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Gut Microbes 2019Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial compound incorporated into more than 2,000 consumer products. This compound is frequently detected in the human body and causes... (Review)
Review
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial compound incorporated into more than 2,000 consumer products. This compound is frequently detected in the human body and causes ubiquitous contamination in the environment, raising concerns about its impact on human health and environmental pollution. Our recent research showed that exposure to TCS exaggerates colonic inflammation and exacerbates development of colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis, via gut microbiome-dependent mechanisms. In this review, we discussed recent research about TCS, as well as other consumer antimicrobials, on the gut microbiome and gut health.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Biodiversity; Carcinogenesis; Colon; Environmental Exposure; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Inflammation; Triclosan
PubMed: 30453815
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1546521 -
Cells Dec 2021Exposure to the antibacterial agent triclosan (TCS) is associated with abnormal placenta growth and fetal development during pregnancy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated...
Exposure to the antibacterial agent triclosan (TCS) is associated with abnormal placenta growth and fetal development during pregnancy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is crucial in placenta development. However, the mechanism of PPARγ in placenta injury induced by TCS remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that PPARγ worked as a protector against TCS-induced toxicity. TCS inhibited cell viability, migration, and angiogenesis dose-dependently in HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 cells. Furthermore, TCS downregulated expression of PPARγ and its downstream viability, migration, angiogenesis-related genes , , , , , and upregulated inflammatory genes , , , and in vitro and in vivo. Further investigation showed that overexpression or activation (rosiglitazone) alleviated cell viability, migration, angiogenesis inhibition, and inflammatory response caused by TCS, while knockdown or inhibition (GW9662) of PPARγ had the opposite effect. Moreover, TCS caused placenta dysfunction characterized by the significant decrease in weight and size of the placenta and fetus, while PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone alleviated this damage in mice. Taken together, our results illustrated that TCS-induced placenta dysfunction, which was mediated by the PPARγ pathway. Our findings reveal that activation of PPARγ might be a promising strategy against the adverse effects of TCS exposure on the placenta and fetus.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Cell Movement; Cell Survival; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Inflammation; Mice; Models, Biological; Neovascularization, Physiologic; PPAR gamma; Placenta; Pregnancy; Triclosan
PubMed: 35011648
DOI: 10.3390/cells11010086 -
Environment International Jan 2021Chemicals such as bisphenols, parabens and triclosan are endocrine disrupting chemicals. They are used in a wide variety of consumer products, making human exposure to...
Chemicals such as bisphenols, parabens and triclosan are endocrine disrupting chemicals. They are used in a wide variety of consumer products, making human exposure to those chemicals widespread. In the present study, levels of three bisphenols (bisphenol A, F and S), 7 parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl-, propyl-, isobutyl-, butyl-, benzyl paraben) and triclosan were measured in first morning void from 246 Slovenian children and adolescents, aged 6-9 and 11-15 years and living in a rural region of Slovenia. Median levels of specific-gravity corrected levels for bisphenol A, bisphenol F, methyl paraben and ethyl paraben were 1.9, 0.085, 5.4 and 2.5 µg/L for children and 1.6, 0.11, 7.2 and 6.0 µg/L for adolescents, respectively. Median levels for all other endocrine disrupting chemicals were < LOQ. The levels are comparable with the levels reported in studies across the world. Exposure was age, sex, and location specific. Higher levels of bisphenol F and ethyl paraben were found in the samples of adolescents, while higher levels of methyl paraben were found in samples from girls. Furthermore, individuals living in one of the sampling locations, Goričko, were exposed to higher levels of bisphenol F and ethyl paraben than those in the remaining two sampling locations. Information about participants' dietary habits, use of food packaging and personal care products was obtained through questionnaires, and used to investigate associations between urinary levels of the biomarkers and potential exposure sources. High fat foods were associated with bisphenol A exposure, and cosmetics items such as lipstick and perfume with methyl paraben exposure. Significant correlation between methyl- and propyl paraben was observed in children's samples, suggesting similar exposure sources, while other compounds were not largely correlated, indicating independent sources. Furthermore, association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in UGT2B15 gene and urinary levels of methyl and ethyl paraben was observed, showing the role of UGT2B15 isoform in methyl and ethyl paraben metabolism as well as indicating the SNP rs1902023 as a potential biomarker of susceptibility to adverse effects caused by the exposure. The present study reports exposure of children and adolescents in Slovenia to a wide range of different endocrine disrupting chemicals for the first time, connecting it to exposure patterns and exposure sources. The study is to the authors' knowledge the first that investigates direct connection between levels of urinary endocrine disrupting chemical biomarkers and genetic polymorphism in UGT2B15.
Topics: Adolescent; Benzhydryl Compounds; Child; Cosmetics; Endocrine Disruptors; Female; Humans; Parabens; Phenols; Triclosan
PubMed: 33113465
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106172 -
Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 2014Triclosan and parabens are chemicals used in personal care and medical products as microbicides and preservatives. Triclosan and paraben exposure may be associated with...
Triclosan and parabens are chemicals used in personal care and medical products as microbicides and preservatives. Triclosan and paraben exposure may be associated with allergy (atopy), but these associations have not been evaluated with respect to other atopic states such as eczema (atopic dermatitis). This study examines the associations of urinary triclosan and paraben concentrations with allergic sensitization and asthma in children according to eczema history. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of U.S. children aged 6-18 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2006). Triclosan and paraben concentrations were measured in urine. We assessed associations of triclosan and parabens with allergic sensitization and asthma using multivariable logistic regression in 837 children with complete data and stratified our results by eczema status. After covariate adjustment, triclosan and methyl and propyl paraben concentrations were positively associated with the odds of aeroallergen sensitization. Eczema did not significantly modify the association between triclosan or paraben levels and aeroallergen sensitization, asthma, or wheeze. The odds of parent-reported atopic asthma increased 34% (95% CI, 0, 81) across triclosan concentration quartiles. Increasing triclosan concentrations (quartiles) were associated with 2.3 times the odds of food sensitization (95% CI, 1.14, 4.44) among children with eczema, but not among children without eczema (OR, 1.25; 95% CI 0.93, 1.68; effect measure modification, p = 0.04). Triclosan and paraben exposures may increase the risk of atopic asthma and aeroallergen sensitization. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings and determine if these chemicals pose a risk to children's health.
Topics: Adolescent; Allergens; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Asthma; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Eczema; Female; Food Preservatives; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male; Parabens; Public Health Surveillance; Respiratory Sounds; Socioeconomic Factors; Triclosan; United States
PubMed: 25584915
DOI: 10.2500/aap.2014.35.3803 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Triclosan is an antibacterial agent suspected to disrupt the endocrine system. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of triclosan on the human thyroid...
OBJECTIVES
Triclosan is an antibacterial agent suspected to disrupt the endocrine system. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of triclosan on the human thyroid system through a systematic literature review of human studies.
METHODS
Eligibility criteria and method of analysis were registered at Prospero (registration number: CRD42019120984) before a systematic search was conducted in Pubmed and Embase in October 2020. Seventeen articles were found eligible for inclusion. Thirteen studies were observational, while four had a triclosan intervention. Participants consisted of pregnant women in eight studies, of men and non-pregnant women in seven studies and of chord samples/newborns/children/adolescents in six studies. The outcomes were peripheral thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in blood samples.
RESULTS
Several studies found a negative association between triclosan and triiodothyronine and thyroxine, and a positive association with TSH; however, the opposite associations or no associations were also found. In general, the studies had limited measurement timepoints of thyroid outcomes, and the interventional studies used low concentrations of triclosan. Thus, study design limitations influence the quality of the dataset and it is not yet possible to conclude whether triclosan at current human exposure levels adversely affects the thyroid hormone system.
CONCLUSIONS
Further larger studies with more continuity and more elaborate outcome measurements of thyroid function are needed to clarify whether triclosan, at current exposure levels, affects the human thyroid hormone system.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42019120984, identifier PROSPERO (CRD42019120984).
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pregnancy; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Triclosan; Triiodothyronine
PubMed: 35721761
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.883827 -
Environment International Jan 2019Exposure to the antimicrobial agent triclosan is ubiquitous. Research in animals shows that triclosan can cause decreases in thyroxine concentrations. However, the...
INTRODUCTION
Exposure to the antimicrobial agent triclosan is ubiquitous. Research in animals shows that triclosan can cause decreases in thyroxine concentrations. However, the potential effects of triclosan on thyroid function in humans are unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate the association between urinary triclosan concentrations and serum thyroid function biomarkers in women seeking assisted reproduction treatment in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study.
METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional study of 317 women enrolled in the EARTH Study, a prospective preconception cohort that recruits Boston area couples. Using samples collected at study entry, we quantified urinary triclosan and serum thyroid function biomarker concentrations, specifically free and total thyroxine and triiodothyronine, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid antibodies. We estimated covariate-adjusted differences in thyroid function biomarkers per 10-fold increase in triclosan using linear regression models. We examined effect modification by body mass index (BMI) and infertility diagnosis.
RESULTS
The median urinary triclosan concentration was 7.8 μg/L (IQR: 3.0-59 μg/L). Each 10-fold increase in triclosan was inversely associated with free triidothyronine (T) (β: -0.06 pg/mL; 95% CI: -0.1, -0.01), thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb) (-10%; 95% CI: -19, -0.4), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) (-12%; 95% CI: -23,0.9) concentrations. BMI and infertility diagnosis modified the association of triclosan with free T and TPOAb, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Urinary triclosan concentrations were inversely associated with specific serum thyroid function biomarkers in this cohort, suggesting that triclosan may affect thyroid homeostasis and autoimmunity.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Biomarkers; Boston; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Prospective Studies; Thyrotropin; Triclosan
PubMed: 30477815
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.015 -
Annual Review of Pharmacology and... 2016Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that has been added to personal care products, including hand soaps and cosmetics, and impregnated in numerous... (Review)
Review
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that has been added to personal care products, including hand soaps and cosmetics, and impregnated in numerous different materials ranging from athletic clothing to food packaging. The constant disposal of TCS into the sewage system is creating a major environmental and public health hazard. Owing to its chemical properties of bioaccumulation and resistance to degradation, TCS is widely detected in various environmental compartments in concentrations ranging from nanograms to micrograms per liter. Epidemiology studies indicate that significant levels of TCS are detected in body fluids in all human age groups. We document here the emerging evidence--from in vitro and in vivo animal studies and environmental toxicology studies--demonstrating that TCS exerts adverse effects on different biological systems through various modes of action. Considering the fact that humans are simultaneously exposed to TCS and many TCS-like chemicals, we speculate that TCS-induced adverse effects may be relevant to human health.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Environment; Hazardous Substances; Humans; Triclosan
PubMed: 26738475
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103417 -
Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT Jul 2021Extensive use of triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) as an antimicrobial agent in household and personal care products has resulted in global exposure...
Extensive use of triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) as an antimicrobial agent in household and personal care products has resulted in global exposure of the human population. Its presence in human tissues, including milk, and its oestrogen-disrupting properties raise concerns for an involvement in breast cancer. Because metastatic tumour spread is the main cause of breast cancer mortality, we have investigated the effects of triclosan on cell migration and invasion using three human breast epithelial cell lines and using concentrations comparable with those in human tissues. Long-term exposure to 10 M of triclosan resulted in increased migration and invasion as measured by xCELLigence technology for all three cell lines, for the immortalized but nontransformed MCF-10F breast epithelial cells (after 28 weeks), the oestrogen-responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cells (after 17 weeks) and the oestrogen-unresponsive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (after 20 weeks). The effects were therefore not limited to cancerous cells or to oestrogen-responsive cells. This was paralleled in the MCF-10F and MCF-7 (but not MDA-MB-231) cells by a reduction in levels of E-cadherin mRNA as measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and of E-cadherin protein as measured by western immunoblotting, suggesting a mechanism involving epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This adds triclosan to the increasing list of ingredients of personal care products that can not only enter human breast tissue and increase cell proliferation but also influence cell motility. If mixtures of components in household and personal care products contribute to increasing cell migration and invasion, then reduction in exposure could offer a strategy for reducing breast cancer spread.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antigens, CD; Cadherins; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Epithelial Cells; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Estrogens; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Neoplasm Invasiveness; RNA, Messenger; Triclosan
PubMed: 33171535
DOI: 10.1002/jat.4097 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Aug 2012Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have immune-modulating effects. We were interested in determining their association with allergic sensitization.
BACKGROUND
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have immune-modulating effects. We were interested in determining their association with allergic sensitization.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to determine the association between EDCs and allergic sensitization and whether this relationship depends on the antimicrobial properties of the EDCs, sex, or both.
METHODS
Data were obtained from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in which urinary bisphenol A; triclosan; benzophenone-3; propyl, methyl, butyl, and ethyl parabens; and specific IgE levels were available for 860 children. Aeroallergen and food sensitizations were defined as having at least 1 positive (≥ 0.35 kU/L) specific IgE level to an aeroallergen or a food. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of EDCs and sensitization. Analyses were adjusted for urinary creatinine level, age, sex, ethnicity, and poverty index ratio.
RESULTS
The odds of aeroallergen sensitization significantly increased with the level of the antimicrobial EDCs triclosan and propyl and butyl parabens (P ≤ .04). The odds of food sensitization significantly increased with the level of urinary triclosan among male subjects (odds ratio for third vs first tertiles, 3.9; P= .02 for trend). There was a significant interaction between sex and triclosan level, with male subjects being more likely to be food sensitized with exposure (P= .03). Similar associations were not identified for the nonantimicrobial EDCs bisphenol A and benzophenone-3 (P > .2).
CONCLUSIONS
As a group, EDCs are not associated with allergen sensitization. However, levels of the antimicrobial EDCs triclosan and parabens were significantly associated with allergic sensitization. The potential role of antimicrobial EDCs in allergic disease warrants further study because they are commonly used in Western society.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Allergens; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzophenones; Child; Female; Food Hypersensitivity; Health Surveys; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Male; Parabens; Phenols; Regression Analysis; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Sex Factors; Triclosan; United States
PubMed: 22704536
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.006 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Mar 2021Perturbation of natural microbial communities by antimicrobials, such as triclosan, can result in selection for antibiotic tolerance, which is of particular concern when...
Perturbation of natural microbial communities by antimicrobials, such as triclosan, can result in selection for antibiotic tolerance, which is of particular concern when pathogens are present. Members of the genus are found in many natural microbial communities and frequently demonstrate increased abundance following triclosan exposure. The pathogen and well-studied model organism exhibits high triclosan tolerance; however, it is unknown if all species share this trait or if there are susceptible strains. We characterized the triclosan tolerance phenotypes of diverse isolates obtained from triclosan-exposed built environments and identified both tolerant and sensitive strains. High tolerance is associated with carriage of the enoyl-acyl carrier reductase (ENR) isozyme gene , compared to the lesser protective effects of efflux or presence of ENRs. Given its unique importance, we examined distribution throughout species using large-scale phylogenomic analyses. We find presence or absence is largely invariant at the species level but demonstrates multiple gain and loss events in its evolutionary history. We further provide evidence of its presence on mobile genetic elements. Our results demonstrate the surprising variability in triclosan tolerance in and confirm to be a useful indicator for high triclosan tolerance in These findings provide a framework for better monitoring of in triclosan-exposed environments and interpreting effects on species and gene composition. Closely related species are typically assumed to demonstrate similar phenotypes driven by underlying conserved genotypes. When monitoring for the effect of antimicrobials on the types of species that may be selected for, this assumption may prove to be incorrect, and identification of additional genetic markers may be necessary. We isolated several phylogenetically diverse members of from indoor environments and tested their phenotypic tolerance toward the commonly used antimicrobial triclosan. Although isolates are broadly regarded to be highly triclosan tolerant, we demonstrate the presence of both triclosan-tolerant and -susceptible strains, separated by a difference in tolerance of nearly 3 orders of magnitude. Bioinformatic and experimental investigation demonstrated that the presence of the gene was associated with high tolerance. We demonstrate that is not evenly distributed in all species and that its presence could be a useful predictor of high triclosan tolerance suitable for antimicrobial monitoring efforts involving triclosan.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Pseudomonas; Species Specificity; Triclosan
PubMed: 33483311
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02924-20