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Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Proteins... Jan 2018The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are thiolate heme proteins that can, often under physiological conditions, catalyze many distinct oxidative transformations on... (Review)
Review
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are thiolate heme proteins that can, often under physiological conditions, catalyze many distinct oxidative transformations on a wide variety of molecules, including relatively simple alkanes or fatty acids, as well as more complex compounds such as steroids and exogenous pollutants. They perform such impressive chemistry utilizing a sophisticated catalytic cycle that involves a series of consecutive chemical transformations of heme prosthetic group. Each of these steps provides a unique spectral signature that reflects changes in oxidation or spin states, deformation of the porphyrin ring or alteration of dioxygen moieties. For a long time, the focus of cytochrome P450 research was to understand the underlying reaction mechanism of each enzymatic step, with the biggest challenge being identification and characterization of the powerful oxidizing intermediates. Spectroscopic methods, such as electronic absorption (UV-Vis), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), Mössbauer, X-ray absorption (XAS), and resonance Raman (rR), have been useful tools in providing multifaceted and detailed mechanistic insights into the biophysics and biochemistry of these fascinating enzymes. The combination of spectroscopic techniques with novel approaches, such as cryoreduction and Nanodisc technology, allowed for generation, trapping and characterizing long sought transient intermediates, a task that has been difficult to achieve using other methods. Results obtained from the UV-Vis, rR and EPR spectroscopies are the main focus of this review, while the remaining spectroscopic techniques are briefly summarized. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
Topics: Biocatalysis; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radicals; Freezing; Glycerol; Heme; Iron; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Molecular; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen; Protein Structure, Secondary; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 28668640
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.06.021 -
Analytical Chemistry Feb 2021
Review
Topics: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Nanostructures; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Surface Properties
PubMed: 33434434
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05208 -
Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering Aug 2010Optical contrast based on elastic scattering interactions between light and matter can be used to probe cellular structure, cellular dynamics, and image tissue... (Review)
Review
Optical contrast based on elastic scattering interactions between light and matter can be used to probe cellular structure, cellular dynamics, and image tissue architecture. The quantitative nature and high sensitivity of light scattering signals to subtle alterations in tissue morphology, as well as the ability to visualize unstained tissue in vivo, has recently generated significant interest in optical-scatter-based biosensing and imaging. Here we review the fundamental methodologies used to acquire and interpret optical scatter data. We report on recent findings in this field and present current advances in optical scatter techniques and computational methods. Cellular and tissue data enabled by current advances in optical scatter spectroscopy and imaging stand to impact a variety of biomedical applications including clinical tissue diagnosis, in vivo imaging, drug discovery, and basic cell biology.
Topics: Cells; Humans; Light; Microscopy; Scattering, Radiation; Spectrum Analysis
PubMed: 20617940
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-061008-124811 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2014Given the rapid development of plant genomic technologies, a lack of access to plant phenotyping capabilities limits our ability to dissect the genetics of quantitative... (Review)
Review
Given the rapid development of plant genomic technologies, a lack of access to plant phenotyping capabilities limits our ability to dissect the genetics of quantitative traits. Effective, high-throughput phenotyping platforms have recently been developed to solve this problem. In high-throughput phenotyping platforms, a variety of imaging methodologies are being used to collect data for quantitative studies of complex traits related to the growth, yield and adaptation to biotic or abiotic stress (disease, insects, drought and salinity). These imaging techniques include visible imaging (machine vision), imaging spectroscopy (multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing), thermal infrared imaging, fluorescence imaging, 3D imaging and tomographic imaging (MRT, PET and CT). This paper presents a brief review on these imaging techniques and their applications in plant phenotyping. The features used to apply these imaging techniques to plant phenotyping are described and discussed in this review.
Topics: Microscopy, Fluorescence; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plants; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrum Analysis; Thermography; Tomography, Optical
PubMed: 25347588
DOI: 10.3390/s141120078 -
Communications Biology Jan 2021The proliferation and transmission of viruses has become a threat to worldwide biosecurity, as exemplified by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Early diagnosis of viral... (Review)
Review
The proliferation and transmission of viruses has become a threat to worldwide biosecurity, as exemplified by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Early diagnosis of viral infection and disease control have always been critical. Virus detection can be achieved based on various plasmonic phenomena, including propagating surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localized SPR, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhanced fluorescence and surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy. The present review covers all available information on plasmonic-based virus detection, and collected data on these sensors based on several parameters. These data will assist the audience in advancing research and development of a new generation of versatile virus biosensors.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Nanostructures; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Surface Plasmon Resonance
PubMed: 33452375
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01615-8 -
Optics Express Dec 2012The ability to retrieve information from different layers within a stratified sample using terahertz pulsed reflection imaging and spectroscopy has traditionally been...
The ability to retrieve information from different layers within a stratified sample using terahertz pulsed reflection imaging and spectroscopy has traditionally been resolution limited by the pulse width available. In this paper, a deconvolution algorithm is presented which circumvents this resolution limit, enabling deep sub-wavelength and sub-pulse width depth resolution. The algorithm is explained through theoretical investigation, and demonstrated by reconstructing signals reflected from boundaries in stratified materials that cannot be resolved directly from the unprocessed time-domain reflection signal. Furthermore, the deconvolution technique has been used to recreate sub-surface images from a stratified sample: imaging the reverse side of a piece of paper.
Topics: Algorithms; Cyperus; Fourier Analysis; Models, Theoretical; Plastics; Spectrum Analysis; Terahertz Imaging; Terahertz Radiation
PubMed: 23262673
DOI: 10.1364/OE.20.027230 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Jan 2015
Topics: Energy Metabolism; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Spectrum Analysis; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Vibration
PubMed: 25448165
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.10.003 -
The Analyst Apr 2013Correlated chemical imaging is an emerging strategy for acquisition of images by combining information from multiplexed measurement platforms to track, visualize, and... (Review)
Review
Correlated chemical imaging is an emerging strategy for acquisition of images by combining information from multiplexed measurement platforms to track, visualize, and interpret in situ changes in the structure, organization, and activities of interesting chemical systems, frequently spanning multiple decades in space and time. Acquiring and correlating information from complementary imaging experiments has the potential to expose complex chemical behavior in ways that are simply not available from single methods applied in isolation, thereby greatly amplifying the information gathering power of imaging experiments. However, in order to correlate image information across platforms, a number of issues must be addressed. First, signals are obtained from disparate experiments with fundamentally different figures of merit, including pixel size, spatial resolution, dynamic range, and acquisition rates. In addition, images are often acquired on different instruments in different locations, so the sample must be registered spatially so that the same area of the sample landscape is addressed. The signals acquired must be correlated in both spatial and temporal domains, and the resulting information has to be presented in a way that is readily understood. These requirements pose special challenges for image cross-correlation that go well beyond those posed in single technique imaging approaches. The special opportunities and challenges that attend correlated imaging are explored by specific reference to correlated mass spectrometric and Raman imaging, a topic of substantial and growing interest.
Topics: Biofuels; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Lignin; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mass Spectrometry; Microscopy, Confocal; Molecular Imaging; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 23431559
DOI: 10.1039/c3an36416j -
Cancer Nov 2003Recent advances in fiber optics, sources and detectors, imaging, and computer-controlled instrumentation have stimulated a period of unprecedented growth in the... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in fiber optics, sources and detectors, imaging, and computer-controlled instrumentation have stimulated a period of unprecedented growth in the development of photonics technologies for a wide variety of diagnostic and therapeutic clinical applications. These include the application of quantitative optical spectroscopy and imaging for the detection of precancerous lesions in the uterine cervix, a topic of interest at the Second International Conference on Cervical Cancer, which was held April 11-14, 2002. Investigators have applied the Littenberg method of emerging technology assessment to new optical methods used to detect cervical neoplasia. Currently, such technologies as fluorescence spectroscopy (the combination of fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy), tri-modal spectroscopy, and light-scattering spectroscopy that probe the spectral characteristics of tissue are being investigated. Optical technologies that create images of subcellular structure without biopsy subsequent to pathology that currently are under investigation include in vivo confocal imaging and optical coherence tomography. Numerous small studies have demonstrated the potential of these optical technologies. What remains to be elucidated are the fundamental biophysical origins of variations in remitted optical signals between normal and dysplastic tissue. Large multicenter randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the detection and imaging capabilities of optical technology. Furthermore, the development of contrast agents that could boost detection with these technologies is needed, and basic biologic characterization of signals should be pursued. Applying the Littenberg assessment will help ensure that superior, not simply alternative, technologies are implemented.
Topics: Cervix Uteri; Female; Humans; Microscopy, Confocal; Precancerous Conditions; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrum Analysis; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 14603538
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11678 -
Journal of Biomedical Optics Jun 2013The importance of dermatological noninvasive imaging techniques has increased over the last decades, aiming at diagnosing nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Technological... (Review)
Review
The importance of dermatological noninvasive imaging techniques has increased over the last decades, aiming at diagnosing nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Technological progress has led to the development of various analytical tools, enabling the in vivo/in vitro examination of lesional human skin with the aim to increase diagnostic accuracy and decrease morbidity and mortality. The structure of the skin layers, their chemical composition, and the distribution of their compounds permits the noninvasive photodiagnosis of skin diseases, such as skin cancers, especially for early stages of malignant tumors. An important role in the dermatological diagnosis and disease monitoring has been shown for promising spectroscopic and imaging techniques, such as fluorescence, diffuse reflectance, Raman and near-infrared spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. We review the use of these spectroscopic techniques as noninvasive tools for the photodiagnosis of NMSC.
Topics: Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Dermoscopy; Diagnostic Imaging; Equipment Design; Humans; Light; Microscopy, Confocal; Nitrogen; Skin; Skin Neoplasms; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrophotometry; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Tyrosine
PubMed: 23748702
DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.18.6.061221