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Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of... Dec 2008Interest in the control of feeding has increased as a result of the obesity epidemic and rising incidence of metabolic diseases. The brain detects alterations in energy... (Review)
Review
Interest in the control of feeding has increased as a result of the obesity epidemic and rising incidence of metabolic diseases. The brain detects alterations in energy stores and triggers metabolic and behavioral responses designed to maintain energy balance. Energy homeostasis is controlled mainly by neuronal circuits in the hypothalamus and brainstem, whereas reward and motivation aspects of eating behavior are controlled by neurons in limbic regions and the cerebral cortex. This article provides an integrated perspective on how metabolic signals emanating from the gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue, and other peripheral organs target the brain to regulate feeding, energy expenditure, and hormones. The pathogenesis and treatment of obesity and abnormalities of glucose and lipid metabolism are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Appetite Regulation; Brain; Cell Communication; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Intestines; Leptin; Metabolism; Models, Biological; Satiation; Satiety Response
PubMed: 19026933
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2008.08.005 -
Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2015The gastrointestinal tract is the gateway for food in our body. Food ingestion and the ensuing digestive processes depend on the composition and amount of ingested... (Review)
Review
The gastrointestinal tract is the gateway for food in our body. Food ingestion and the ensuing digestive processes depend on the composition and amount of ingested nutrients. This complex process of nutrient digestion and absorption is effectively regulated by the enteroendocrine system. Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) reside scattered throughout the intestinal epithelium. They express nutrient receptors that face the lumen and secrete peptide hormones in response to food. Besides regulating digestion, gastrointestinal endocrine cells are involved in the regulation of appetite and satiety. The first part of this review describes the anatomical and biological characteristics of EECs and discusses the capability of their hormones to influence appetite, satiety, and body weight. In the second part, we then discuss the therapeutic potential of EECs in the treatment of obesity.
Topics: Animals; Appetite; Body Weight; Energy Intake; Enteroendocrine Cells; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Satiation
PubMed: 25471008
DOI: 10.1159/000368898 -
Current Obesity Reports Mar 2015Recent advances in the approaches used to quantify expectations of satiation and satiety have led to a better understanding of how humans select and consume food, and... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in the approaches used to quantify expectations of satiation and satiety have led to a better understanding of how humans select and consume food, and the associated links to energy intake regulation. When compared calorie for calorie some foods are expected to deliver several times more satiety than others, and multiple studies have demonstrated that people are able to discriminate between similar foods reliably and with considerable sensitivity. These findings have implications for the control of meal size and the design of foods that can be used to lower the energy density of diets. These methods and findings are discussed in terms of their implications for weight management. The current paper also highlights why expected satiety may also play an important role beyond energy selection, in moderating appetite sensations after a meal has been consumed, through memory for recent eating and the selection of foods across future meals.
Topics: Appetite; Body Weight; Eating; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Obesity; Satiation; Satiety Response
PubMed: 26627096
DOI: 10.1007/s13679-015-0144-0 -
Appetite Oct 2021There are well known phenotypic differences in sweet-liking across individuals, but it remains unknown whether these are related to broader underlying differences in...
There are well known phenotypic differences in sweet-liking across individuals, but it remains unknown whether these are related to broader underlying differences in interoceptive abilities (abilities to sense the internal state of the body). Here, healthy women (N = 64) classified as sweet likers (SLs) or sweet dislikers (SDs) completed a bimodal interoception protocol. A heartbeat tracking and a heartbeat discrimination task determined cardiac interoception; both were accompanied by confidence ratings. A water load task, where participants consumed water to satiation and then to maximum fullness was used to assess gastric interoceptive abilities. Motivational state, psychometric characteristics and eating behaviour were also assessed. SLs performed significantly better than SDs on both heartbeat tasks, independently of impulsivity, anxiety, depression, and alexithymia. No differences in metacognitive awareness and subjective interoceptive measures were found. With gastric interoception, SLs were more sensitive to stomach distention, and they ingested less water than SDs to reach satiety when accounting for stomach capacity. SLs also scored higher on mindful and intuitive eating scales and on emotional eating particularly in response to negative stimuli; emotional overeating was fully mediated via interoceptive performance. Overall, our data suggest the SL phenotype may reflect enhanced responsiveness to internal cues more broadly.
Topics: Awareness; Emotions; Feeding Behavior; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Interoception; Satiation
PubMed: 33965436
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105290 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2012The prevalence of obesity is growing to epidemic proportions, and there is clearly a need for minimally invasive therapies with few adverse effects that allow for... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of obesity is growing to epidemic proportions, and there is clearly a need for minimally invasive therapies with few adverse effects that allow for sustained weight loss. Behavior and lifestyle therapy are safe treatments for obesity in the short term, but the durability of the weight loss is limited. Although promising obesity drugs are in development, the currently available drugs lack efficacy or have unacceptable side effects. Surgery leads to long-term weight loss, but it is associated with morbidity and mortality. Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) has received increasing attention as a potential tool for treating obesity and gastrointestinal dysmotility disorders. GES is a promising, minimally invasive, safe, and effective method for treating obesity. External gastric pacing is aimed at alteration of the motility of the gastrointestinal tract in a way that will alter absorption due to alteration of transit time. In addition, data from animal models and preliminary data from human trials suggest a role for the gut-brain axis in the mechanism of GES. This may involve alteration of secretion of hormones associated with hunger or satiety. Patient selection for gastric stimulation therapy seems to be an important determinant of the treatment's outcome. Here, we review the current status, potential mechanisms of action, and possible future applications of gastric stimulation for obesity.
Topics: Appetite; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Intestines; Obesity; Satiation; Stomach; Vagus Nerve; Weight Loss
PubMed: 22654422
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i19.2309 -
Physiology & Behavior Nov 2011Glutamate is the neurotransmitter responsible for fast excitatory transmission from vagal afferents to second order neurons in the NTS. Antagonism of NMDA-type glutamate... (Review)
Review
Glutamate is the neurotransmitter responsible for fast excitatory transmission from vagal afferents to second order neurons in the NTS. Antagonism of NMDA-type glutamate receptors in the NTS increases food intake and attenuates reduction of food intake by vagally mediated satiation signals, such as cholecystokinin. Although, the cellular location(s) of NMDA receptors that participate in satiation is uncertain, recent findings suggest that attenuation of satiation by NMDA receptor antagonists is due, at least in part, to their action on primary vagal afferents themselves. While evidence is accumulating that NMDA receptors located on vagal afferent endings in the hindbrain are involved in control of food intake, there also is preliminary evidence that peripheral NMDA receptors also may influence vagal control of food intake. Hence, NMDA receptor expression on central and perhaps peripheral vagal afferent endings could provide a parsimonious mechanism for modulation of satiation signals by endogenously released glutamate.
Topics: Animals; Eating; Nerve Endings; Neurons; Rats; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Rhombencephalon; Satiation; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 21382391
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.042 -
Appetite Nov 2021The notion of promoting parents' recognition of child satiation to reduce overfeeding and overeating in children is prevalent. To do so, it is important to identify...
The notion of promoting parents' recognition of child satiation to reduce overfeeding and overeating in children is prevalent. To do so, it is important to identify common behaviors that may indicate satiation and can be easily recognized by parents. Relatively little work has focused on identifying behaviors that may indicate child satiation as they occur during naturalistic mealtimes, which is an important context for parents to observe their children's eating behavior. Hence, the goal of the current study is to examine whether observed behavioral indicators of child satiation at mealtimes are associated with child characteristics (i.e., sex, age, and BMIz) and parent-reported child appetitive traits. We coded observed behaviors thought to indicate satiation, specifically mealtime disengagement and mealtime negativity, in a cohort of 240 families with children between 4- and 8-years old (53% boys). First, we documented the occurrence of child disengagement and negativity during naturalistic mealtimes. Second, we found that lower child BMIz and being a boy were associated with greater mealtime disengagement, but child age was not associated with mealtime disengagement. No associations were found between child characteristics and mealtime negativity. Third, we found that mealtime disengagement and mealtime negativity were associated with mother-reported satiety responsiveness on the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Taken together, our findings suggest observed mealtime disengagement and mealtime negativity behaviors could be helpful indicators of child satiation in a naturalistic mealtime context.
Topics: Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Meals; Mothers; Parents; Satiation; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 34171410
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105480 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Jun 2012Amylin is an important control of nutrient fluxes because it reduces energy intake, modulates nutrient utilization by inhibiting postprandial glucagon secretion, and... (Review)
Review
Amylin is an important control of nutrient fluxes because it reduces energy intake, modulates nutrient utilization by inhibiting postprandial glucagon secretion, and increases energy disposal by preventing compensatory decreases of energy expenditure in weight-reduced individuals. The best investigated function of amylin which is cosecreted with insulin is to reduce eating by promoting meal-ending satiation. This effect is thought to be mediated by a stimulation of specific amylin receptors in the area postrema. Secondary brain sites to mediate amylin action include the nucleus of the solitary tract and the lateral parabrachial nucleus, which convey the neural signal to the lateral hypothalamic area and other hypothalamic nuclei. Amylin may also signal adiposity because plasma levels of amylin are increased in adiposity and because higher amylin concentrations in the brain result in reduced body weight gain and adiposity, while amylin receptor antagonists increase body adiposity. The central mechanisms involved in amylin's effect on energy expenditure are much less known. A series of recent experiments in animals and humans indicate that amylin is a promising option for anti-obesity therapy especially in combination with other hormones. The most extensive dataset is available for the combination therapy of amylin and leptin. Ongoing research focuses on the mechanisms of these interactions.
Topics: Adiposity; Animals; Anti-Obesity Agents; Brain Stem; Energy Metabolism; Female; Gastric Emptying; Homeostasis; Humans; Insulin; Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; Leptin; Male; Mice; Obesity; Rats; Receptors, Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; Satiation
PubMed: 22193913
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0905-1 -
PloS One 2021The feeding pattern and control of energy intake in mice housed in groups are poorly understood. Here, we determined and quantified the normal feeding microstructure of...
The feeding pattern and control of energy intake in mice housed in groups are poorly understood. Here, we determined and quantified the normal feeding microstructure of social male and female mice of the C57BL/6J genetic background fed a chow diet. Mice at 10w, 20w and 30w of age showed the expected increase in lean and fat mass, being the latter more pronounced and variable in males than in females. Under ad libitum conditions, 20w and 30w old females housed in groups showed significantly increased daily energy intake when adjusted to body weight relative to age-matched males. This was the combined result of small increases in energy intake during the nocturnal and diurnal photoperiods of the day without major changes in the circadian pattern of energy intake or spontaneous ambulatory activity. The analysis of the feeding microstructure suggests sex- and age-related contributions of meal size, meal frequency and intermeal interval to the control of energy intake under stable energy balance, but not under negative energy balance imposed by prolonged fasting. During the night, 10-20w old females ate less frequently bigger meals and spent more time eating them resulting in reduced net energy intake relative to age-matched males. In addition, male and female mice at all ages tested significantly shortened the intermeal interval during the first hours of re-feeding in response to fasting without affecting meal size. Further, 20-30w old males lengthened their intermeal interval as re-feeding time increased to reach fed-levels faster than age-matched females. Collectively, our results suggest that the physiological mechanisms controlling meal size (satiation) and the non-eating time spent between meals (satiety) during stable or negative energy balance are regulated in a sex- and age-dependent manner in social mice.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Satiation
PubMed: 33539467
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246569 -
Nutrients Jan 2019Various conditioning factors influence the sensory response to a meal (inducible factors). We hypothesized that inherent characteristics of the eater (constitutive... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Various conditioning factors influence the sensory response to a meal (inducible factors). We hypothesized that inherent characteristics of the eater (constitutive factors) also play a role. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to determine the role of gender, as an individual constitutive factor, on the meal-related experience. Randomized parallel trial in 10 women and 10 men, comparing the sensations before, during, and after stepwise ingestion of a comfort meal up to full satiation. Comparisons were performed by repeated Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) measures. During stepwise ingestion, satisfaction initially increased up to a peak, and later decreased down to a nadir at the point of full satiation. Interestingly, the amount of food consumed at the well-being peak was lower, and induced significantly less fullness in women than in men. Hence, men required a larger meal load and stronger homeostatic sensations to achieve satisfaction. The same pattern was observed at the level of full satiation: men ate more and still experienced positive well-being, whereas in women, well-being scores dropped below pre-meal level. The effect of gender on the ingestion experience suggests that other constitutive factors of the eater may also influence responses to meals.
Topics: Adult; Eating; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Meals; Men; Pleasure; Postprandial Period; Satiation; Satiety Response; Sex Factors; Taste; Women; Young Adult
PubMed: 30626147
DOI: 10.3390/nu11010119