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The Indian Medical Gazette May 1876
PubMed: 28997803
DOI: No ID Found -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Jun 2020Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSAPanel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific...
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSAPanel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of essential oil, oleoresin and tincture from Roscoe when used as sensory additives in feed for all animal species. The FEEDAPPanel concludes that the additives under consideration are safe for the target species at the following use levels: (i) ginger essential oil up to the maximum proposed use level of 80 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer) and 20 mg/kg complete feed (or 20 mg/L water for drinking) for all other species; (ii) ginger oleoresin at the maximum proposed concentrations of 20 mg/kg complete feed for fish, sheep, goats and horses and of 1 mg/kg for pets. For the remaining species, the calculated maximum safe concentration of ginger oleoresin in feed is less than that proposed use level and ranges from 5 mg/kg complete feed for chickens for fattening to 21 mg/kg for veal calves; (iii) ginger tincture at the maximum proposed concentrations of 1.6 mL/kg complete feed for horses and 0.26 mL/kg for dogs. For poultry species, the calculated maximum safe dose ranges between 0.2 and 0.3 mg/L water for drinking. No concerns for consumers were identified following the use of the additives up to the highest safe level in animal nutrition. The additives should be considered as irritants to skin and eyes and the respiratory tract and as a skin sensitisers. The use of the additives in feed is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since ginger and its preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary.
PubMed: 32874325
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6147 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Jun 2020Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific...
Safety and efficacy of turmeric extract, turmeric oil, turmeric oleoresin and turmeric tincture from L. rhizome when used as sensory additives in feed for all animal species.
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of turmeric extract, turmeric oil, turmeric oleoresin and turmeric tincture from L. rhizome when used as sensory additives in feed and in water for drinking for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that the additives under consideration are safe at the maximum proposed use levels: (i) turmeric extract at 15 mg/kg complete feed (or in water for drinking at comparable exposure) for all animal species; (ii) turmeric essential oil at 80 mg/kg feed for veal calves (milk replacer) and 20 mg/kg complete feed (or 20 mg/L) for all other species; (iii) turmeric oleoresin at 30 mg/kg complete feed (or 30 mg/L) for chickens for fattening and laying hens and 5 mg/kg complete feed (or 5 mg/L) for pigs, veal calves, cattle for fattening and dairy cows, sheep, goats, horses, rabbits and fish; (iv) turmeric tincture at 0.8 mL/L water for drinking for poultry, 6 mL per head and day for horses and 0.05 mL tincture/kg complete feed for dogs. No concerns for consumers were identified following the use of the additives at the proposed use level in animal nutrition. Turmeric extract, turmeric oil, turmeric oleoresin and turmeric tincture should be considered as irritants to skin and eyes and the respiratory tract and as skin sensitisers. The use of the additives in feed is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since turmeric and its preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary.
PubMed: 32874324
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6146 -
The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology... Jul 2014The incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) has increased dramatically during the past 15 years, likely due to an increase in antepartum maternal opiate use.... (Review)
Review
The incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) has increased dramatically during the past 15 years, likely due to an increase in antepartum maternal opiate use. Optimal care of these patients is still controversial because of the available published literature lacking sufficient sample size, placebo control, and comparative pharmacologic trials. Primary treatment for NAS consists of opioid replacement therapy with either morphine or methadone. Paregoric and tincture of opium have been abandoned because of relative safety concerns. Buprenorphine is emerging as a treatment option with promising initial experience. Adjunctive agents should be considered for infants failing treatment with opioid monotherapy. Traditionally, phenobarbital has been used as adjunctive therapy; however, results of clonidine as adjunctive therapy for NAS appear to be beneficial. Future directions for research in NAS should include validating a simplified scoring tool, conducting comparative studies, exploring home management options, and optimizing management through pharmacogenomics.
PubMed: 25309144
DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-19.3.147 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Dec 2022Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the roots of (Oliv.)...
Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a tincture derived from the roots of (Oliv.) Diels (dong quai tincture) for use in poultry, horses, dogs and cats (FEFANA asbl).
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the roots of (Oliv.) Diels (dong quai tincture) when used as a sensory additive in feed for horses, dogs and cats and in water for drinking for poultry species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the additive is safe for horses and dogs at the maximum proposed use level of 123 and 481 mg/kg complete feed, respectively. For cats, the calculated safe concentration is 184 mg/kg complete feed. For the poultry species, the calculated safe concentration in water for drinking is 79 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 117 mg/kg for laying hens and 106 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of dong quai tincture up to the highest safe levels in feed. The additive under assessment should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. The use of the dong quai tincture as a flavour in animal feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since the root of has flavouring properties and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary.
PubMed: 36540776
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7692 -
Effects of opium tincture on the enteric and central nervous systems: A randomized controlled trial.Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &... May 2023Opioids change gut motility, and opium tincture has been used for treatment of chronic diarrhoea for centuries. However, the effects have never been documented in... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Opioids change gut motility, and opium tincture has been used for treatment of chronic diarrhoea for centuries. However, the effects have never been documented in controlled trials. We aimed to investigate the effects of opium tincture on gastrointestinal transit and motility, frequency of bowel movements, stool consistency, gastrointestinal symptoms and sedation. Twenty healthy subjects were included in this randomized controlled trial. Opium tincture or placebo was each applied for 9 days. Gastrointestinal transit and motility were investigated with the 3D-transit system. Bowel movements and gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded daily. General cognition, reaction time, memory and electroencephalography were used to assess effects on the central nervous system. Opium tincture doubled colonic transit (49 vs. 23 h, p < 0.001), decreased antegrade colonic movements (p < 0.05), reduced daily bowel movements (0.7 vs. 1.2, p < 0.001) and increased stool consistency (Type 3 vs. Type 4, p < 0.001). No changes in general cognition, reaction time or memory were observed, and minor changes of power observed by electroencephalography did not indicate sedation. This study is the first to show that opium tincture has anti-propulsive properties in the healthy gut, while no sedative effects were seen. This indicates that opium tincture is a relevant and safe treatment option in chronic diarrhoea.
Topics: Humans; Opium; Gastrointestinal Transit; Gastrointestinal Motility; Diarrhea; Central Nervous System
PubMed: 36851814
DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13850 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Apr 2023Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of juniper oil and juniper tincture obtained...
Safety and efficacy of feed additives consisting of an essential oil and tincture from the berries of L. (juniper oil and juniper tincture) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of juniper oil and juniper tincture obtained from the berries of L., when used as sensory additives for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that juniper oil is safe up to the maximum proposed use levels in complete feed of 5 mg/kg for laying hens, 15 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer) and cattle for fattening and 20 mg/kg for ornamental fish. For the other species, the calculated safe concentrations in complete feed were 4 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 5 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 7 mg/kg for piglets, 8 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 10 mg/kg for sows, dairy cows, 16 mg/kg for sheep, goats and horses, 6 mg/kg for rabbits, 17 mg/kg for salmonids, 18 mg/kg for dogs and 3 mg/kg for cats. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive was considered safe at 3 mg/kg complete feed. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that juniper tincture is safe up to the maximum proposed use level in feed of 45 mg/kg complete feed or water for drinking for all animal species. No concerns for consumers and the environment were identified following the use of the additives to the highest safe level in feed. The additives under assessment should be considered as irritants to skin and eyes, and as skin and respiratory sensitisers. Since the berries of and their preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.
PubMed: 37089171
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7977 -
Biomedical Journal Jun 2018The present study aimed to evaluate the possible acute oral toxicity of Baccharistrimera leaf dye as well as its antimicrobial activity.
BACKGROUND
The present study aimed to evaluate the possible acute oral toxicity of Baccharistrimera leaf dye as well as its antimicrobial activity.
METHOD
Organization for Economic co-operation and development (OECD) 423 was used to assess acute oral toxicity and as per protocol a dose of 2000 mg/kg of tincture was administered to Wistar rats, male and female, and observed for 14 days. Biochemical and hematological analyzes were performed with sample collected of rat. The dye was evaluated for antimicrobial activity by agar diffusion and microdilution methods, which allow to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and antibiofilm potential.
RESULTS
The results showed that there was no loss of animals and no significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters after oral administration of 2000 mg/kg of tincture and was considered safe by the OECD, classified as category 5. The dyeing also showed an important antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria also significantly decreased the microbial biofilm.
CONCLUSION
The tincture of B.trimera leaf when given orally once can be considered safe and has a relevant antimicrobial potential that should be elucidated in subsequent research.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Baccharis; Biofilms; Female; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Toxicity Tests, Acute
PubMed: 30080659
DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.04.006 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Dec 2022Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the fruit (pericarps and...
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the fruit (pericarps and seeds) of Hook f. (star anise tincture) when used as a sensory feed additive for all animal species. The product is a ■■■■■ solution, with a dry matter content of approximately 1.86%. The product contained on average 0.2588% polyphenols (of which 0.0229% were flavonoids, including 0.0036% rutin), anethole (0.018%) and estragole (0.00039%). The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the star anise tincture is safe at the maximum proposed use levels of 200 mg/kg complete feed for horses and 50 mg/kg complete feed for all other animal species. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the use in water for drinking is safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount which is considered safe when consumed via feed. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of star anise tincture up to the maximum proposed use levels in feed. Star anise tincture should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. When handling the tincture, exposure of unprotected users to estragole cannot be excluded. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. The use of star anise tincture as a flavour in animal feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since the fruit of and its preparations are recognised to provide flavour in food and their function in feed would be essentially the same, no demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.
PubMed: 36540777
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7695 -
Animal Nutrition (Zhongguo Xu Mu Shou... Mar 2022Plant extracts (PE) are gaining increased attention as potential alternatives to in-feed antimicrobials (AM) due to their known antimicrobial activities. This study was...
Plant extracts (PE) are gaining increased attention as potential alternatives to in-feed antimicrobials (AM) due to their known antimicrobial activities. This study was conducted to examine the potential of PE, a microencapsulated product composed of eugenol and garlic tincture as an alternative to AM-agent on performance and intestinal health in broilers under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 960 day-old mixed-sex Cobb 500 chicks were randomly distributed to 48-floor pens with 6 treatments replicated 8 times with 20 birds each. The 6 treatments were as follows: UC, unchallenged control; CC, challenged control; PE, challenged group plus PE; AM, challenged group plus AM; FAP, challenged group plus a full dose of AM with PE; HAP, challenged group plus a half dose of AM with PE in starter, grower and finisher phases. Birds in the challenged groups were inoculated with spp. on d 9 and on d 14. The body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and livability of birds were compromised, and intestinal lesions and mortality were increased ( < 0.05) by NE challenge, illustrating a successful clinical NE challenge. Birds fed AM had higher BWG and FI, and lower FCR, mortality, and intestinal lesions compared to the CC group ( < 0.05). Birds fed PE had improved FCR ( < 0.05) and livability (5.8%) in an overall period compared to the CC group. On d 16, PE supplementation reduced ileal lesion scores in only male birds ( < 0.05). Birds fed PE had decreased and oocyst counts in caecal content ( < 0.05). Birds fed PE had decreased and total oocyst counts in caecal content, and . oocyst counts in ileal content in only female birds ( < 0.05). On d 35, PE supplementation reduced variation of BW in both male and female birds and increased yellowness (b∗ value, 14.4%) in the thigh. These findings suggest the potential of PE supplementation in diets to improve the performance and intestinal health of birds under clinical NE as indicated by improved FCR, livability, uniformity, reduced ileal lesions, oocyst counts and increased skin yellowness. However, the protective effect of PE may not be apparent in the presence of AM in the feed.
PubMed: 34977373
DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.07.007