-
Respiration; International Review of... 2014Thoracic ultrasound is a noninvasive and portable diagnostic tool which is highly indicated for an initial workup of thoracic emergencies. The suspicion of a... (Review)
Review
Thoracic ultrasound is a noninvasive and portable diagnostic tool which is highly indicated for an initial workup of thoracic emergencies. The suspicion of a pneumothorax, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism or a lung contusion after trauma can be quickly assessed using ultrasound. Main advantages are its good availability and the steep learning curve. Another advantage of thoracic sonography is that this rapid, symptom-based examination has a high sensitivity and specificity. However, a disadvantage is that only pleura-affecting lesions or lesions visible through a sound window, e.g. an effusion or a subpleural consolidation, can be reached.
Topics: Emergency Medical Services; Humans; Lung Diseases; Pericardial Effusion; Pleural Diseases; Thorax; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 24434357
DOI: 10.1159/000357685 -
British Journal of Anaesthesia Oct 1983
Topics: Diaphragm; Halothane; Humans; Movement; Respiration; Thorax
PubMed: 6626408
DOI: 10.1093/bja/55.10.925 -
The Journal of Thoracic and... Sep 2017
Topics: Internet; Thorax
PubMed: 28579264
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.03.148 -
Journal of the Royal Society, Interface Apr 2023Insects have developed diverse flight actuation mechanisms, including synchronous and asynchronous musculature. Indirect actuation, used by insects with both synchronous...
Insects have developed diverse flight actuation mechanisms, including synchronous and asynchronous musculature. Indirect actuation, used by insects with both synchronous and asynchronous musculature, transforms thorax exoskeletal deformation into wing rotation. Though thorax deformation is often attributed exclusively to muscle tension, the inertial and aerodynamic forces generated by the flapping wings may also contribute. In this study, a tethered flight experiment was used to simultaneously measure thorax deformation and the inertial/aerodynamic forces acting on the thorax generated by the flapping wing. Compared to insects with synchronous musculature, insects with asynchronous muscle deformed their thorax 60% less relative to their thorax diameter and their wings generated 2.8 times greater forces relative to their body weight. In a second experiment, dorsalventral thorax stiffness was measured across species. Accounting for weight and size, the asynchronous thorax was on average 3.8 times stiffer than the synchronous thorax in the dorsalventral direction. Differences in thorax stiffness and forces acting at the wing hinge led us to hypothesize about differing roles of series and parallel elasticity in the thoraxes of insects with synchronous and asynchronous musculature. Specifically, wing hinge elasticity may contribute more to wing motion in insects with asynchronous musculature than in those with synchronous musculature.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Flight, Animal; Insecta; Elasticity; Thorax; Wings, Animal; Models, Biological
PubMed: 37015268
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0029 -
PloS One 2021Medical imaging as method to assess the longitudinal process of a SARS-CoV-2 infection in non-human primates is commonly used in research settings. Bronchoalveolar...
Medical imaging as method to assess the longitudinal process of a SARS-CoV-2 infection in non-human primates is commonly used in research settings. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is regularly used to determine the local virus production and immune effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the lower respiratory tract. However, the potential interference of those two diagnostic modalities is unknown in non-human primates. The current study investigated the effect and duration of BAL on computed tomography (CT) in both healthy and experimentally SARS-CoV-2-infected female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). In addition, the effect of subsequent BALs was reviewed. Thorax CTs and BALs were obtained from four healthy animals and 11 experimentally SARS-CoV-2-infected animals. From all animals, CTs were obtained just before BAL, and 24 hours post-BAL. Additionally, from the healthy animals, CTs immediately after, and four hours post-BAL were obtained. Thorax CTs were evaluated for alterations in lung density, measured in Hounsfield units, and a visual semi-quantitative scoring system. An increase in the lung density was observed on the immediately post-BAL CT but resolved within 24 hours in the healthy animals. In the infected animals, a significant difference in both the lung density and CT score was still found 24 hours after BAL. Furthermore, the differences between time points in CT score were increased for the second BAL. These results indicate that the effect of BAL on infected lungs is not resolved within the first 24 hours. Therefore, it is important to acknowledge the interference between BAL and CT in rhesus macaques.
Topics: Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; COVID-19; Disease Models, Animal; Lung; Macaca mulatta; SARS-CoV-2; Thorax; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34242213
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252941 -
European Respiratory Review : An... Sep 2016For many respiratory physicians, point-of-care chest ultrasound is now an integral part of clinical practice. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound to detect... (Review)
Review
For many respiratory physicians, point-of-care chest ultrasound is now an integral part of clinical practice. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound to detect abnormalities of the pleura, the lung parenchyma and the thoracic musculoskeletal system is well described. However, the efficacy of a test extends beyond just diagnostic accuracy. The true value of a test depends on the degree to which diagnostic accuracy efficacy influences decision-making efficacy, and the subsequent extent to which this impacts health outcome efficacy. We therefore reviewed the demonstrable levels of test efficacy for bedside ultrasound of the pleura, lung parenchyma and thoracic musculoskeletal system.For bedside ultrasound of the pleura, there is evidence supporting diagnostic accuracy efficacy, decision-making efficacy and health outcome efficacy, predominantly in guiding pleural interventions. For the lung parenchyma, chest ultrasound has an impact on diagnostic accuracy and decision-making for patients presenting with acute respiratory failure or breathlessness, but there are no data as yet on actual health outcomes. For ultrasound of the thoracic musculoskeletal system, there is robust evidence only for diagnostic accuracy efficacy.We therefore outline avenues to further validate bedside chest ultrasound beyond diagnostic accuracy, with an emphasis on confirming enhanced health outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Reproducibility of Results; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Severity of Illness Index; Thorax; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 27581823
DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0047-2016 -
Chest Feb 2021A database of normative quantitative measures of regional thoracic ventilatory dynamics, which is essential to understanding better thoracic growth and function in...
BACKGROUND
A database of normative quantitative measures of regional thoracic ventilatory dynamics, which is essential to understanding better thoracic growth and function in children, does not exist.
RESEARCH QUESTION
How to quantify changes in the components of ventilatory pump dynamics during childhood via thoracic quantitative dynamic MRI (QdMRI)?
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
Volumetric parameters were derived via 51 dynamic MRI scans for left and right lungs, hemidiaphragms, and hemichest walls during tidal breathing. Volume-based symmetry and functional coefficients were defined to compare left and right sides and to compare contributions of the hemidiaphragms and hemichest walls with tidal volumes (TVs). Statistical analyses were performed to compare volume components among four age-based groups.
RESULTS
Right thoracic components were significantly larger than left thoracic components, with average ratios of 1.56 (95% CI, 1.41-1.70) for lung TV, 1.81 (95% CI, 1.60-2.03) for hemidiaphragm excursion TV, and 1.34 (95% CI, 1.21-1.47) for hemichest wall excursion TV. Right and left lung volumes at end-expiration showed, respectively, a 44% and 48% increase from group 2 (8 ≤ age < 10) to group 3 (10 ≤ age < 12). These numbers from group 3 to group 4 (12 ≤ age ≤ 14) were 24% and 28%, respectively. Right and left hemichest wall TVs exhibited, respectively, 48% and 45% increases from group 3 to group 4.
INTERPRETATION
Normal right and left ventilatory volume components have considerable asymmetry in morphologic features and dynamics and change with age. Chest wall and diaphragm contributions vary in a likewise manner. Thoracic QdMRI can provide quantitative data to characterize the regional function and growth of the thorax as it relates to ventilation.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Development; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Pennsylvania; Reference Values; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory System; Thorax
PubMed: 32768456
DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.066 -
Zeitschrift Fur Medizinische Physik May 2023To demonstrate free-breathing thoracic MRI with a minimal-TR balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) technique using wobbling Archimedean spiral pole (WASP)...
PURPOSE
To demonstrate free-breathing thoracic MRI with a minimal-TR balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) technique using wobbling Archimedean spiral pole (WASP) trajectories.
METHODS
Phantom and free-breathing in vivo chest imaging in healthy volunteers was performed at 1.5T with a half-radial, dual-echo, bSSFP sequence, termed bSTAR. For maximum sampling efficiency, a single analog-to-digital converter window along the full bipolar readout was used. To ensure a homogeneous coverage of the k-space over multiple breathing cycles, radial k-space sampling followed short-duration Archimedean spiral interleaves that were randomly titled by a small polar angle and rotated by a golden angle about the polar axis; depticting a wobbling Archimedean spiral pole (WASP) trajectory. In phantom and in vivo experiments, WASP trajectories were compared to spiral phyllotaxis sampling in terms of eddy currents and were used to generate in vivo thorax images at different respiratory phases.
RESULTS
WASP trajectories provided artifact-free bSTAR imaging in both phantom and in vivo and respiratory self-gated reconstruction was successfully performed in all subjects. The amount of the acquired data allowed the reconstruction of 10 volumes at different respiratory levels with isotropic resolution of 1.77mm from a scan of 5.5minutes (using a TR of 1.32ms), and one high-resolution 1.16mm end-expiratory volume from a scan of 4.7minutes (using a TR of 1.42ms). The very short TR of bSTAR mitigated off-resonance artifacts despite the large field-of-view.
CONCLUSION
We have demonstrated the feasibility of high-resolution free-breathing thoracic imaging with bSTAR using the wobbling Archimedean spiral pole in healthy subjects at 1.5T.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Respiration; Phantoms, Imaging; Thorax; Artifacts
PubMed: 35190223
DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.01.003 -
Medical Sciences (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024Dynamic digital radiography (DDR) is a high-resolution radiographic imaging technique using pulsed X-ray emission to acquire a multiframe cine-loop of the target... (Review)
Review
Dynamic digital radiography (DDR) is a high-resolution radiographic imaging technique using pulsed X-ray emission to acquire a multiframe cine-loop of the target anatomical area. The first DDR technology was orthostatic chest acquisitions, but new portable equipment that can be positioned at the patient's bedside was recently released, significantly expanding its potential applications, particularly in chest examination. It provides anatomical and functional information on the motion of different anatomical structures, such as the lungs, pleura, rib cage, and trachea. Native images can be further analyzed with dedicated post-processing software to extract quantitative parameters, including diaphragm motility, automatically projected lung area and area changing rate, a colorimetric map of the signal value change related to respiration and motility, and lung perfusion. The dynamic diagnostic information along with the significant advantages of this technique in terms of portability, versatility, and cost-effectiveness represents a potential game changer for radiological diagnosis and monitoring at the patient's bedside. DDR has several applications in daily clinical practice, and in this narrative review, we will focus on chest imaging, which is the main application explored to date in the literature. However, studies are still needed to understand deeply the clinical impact of this method.
Topics: Humans; Radiography, Thoracic; Radiography; Thorax; Diaphragm; Lung
PubMed: 38390860
DOI: 10.3390/medsci12010010 -
STAR Protocols Jun 2022This protocol describes the preparation of pupae for laser ablation and live imaging of the notum (dorsal thorax). Because the pupa is stationary, it can be...
This protocol describes the preparation of pupae for laser ablation and live imaging of the notum (dorsal thorax). Because the pupa is stationary, it can be continuously live imaged for multiple days if desired, making it ideal for studying wound signaling and repair, from before laser ablation through wound closure. In this protocol, we demonstrate the processes of staging, partially dissecting, mounting, wounding, and live imaging the pupal notum, with the wounding occurring during the live imaging process. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to O'Connor et al. (2021b).
Topics: Animals; Drosophila; Drosophila melanogaster; Laser Therapy; Pupa; Thorax
PubMed: 35600923
DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101396