-
Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Oct 2021Women are ubiquitously exposed to non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from food contact materials and personal care products. Understanding the impacts... (Review)
Review
Women are ubiquitously exposed to non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from food contact materials and personal care products. Understanding the impacts of exposure to these chemicals on pregnancy and long-term health outcomes in women is a critical area of research that has been largely overlooked. This brief review focuses on the epidemiologic literature exploring associations of non-persistent EDCs - including phthalates, parabens, bisphenols, and triclosan - with maternal pregnancy outcomes and long-term health outcomes in women. We focus on the challenges of this research, particularly assessing non-persistent EDC exposures, aspects of study design, and statistical approaches. We conclude by reviewing the best practices for non-persistent EDC research with regards to pregnancy and women's health. Though limited, we found some evidence indicating that exposure to non-persistent EDCs is associated with pregnancy health. However, findings from these studies have been inconsistent and require corroboration. Recent studies have also proposed that non-persistent EDC exposures in pregnancy may adversely affect postnatal maternal health. To date, only a few studies have been conducted and have only focused on postpartum weight. More research is needed in this area to inform efforts to promote optimal health across the lifespan of women.
Topics: Endocrine Disruptors; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Triclosan; Women's Health
PubMed: 34486984
DOI: 10.1530/REP-21-0051 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2022Background: Triclosan, bisphenol A (BPA), and brominated flame retardants are environmental estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds that may influence the prognosis of...
Urinary Concentrations of Triclosan, Bisphenol A, and Brominated Flame Retardants and the Association of Triclosan with Demographic Characteristics and Body Fatness among Women with Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer.
Background: Triclosan, bisphenol A (BPA), and brominated flame retardants are environmental estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds that may influence the prognosis of breast cancer. We examined the urinary concentrations of these compounds and their associations with demographic characteristics and body fatness in a population of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Methods: Overnight urine collection and anthropometric measures were obtained from 302 participants. Triclosan, BPA, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) concentrations were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry. Regression analyses were conducted to examine associations of urinary compound concentration with age, menopause, race, ethnicity, educational level, estrogen receptor status, body size, and body composition. Results: Triclosan, BPA, and TBBA were detected in urine samples from 98.3%, 6.0%, and 0.3% of patients, respectively; TBBPA was undetectable. Among patients with quantifiable values, the geometric mean concentrations were 20.74 µg/L (27.04 µg/g creatinine) for triclosan and 0.82 µg/L (1.08 µg/g creatinine) for BPA. Body mass index ≥ 30 vs. <25 kg/m2 was associated with lower creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of triclosan (−40.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −77.19 to −2.81; p = 0.0351). The observed association was predominantly in postmenopausal women (−66.57; 95% CI: −109.18% to −23.96%). Consistent results were found for associations between triclosan levels and fat mass variables. Conclusion: In this study population, women with newly diagnosed breast cancer had triclosan exposure. Assessments of the implications of urinary concentrations of triclosan for women should consider body fatness and menopausal status.
Topics: Benzhydryl Compounds; Breast Neoplasms; Creatinine; Demography; Female; Flame Retardants; Humans; Male; Phenols; Triclosan
PubMed: 35457549
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084681 -
Environmental Research Jul 2017Triclosan is an antimicrobial chemical used in consumer products, and exposure is ubiquitous among pregnant women in the United States. Triclosan may reduce the levels...
BACKGROUND
Triclosan is an antimicrobial chemical used in consumer products, and exposure is ubiquitous among pregnant women in the United States. Triclosan may reduce the levels of thyroid hormones that are important for fetal growth and development.
OBJECTIVE
We investigated the relationship of prenatal triclosan exposure with birth anthropometry and gestational duration.
METHODS
We used data from 378 mother-child pairs participating in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort from Cincinnati, OH. We measured triclosan concentrations in maternal urine samples collected at 16 and 26 weeks of pregnancy. We abstracted information on neonatal anthropometry and gestational duration from medical records. We used multivariable linear regression to estimate the covariate-adjusted association between the average of the two urinary triclosan concentrations and gestational age standardized weight z-score, length, head circumference, and gestational age at birth.
RESULTS
Median urinary triclosan concentrations were 16ng/mL (range: <2.4 to 1501ng/mL). Each 10-fold increase in triclosan was associated with a predicted 0.15 standard deviation decrease (95% CI: -0.30, 0.00) in birth weight z-score, 0.4-cm decrease (95% CI: -0.8, 0.1) in birth length, 0.3-cm decrease (95% CI: -0.5, 0.0) in head circumference, and 0.3-week decrease (95% CI: -0.6, -0.1) in gestational age. Child sex did not modify the associations between triclosan and birth outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
In this cohort, maternal urinary triclosan concentrations during pregnancy were inversely associated with infants' birth weight, length, head circumference, and gestational age.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anthropometry; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Birth Weight; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Maternal Exposure; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Prospective Studies; Triclosan; Young Adult
PubMed: 28427038
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.015 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2022Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are antimicrobial agents that have been used in personal care and consumer products in the past decades. In this study, influent,...
Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are antimicrobial agents that have been used in personal care and consumer products in the past decades. In this study, influent, effluent, and sludge samples collected in selected wastewater treatment plants across the Durban metropolis were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated. It was revealed that the concentration of TCS ranged from 1.906 to 73.462 µg/L, from 1.732 to 6.980 µg/L, and from 0.138 to 2.455 µg/kg in influent, effluent, and sludge samples, respectively. The concentrations of TCC were found to be between 0.320 and 45.261 µg/L,
Topics: Carbanilides; Humans; Sewage; South Africa; Triclosan; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 35682351
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116769 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2015Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose antimicrobial agent used as a common ingredient in everyday household personal care and consumer products. The expanded use of TCS... (Review)
Review
Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose antimicrobial agent used as a common ingredient in everyday household personal care and consumer products. The expanded use of TCS provides a number of pathways for the compound to enter the environment and it has been detected in sewage treatment plant effluents; surface; ground and drinking water. The physico-chemical properties indicate the bioaccumulation and persistence potential of TCS in the environment. Hence, there is an increasing concern about the presence of TCS in the environment and its potential negative effects on human and animal health. Nevertheless, scarce monitoring data could be one reason for not prioritizing TCS as emerging contaminant. Conventional water and wastewater treatment processes are unable to completely remove the TCS and even form toxic intermediates. Considering the worldwide application of personal care products containing TCS and inefficient removal and its toxic effects on aquatic organisms, the compound should be considered on the priority list of emerging contaminants and its utilization in all products should be regulated.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Aquatic Organisms; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Risk; Triclosan; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 26006133
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120505657 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jun 2023Triclosan (TCS) is omnipresent in the environment and has drawn increasing attention due to its potential adverse effects on human health. Direct photolysis of TCS...
Triclosan (TCS) is omnipresent in the environment and has drawn increasing attention due to its potential adverse effects on human health. Direct photolysis of TCS readily occurs, especially in the surface layers of waters that receive abundant ultraviolet radiation during the daytime. However, biological concerns and the identification of toxic products during TCS photolysis have been explored limitedly. Therefore, in the present work, the structural characterization of the photolysis products by UVC and UVA were performed based on the mass spectra and fragmental ions. The results displayed that TCS was more readily eliminated by UVC than UVA, and the product species were completely different when TCS was degraded by UVC and UVA, respectively. Two products, m/z 235 and m/z 252, were produced via reductive dechlorination and nucleophilic substitution with UVC, while three dioxin-like isomer products were generated by dechlorination, cyclization and hydroxylation. Furthermore, the results of biological concerns suggested that the elimination of TCS did not represent the disappearance of biological risks. Specifically, more hazardous and photolysis products were formed during TCS photolysis with ultraviolets. For instance, the dioxin-like isomer products were highly microtoxic and genotoxic, and mildly antiestrogenic. The positive findings highlighted the biological concerns of TCS photolysis by ultraviolet radiation in the aquatic environment.
Topics: Humans; Triclosan; Ultraviolet Rays; Photolysis; Dioxins; Mass Spectrometry; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 37167739
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114998 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Feb 2018Triclosan is a synthetic chemical with broad antimicrobial activity that has been used extensively in consumer products, including personal care products, textiles, and...
Triclosan is a synthetic chemical with broad antimicrobial activity that has been used extensively in consumer products, including personal care products, textiles, and plastic kitchenware, although the exposure which is widespread evidence from human studies is scarce. Our study aims to investigate the relationship between triclosan exposure and male fertility. Triclosan (TCS) urinary concentrations were measured using gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in 315 men recruited from a male reproductive health clinic with normal sperm concentration (≥ 15 mln/ml) (WHO 2010) under 45 years of age. Participants were interviewed and provided a semen sample. TCS was detected in 84.13% of urine samples, with a median concentration of 2.83 μg/l (2.57 μg/g creatinine). A multiple linear regression analysis showed a positive association between the urinary concentrations of triclosan 50th-75th percentile and ≥ 50 percentile and percentage of sperm with abnormal morphology (p = 0.016 and p = 0.002, respectively). The study provides evidence that exposure to triclosan is associated with poorer semen quality. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Topics: Adult; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Fertility; Humans; Male; Poland; Semen Analysis; Sperm Count; Spermatozoa; Triclosan; Young Adult
PubMed: 29214481
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0866-5 -
Environment International May 2019Benzophenones (BPs), parabens, and triclosan (TCS) are widely used in personal care products and may be neurotoxic to children, but limited studies have estimated the...
BACKGROUND
Benzophenones (BPs), parabens, and triclosan (TCS) are widely used in personal care products and may be neurotoxic to children, but limited studies have estimated the associations between exposure to these potential endocrine disrupting chemicals during pregnancy and child neurocognitive development.
OBJECTIVE
Our aim was to evaluate the relationships of prenatal exposure to BPs, parabens and TCS with child neurocognitive development at age 2.
METHODS
From 2014 to 2015, 478 mother-child pairs from a longitudinal prenatal cohort in China were included in present study. We quantified BPs, parabens and TCS in three spot urine samples during pregnancy (in the first, second, and third trimester). The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) test to children was performed at 2 years. Multivariate linear regression models and generalized estimating equations were used to examine changes in mental developmental index (MDI) and psychomotor development index (PDI) per 2-fold increase in averaged and trimester-specific maternal urinary phenols, respectively.
RESULTS
In the adjusted models, each 2-fold increase in average prenatal paraben concentration was associated with lower MDI scores among girls [-1.08 (95% CI: -2.10, -0.06) and - 1.51 (95% CI: -2.69, -0.32) for methyl paraben (Mep) and Σparabens, respectively], but the association was not statistically significant among boys [-0.24 (95% CI: -1.46, 0.99), P = 0.37 and 0.18 (95% CI: -1.28, 1.64), P = 0.10 for Mep and Σparabens, respectively]. Increasing urinary 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP) concentration was associated with lower PDI scores among boys [-2.96 (95% CI: -4.48, -1.45)], not girls [-0.07 (95% CI: -1.57, 1.43)] and the association was significantly different in boys and girls (P = 0.01). No significant associations were observed between the average prenatal TCS exposure and BSID results. In trimester-specific analyses, increasing parabens was associated with lower girls' MDI only in the second trimester, while increasing 4-OH-BP was associated with lower boys' PDI in each trimester.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to BPs and parabens may be associated with impairment in child cognitive abilities at 2 years. Further human and animal studies are needed to verify our results and elucidate the biological mechanisms involved in these associations.
Topics: Adult; Benzophenones; Child Development; Child, Preschool; China; Cohort Studies; Endocrine Disruptors; Female; Humans; Male; Neurocognitive Disorders; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Parabens; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimesters; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Triclosan
PubMed: 30831476
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.023 -
Experimental Animals Apr 2020Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial and anti-fungal agent used in a broad variety of personal care products (PCPs) throughout the world. However, the...
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial and anti-fungal agent used in a broad variety of personal care products (PCPs) throughout the world. However, the molecular mechanism of TCS's effects on the gill and ovary of fish is not clear. In this study, the effects of TCS exposure on expression of antioxidant- and apoptosis-related genes were investigated in the gill and ovary of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish were exposed to 0, 17, 34, or 68 µg/l TCS for 42 days. Antioxidant-related genes (SOD, GPx1a, CAT, sMT-B, and MT-2) in the gill were significantly downregulated in the 34 (except GPx1a) and 68 µg/l TCS groups, and these genes (except MT-2) in the ovary were significantly downregulated in the 68 µg/l TCS group. Apoptosis-related gene (Bax and p53) expression level in the gill were significantly downregulated in the 68 µg/l TCS group, while the ratios of BCL-2 to Bax and MDM2 gene were significantly upregulated. The Bax gene in the ovary was significantly upregulated in the 34 and 68 µg/l TCS groups, while the ratio of BCL-2 to Bax was significantly downregulated. Moreover, the p53 gene in the ovary in the 34 µg/l TCS group was significantly upregulated. In addition, the MDA contents in the gill in the 34 and 68 μg/l TCS treated groups and in the ovary in 68 μg/l group were significantly increased. The results showed that the higher dose of TCS might cause oxidative damage in the gills and ovaries and accelerate ROS-dependent ovary apoptosis in zebrafish.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Female; Gene Expression; Gills; Ovary; Triclosan; Zebrafish
PubMed: 31839624
DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0115 -
Environmental Research Oct 2019Triclosan, a widely-used antimicrobial in personal care products, has shown endocrine disrupting activity in experimental studies. However, there is limited evidence...
BACKGROUND
Triclosan, a widely-used antimicrobial in personal care products, has shown endocrine disrupting activity in experimental studies. However, there is limited evidence from epidemiologic studies on health effects.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association between urinary triclosan concentrations and semen quality.
METHODS
A total of 262 men enrolled in the Environmental and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study provided 581 paired urine and semen samples (2009-2017). Urinary triclosan concentrations were quantified and semen analysis was evaluated according to WHO guidelines. We used linear mixed regression models to estimate the associations between specific gravity-adjusted urinary triclosan concentrations with semen parameters, with a random intercept to account for multiple samples per man and adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, physical activity, sexual abstinence time, and season and year of samples' collection.
RESULTS
Men had a mean (standard deviation) age of 36.6 (5.24) years and BMI of 27.9 (5.94) kg/m. Seventy four percent of the samples had detectable (>2.3 μg/L) concentrations. We did not observe significant dose response trends between SG-adjusted urinary triclosan concentrations and semen parameters. However, in the adjusted analysis, compared to men with non-detectable triclosan concentrations in the lowest quartile, those in the second, third, and fourth quartiles had -1.32% (95%CI: -2.04, -0.59), -0.91% (95%CI: -1.63, -0.18), and -0.46% (95%CI: -1.25, 0.33) lower percent morphologically normal sperm, respectively. Similarly, a lower percentage of morphologically normal sperm was found among men with detectable triclosan concentrations, compared to men with non-detectable triclosan [-0.96% (95% CI: -1.57, -0.35)]. In sensitivity analyses, there was stronger negative associations on the percent morphologically normal sperm in the earlier time period due to the significant negative trend in detectable triclosan concentrations over time.
CONCLUSION
Despite the lack of observed dose response relationship, we found consistent patterns of lower percent morphologically normal sperm for men with urinary triclosan in the 2nd or 3rd quartile compared to undetectable concentrations.This association was stronger for samples obtained prior to 2013 when triclosan was more often detectable in urine.
Topics: Environmental Exposure; Fertility Clinics; Humans; Male; Semen; Semen Analysis; Sperm Count; Spermatozoa; Triclosan
PubMed: 31421444
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108633