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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2022: The genus is widely spread in the environment, mainly in soils. Trichoderma are filamentous fungi and are used in a wide range of fields to manage plant patho-genic...
: The genus is widely spread in the environment, mainly in soils. Trichoderma are filamentous fungi and are used in a wide range of fields to manage plant patho-genic fungi. They have proven to be effective biocontrol agents due to their high reproducibility, adaptability, efficient nutrient mobilization, ability to colonize the rhizosphere, significant inhibitory effects against phytopathogenic fungi, and efficacy in promoting plant growth. In the present study, the antagonist Trichoderma isolates were characterized from the soil of Abha region, Saudi Arabia. Soil samples were collected from six locations of Abha, Saudi Arabia to isolate having the antagonistic potential against plant pathogenic fungi. The soil dilution plate method was used to isolate ( Specific Medium (TSM)). Isolated were evaluated for their antagonistic potential against , and . The antagonist activity was assessed by dual culture assay, and the effect of volatile metabolites and culture filtrate of In addition, the effect of different temperature and salt concentrations on the growth of isolates were also evaluated. The most potent species were identified by using ITS4 and ITS 5 primers. Total 48 isolates were isolated on (TSM) from the soil samples out of those six isolates were found to have antagonist potential against the tested plant pathogenic fungi. In general, strains A (1) 2.1 T, A (3) 3.1 T and A (6) 2.2 T were found to be highly effective in reducing the growth of tested plant pathogenic fungi. A (1) 2.1 T was highly effective against (82%), whereas A (6) 2.2 T prevented the maximal growth of (77%) according to the dual culture data. Furthermore, A (1) 2.1 T volatile metabolites hindered growth. The volatile metabolite of A (6) 2.2 T, on the other hand, had the strongest activity against (45%). The A (1) 2.1 T culture filtrate was proven to be effective in suppressing the growth of (47%). The temperature range of 26 °C to 30 °C was observed to be optimum for growth. isolates grew well at salt concentrations (NaCl) of 2%, and with the increasing salt concentration the growth of isolates decreased. The molecular analysis of potent fungi by ITS4 and ITS5 primers confirmed that the isolates A (1) 2.1 T, A (3) 3.1 and A (6) 2.2 T were , , and , respectively. The study concludes that the soil of the Abha region contains a large population of diverse fungi including Trichoderma, which can be explored further to be used as biocontrol agents.
Topics: Fusarium; Plant Diseases; Plants; Reproducibility of Results; Saudi Arabia; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Trichoderma
PubMed: 35458723
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082525 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2022Rhizosphere filamentous fungi of the genus , a dominant component of various soil ecosystem mycobiomes, are characterized by the ability to colonize plant roots.... (Review)
Review
Rhizosphere filamentous fungi of the genus , a dominant component of various soil ecosystem mycobiomes, are characterized by the ability to colonize plant roots. Detailed knowledge of the properties of , including metabolic activity and the type of interaction with plants and other microorganisms, can ensure its effective use in agriculture. The growing interest in the application of results from their direct and indirect biocontrol potential against a wide range of soil phytopathogens. They act through various complex mechanisms, such as mycoparasitism, the degradation of pathogen cell walls, competition for nutrients and space, and induction of plant resistance. With the constant exposure of plants to a variety of pathogens, especially filamentous fungi, and the increased resistance of pathogens to chemical pesticides, the main challenge is to develop biological protection alternatives. Among non-pathogenic microorganisms, seems to be the best candidate for use in green technologies due to its wide biofertilization and biostimulatory potential. Most of the species from the genus belong to the plant growth-promoting fungi that produce phytohormones and the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase enzyme. In the present review, the current status of is gathered, which is especially relevant in plant growth stimulation and the biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens.
Topics: Agriculture; Ecosystem; Plant Development; Plant Diseases; Plants; Trichoderma
PubMed: 35216444
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042329 -
BMC Genomics Nov 2021Trichoderma is a genus of fungi in the family Hypocreaceae and includes species known to produce enzymes with commercial use. They are largely found in soil and...
BACKGROUND
Trichoderma is a genus of fungi in the family Hypocreaceae and includes species known to produce enzymes with commercial use. They are largely found in soil and terrestrial plants. Recently, Trichoderma simmonsii isolated from decaying bark and decorticated wood was newly identified in the Harzianum clade of Trichoderma. Due to a wide range of applications in agriculture and other industries, genomes of at least 12 Trichoderma spp. have been studied. Moreover, antifungal and enzymatic activities have been extensively characterized in Trichoderma spp. However, the genomic information and bioactivities of T. simmonsii from a particular marine-derived isolate remain largely unknown. While we screened for asparaginase-producing fungi, we observed that T. simmonsii GH-Sj1 strain isolated from edible kelp produced asparaginase. In this study, we report a draft genome of T. simmonsii GH-Sj1 using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technologies. Furthermore, to facilitate biotechnological applications of this species, RNA-sequencing was performed to elucidate the transcriptional profile of T. simmonsii GH-Sj1 in response to asparaginase-rich conditions.
RESULTS
We generated ~ 14 Gb of sequencing data assembled in a ~ 40 Mb genome. The T. simmonsii GH-Sj1 genome consisted of seven telomere-to-telomere scaffolds with no sequencing gaps, where the N50 length was 6.4 Mb. The total number of protein-coding genes was 13,120, constituting ~ 99% of the genome. The genome harbored 176 tRNAs, which encode a full set of 20 amino acids. In addition, it had an rRNA repeat region consisting of seven repeats of the 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-26S cluster. The T. simmonsii genome also harbored 7 putative asparaginase-encoding genes with potential medical applications. Using RNA-sequencing analysis, we found that 3 genes among the 7 putative genes were significantly upregulated under asparaginase-rich conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
The genome and transcriptome of T. simmonsii GH-Sj1 established in the current work represent valuable resources for future comparative studies on fungal genomes and asparaginase production.
Topics: Asparaginase; Genome; Hypocreales; Telomere; Trichoderma
PubMed: 34789157
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08162-4 -
PloS One 2019Trichoderma has been used as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to control a variety of phytopathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and nematodes. Although its mechanism of...
Trichoderma has been used as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to control a variety of phytopathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and nematodes. Although its mechanism of pathogen suppression has been extensively studied, how Trichoderma interacts with non-target microbes is not well understood. Here, we investigated how two Trichoderma biological control agents (BCAs) interact with rhizosphere bacteria isolated from a tomato plant via secreted proteins, metabolites, and volatile compounds (VCs). Culture filtrates (CFs) of T. virens and T. harzianum, containing secreted proteins and metabolites, strongly inhibited (>75% reduction in growth) 39 and 19, respectively, out of 47 bacterial strains tested. Their CFs inhibited the remaining strains at lower degrees. Both metabolites and proteins are involved in inhibiting bacteria, but they seem to antagonize each other in inhibiting some strains. Trichoderma and bacteria suppressed the growth of each other using VCs. The secretion of antibacterial and antifungal molecules by T. virens and T. harzianum was significantly affected by VCs from some bacteria, suggesting that both Trichoderma BCAs and rhizosphere bacteria use VCs to influence each other in multiple ways. In light of these results, we discuss how metabolite-mediated interactions can potentially affect the effectiveness of biocontrol.
Topics: Bacteria; Biological Control Agents; Solanum lycopersicum; Microbial Interactions; Plant Diseases; Plant Roots; Rhizosphere; Soil Microbiology; Trichoderma; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 31887213
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227228 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Nov 2018The production of peptaibols, toxic secondary metabolites of Trichoderma, in the indoor environment is not well-documented. Here, we investigated the toxicity of...
AIMS
The production of peptaibols, toxic secondary metabolites of Trichoderma, in the indoor environment is not well-documented. Here, we investigated the toxicity of peptaibols in the guttation droplets and biomass of Trichoderma strains isolated from problematic buildings.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Seven indoor-isolated strains of T. atroviride, T. trixiae, T. paraviridescens and T. citrinoviride were cultivated on malt extract agar, gypsum boards and paperboards. Their biomass extracts and guttation droplets were highly cytotoxic in resting and motile boar sperm cell assays and in inhibition of somatic cell proliferation assays. The toxins were identified with HPLC/ESI-MS/MS as trichorzianines, trilongins, trichostrigocins and trichostrigocin-like peptaibols. They exhibited toxicity profiles similar to the reference peptaibols alamethicin, trilongins, and trichorzianine TA IIIc purified from T. atroviride H1/226. Particular Trichoderma strains emitted the same peptaibols in both their biomasses and exudate droplets. The trilongin-producing T. citrinoviride SJ40 strain grew at 37°C.
CONCLUSIONS
To our knowledge, this is the first report of indoor-isolated Trichoderma strains producing toxic peptaibols in their guttation droplets.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This report proves that indoor isolates of Trichoderma release peptaibols in their guttation droplets. The presence of toxins in these types of exudates may serve as a mechanism of aerosol formation for nonvolatile toxins in the indoor air.
Topics: Aerosols; Air Pollution; Air Pollution, Indoor; Animals; Biological Assay; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Finland; Male; Mycotoxins; Peptaibols; Spermatozoa; Swine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Toxicity Tests; Trichoderma
PubMed: 29779239
DOI: 10.1111/jam.13920 -
PloS One 2022Biocontrol agents applied after fumigation play an important role to the soil microenvironment. We studied the effect of Trichoderma applied after dimethyl disulfide...
Biocontrol agents applied after fumigation play an important role to the soil microenvironment. We studied the effect of Trichoderma applied after dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) plus chloropicrin (PIC) fumigation on the cucumber growth, soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activity, taxonomic diversity, and yield through laboratory and field experiments. The results confirmed that Trichoderma applied after fumigation significantly improved soil physicochemical properties, cucumber growth, soil-borne pathogens, and soil enzyme activity. Genetic analysis indicated that Trichoderma applied after fumigation significantly increased the relative abundance of Pseudomonas, Humicola and Chaetomium, and significantly decreased the relative abundance of the pathogens Fusarium spp. and Gibberella spp., which may help to control pathogens and enhanced the ecological functions of the soil. Moreover, Trichoderma applied after fumigation obviously improved cucumber yield (up to 35.6%), and increased relative efficacy of soil-borne pathogens (up to 99%) and root-knot nematodes (up to 96%). Especially, we found that Trichoderma applied after fumigation increased the relative abundance of some beneficial microorganisms (such as Sodiomyces and Rhizophlyctis) that can optimize soil microbiome. It is worth noting that with the decline in the impact of the fumigant, these beneficial microorganisms still maintain a higher abundance when the cucumber plants were uprooted. Importantly, we found one tested biocontrol agent Trichoderma 267 identified and stored in our laboratory not only improved cucumber growth, reduced soil-borne diseases in late cucumber growth stages but also optimized micro-ecological environment which may have good application prospect and help to keep environmental healthy and sustainable development.
Topics: Cucumis sativus; Fumigation; Fusarium; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Trichoderma
PubMed: 35917326
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266347 -
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions :... May 2022Rhizosphere-competent microbes often interact with plant roots and exhibit beneficial effects on plant performance. Numerous bacterial and fungal isolates are able to...
Rhizosphere-competent microbes often interact with plant roots and exhibit beneficial effects on plant performance. Numerous bacterial and fungal isolates are able to prime host plants for fast adaptive responses against pathogen attacks. Combined action of fungi and bacteria may lead to synergisms exceeding effects of single strains. Individual beneficial fungi and bacteria have been extensively studied in , but little is known about their concerted actions in the Brassicaceae. Here, an in-vitro system with oilseed rape () was established. Roots of two different cultivars were inoculated with well-characterized fungal ( OMG16) and bacterial ( FZB42) isolates alone or in combination. Microscopic analysis confirmed that OMG16 hyphae entered root hairs through root hair tips and formed distinct intracellular structures. Quantitative PCR revealed that root colonization of OMG16 increased up to 10-fold in the presence of FZB42. Relative transcript levels of the ethylene- and jasmonic acid-responsive genes , , and were recorded in leaves by quantitative reverse transcription PCR to measure induced systemic resistance in tissues distant from the roots. Combined action of OMG16 and FZB42 induced transcript abundances more efficiently than single inoculation. Importantly, microbial priming reduced root infection in rapeseed by approximately 100-fold compared with nonprimed plants. Priming also led to faster and stronger systemic responses of the defense genes , , , and .[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Ascomycota; Bacillus; Brassica napus; Brassica rapa; Plant Diseases; Plant Roots; Trichoderma; Verticillium
PubMed: 35147443
DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-11-21-0274-R -
Microbial Cell Factories Jun 2016More than 70 years ago, the filamentous ascomycete Trichoderma reesei was isolated on the Solomon Islands due to its ability to degrade and thrive on cellulose... (Review)
Review
More than 70 years ago, the filamentous ascomycete Trichoderma reesei was isolated on the Solomon Islands due to its ability to degrade and thrive on cellulose containing fabrics. This trait that relies on its secreted cellulases is nowadays exploited by several industries. Most prominently in biorefineries which use T. reesei enzymes to saccharify lignocellulose from renewable plant biomass in order to produce biobased fuels and chemicals. In this review we summarize important milestones of the development of T. reesei as the leading production host for biorefinery enzymes, and discuss emerging trends in strain engineering. Trichoderma reesei has very recently also been proposed as a consolidated bioprocessing organism capable of direct conversion of biopolymeric substrates to desired products. We therefore cover this topic by reviewing novel approaches in metabolic engineering of T. reesei.
Topics: Biocatalysis; Biomass; Cellulases; Gene Expression; Lignin; Metabolic Engineering; Recombinant Proteins; Trichoderma
PubMed: 27287427
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0507-6 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jan 2022Glucuronan lyases (EC 4.2.2.14) catalyze depolymerization of linear β-(1,4)-polyglucuronic acid (glucuronan). Only a few glucuronan lyases have been characterized until...
Glucuronan lyases (EC 4.2.2.14) catalyze depolymerization of linear β-(1,4)-polyglucuronic acid (glucuronan). Only a few glucuronan lyases have been characterized until now, most of them originating from bacteria. Here we report the discovery, recombinant production, and functional characterization of the full complement of six glucuronan specific polysaccharide lyases in the necrotic mycoparasite Trichoderma parareesei. The enzymes belong to four different polysaccharide lyase families and have different reaction optima and glucuronan degradation profiles. Four of them showed endo-lytic action and two, TpPL8A and TpPL38A, displayed exo-lytic action. Nuclear magnetic resonance revealed that the monomeric end product from TpPL8A and TpPL38A underwent spontaneous rearrangements to tautomeric forms. Proteomic analysis of the secretomes from T. parareesei growing on pure glucuronan and lyophilized A. bisporus fruiting bodies, respectively, showed secretion of five of the glucuronan lyases and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection analysis confirmed the presence of glucuronic acid in the A. bisporus fruiting bodies. By systematic genome annotation of more than 100 fungal genomes and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the putative glucuronan lyases, we show that glucuronan lyases occur in several ecological and taxonomic groups in the fungal kingdom. Our findings suggest that a diverse repertoire of glucuronan lyases is a common trait among Hypocreales species with mycoparasitic and entomopathogenic lifestyles. This paper reports the discovery of a set of six complementary glucuronan lyase enzymes in the mycoparasite Trichoderma parareseei. Apart from the novelty of the discovery of these enzymes in T. parareesei, the key importance of the study is the finding that the majority of these lyases are induced when T. parareesei is inoculated on Basidiomycete cell walls that contain glucuronan. The study also reveals putative glucuronan lyase encoding genes in a wealth of other fungi that furthermore points at fungal cell wall glucuronan being a target C-source for many types of fungi. In a technical context, the findings may lead to controlled production of glucuronan oligomers for advanced pharmaceutical applications and pave the way for development of new fungal biocontrol agents.
Topics: Humans; Hypocreales; Phylogeny; Polysaccharide-Lyases; Proteomics; Secretome; Trichoderma
PubMed: 34705548
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01819-21 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Mar 2017The aim of the present study was to examine the abilities of twenty-four isolates belonging to ten different Trichoderma species (i.e., Trichoderma atroviride,...
The aim of the present study was to examine the abilities of twenty-four isolates belonging to ten different Trichoderma species (i.e., Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma citrinoviride, Trichoderma cremeum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma longipile, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma viridescens) to inhibit the mycelial growth and mycotoxin production by five Fusarium strains (i.e., Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium temperatum). Dual-culture bioassay on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium clearly documented that all of the Trichoderma strains used in the study were capable of influencing the mycelial growth of at least four of all five Fusarium species on the fourth day after co-inoculation, when there was the first apparent physical contact between antagonist and pathogen. The qualitative evaluation of the interaction between the colonies after 14 days of co-culturing on PDA medium showed that ten Trichoderma strains completely overgrew and sporulated on the colony at least one of the tested Fusarium species. Whereas, the microscopic assay provided evidence that only T. atroviride AN240 and T. viride AN255 formed dense coils around the hyphae of the pathogen from where penetration took place. Of all screened Trichoderma strains, T. atroviride AN240 was also found to be the most efficient (69-100% toxin reduction) suppressors of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, beauvericin, moniliformin) production by all five Fusarium species on solid substrates. This research suggests that T. atroviride AN240 can be a promising candidate for the biological control of toxigenic Fusarium species.
Topics: Antibiosis; Biological Control Agents; Coculture Techniques; Culture Media; Fusarium; Mycotoxins; Trichoderma
PubMed: 29359702
DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1234996