witnessed significant advances, it is the afferent, or sensory, limb that has recently made for exciting news. It is now clear that signals from the gut are crucial for the control of appetite and the regulation of energy balance, glucose homeostasis, and more. Ghrelin, discovered just a few years ago, is the first gut hormone that increases appetite, and it may be involved in eating disorders. The stable analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1 has rapidly advanced to one of the most promising treatment options for type-2 diabetes. Changes in the signalling patterns of these and other gut hormones best explain the remarkable capacity of gastric bypass surgery to lower food intake and excess body weight. Given the enormous societal implications of the obesity epidemic, these are no small feats. Together with the older gut hormone cholecystokinin and abundant vagal mechanosensors, the gut continuously sends information to the brain regarding the quality and quantity of ingested nutrients, not only important for satiation and meal termination, but also for the appetitive phase of ingestive behaviour and the patterning of meals within given environmental constraints. By acting not only on brainstem and hypothalamus, this stream of sensory information from the gut to the brain is in a position to generate a feeling of satisfaction and happiness as observed after a satiating meal and exploited in vagal afferent stimulation for depression.
Topics: Animals; Appetite Regulation; Brain; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Neural Pathways; Personal Satisfaction; Satiation; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 18402643
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01104.x