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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023(Bonord.) Bainier () belongs to Hypocreaceae family, genus. spp. are prominently known for their biocontrol activities and plant growth promotion. Hence, also... (Review)
Review
(Bonord.) Bainier () belongs to Hypocreaceae family, genus. spp. are prominently known for their biocontrol activities and plant growth promotion. Hence, also possess several beneficial activities, such as antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, insecticidal activity, herbicidal activity, and plant growth promotion; in addition, it holds several other beneficial properties, such as resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and degradation of DDT by certain enzymes and production of certain polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Hence, the current review discusses the beneficial properties of and describes the gaps that need to be further considered in future studies, such as 's potentiality against human pathogens and, in contrast, its role as an opportunistic human pathogen. Moreover, there is a need for substantial study on its antiviral and antioxidant activities.
PubMed: 37888250
DOI: 10.3390/jof9100994 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Sep 2023Trichoderma spp. are a genus of well-known fungi that promote healthy growth and modulate different functions in plants, as well as protect against various plant... (Review)
Review
Trichoderma spp. are a genus of well-known fungi that promote healthy growth and modulate different functions in plants, as well as protect against various plant pathogens. The application of Trichoderma and its propagules as a biological control method can therefore help to reduce the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture. This review critically discusses and analyzes groundbreaking innovations over the past few decades of biotechnological approaches to prepare active formulations containing Trichoderma. The use of various carrier substances is covered, emphasizing their effects on enhancing the shelf life, viability, and efficacy of the final product formulation. Furthermore, the use of processing techniques such as freeze drying, fluidized bed drying, and spray drying are highlighted, enabling the development of stable, light-weight formulations. Finally, promising microencapsulation techniques for maximizing the performance of Trichoderma spp. during application processes are discussed, leading to the next-generation of multi-functional biological control formulations. KEY POINTS: • The development of carrier substances to encapsulate Trichoderma propagules is highlighted. • Advances in biotechnological processes to prepare Trichoderma-containing formulations are critically discussed. • Current challenges and future outlook of Trichoderma-based formulations in the context of biological control are presented.
Topics: Trichoderma; Biotechnology; Plants; Desiccation; Pest Control, Biological; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 37477696
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12687-x -
Plant Signaling & Behavior Dec 2023Root rot is one of the main diseases affecting Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. during cultivation, seriously limiting yields of this herb. Currently, there is no effective...
Root rot is one of the main diseases affecting Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. during cultivation, seriously limiting yields of this herb. Currently, there is no effective control measure for aconite root rot. The antifungal activities of antagonistic strains against aconite root rot pathogens (Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium solani, and Fusarium oxysporum) were investigated in this study. Three antagonistic strains, JKT7, JKT28 and JKT39, were screened and identified as Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma virens, respectively. Dual culture tests showed that the inhibition rates of the three Trichoderma strains on the pathogens were all approximately 70%. The volatile metabolites had inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of pathogens, while the nonvolatile metabolites in the culture filtrates did not show significant inhibitory effects. The volatile components analyzed by GC‒MS were mainly ketones, esters, and alcohols. These results indicate that these strains of Trichoderma and their secondary metabolites have antimicrobial activities against the pathogens of aconite root rot. This study could provide a scientific basis for the biocontrol of aconite root rot.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Aconitum; Fusarium; Trichoderma; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 37183693
DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2211852 -
Microbiology Spectrum Apr 2024species are known for their mycoparasitic activity against phytopathogenic fungi that cause significant economic losses in agriculture. During mycoparasitism, spp....
species are known for their mycoparasitic activity against phytopathogenic fungi that cause significant economic losses in agriculture. During mycoparasitism, spp. recognize molecules produced by the host fungus and release secondary metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes to kill and degrade the host's cell wall. Here, we explored the participation of the RNAi machinery in the interaction with six phytopathogenic fungi of economic importance. We determined that both Argonaute-3 and Dicer-2 play an essential role during mycoparasitism. Using an RNA-Seq approach, we identified that perception, detox, and cell wall degradation depend on the -RNAi when interacting with AG2 and AG5. Furthermore, we constructed a gene co-expression network that provides evidence of two gene modules regulated by RNAi, which play crucial roles in essential processes during mycoparasitism. In addition, based on small RNA-seq, we conclude that siRNAs regulate amino acid and carbon metabolism and communication during the -host interaction. Interestingly, our data suggest that siRNAs might regulate allorecognition () and transport genes in a cross-species manner. Thus, these results reveal a fine-tuned regulation in dependent on siRNAs that is essential during the biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi, showing a greater complexity of this process than previously established.IMPORTANCEThere is an increasing need for plant disease control without chemical pesticides to avoid environmental pollution and resistance, and the health risks associated with the application of pesticides are increasing. Employing species in agriculture to control fungal diseases is an alternative plant protection strategy that overcomes these issues without utilizing chemical fungicides. Therefore, understanding the biocontrol mechanisms used by species to antagonize other fungi is critical. Although there has been extensive research about the mechanisms involved in the mycoparasitic capability of species, there are still unsolved questions related to how regulates recognition, attack, and defense mechanisms during interaction with a fungal host. In this work, we report that the Argonaute and Dicer components of the RNAi machinery and the small RNAs they process are essential for gene regulation during mycoparasitism by .
Topics: Hypocreales; Plants; Communication; Pesticides; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
PubMed: 38441469
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03165-23 -
Natural Products and Bioprospecting Feb 2024Marine-derived fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been surveyed for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals since 1993, with various new secondary metabolites being... (Review)
Review
Marine-derived fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been surveyed for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals since 1993, with various new secondary metabolites being characterized from the strains of marine animal, plant, sediment, and water origin. Chemical structures and biological activities of these metabolites are comprehensively reviewed herein up to the end of 2022 (covering 30 years). More than 70 strains that belong to at least 18 known Trichoderma species have been chemically investigated during this period. As a result, 445 new metabolites, including terpenes, steroids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and others, have been identified, with over a half possessing antimicroalgal, zooplankton-toxic, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. The research is highlighted by the molecular diversity and antimicroalgal potency of terpenes and steroids. In addition, metabolic relevance along with co-culture induction in the production of new compounds is also concluded. Trichoderma strains of marine origin can transform and degrade heterogeneous molecules, but these functions need further exploration.
PubMed: 38302800
DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00433-3 -
Marine Drugs Sep 2023Marine natural products are well-recognized as potential resources to fill the pipeline of drug leads to enter the pharmaceutical industry. In this circumstance,... (Review)
Review
Marine natural products are well-recognized as potential resources to fill the pipeline of drug leads to enter the pharmaceutical industry. In this circumstance, marine-derived fungi are one of the unique sources of bioactive secondary metabolites due to their capacity to produce diverse polyketides and peptides with unique structures and diverse biological activities. The present review covers the peptides from marine-derived fungi reported from the literature published from January 1991 to June 2023, and various scientific databases, including Elsevier, ACS publications, Taylor and Francis, Wiley Online Library, MDPI, Springer, Thieme, Bentham, ProQuest, and the Marine Pharmacology website, are used for a literature search. This review focuses on chemical characteristics, sources, and biological and pharmacological activities of 366 marine fungal peptides belonging to various classes, such as linear, cyclic, and depsipeptides. Among 30 marine-derived fungal genera, isolated from marine macro-organisms such as marine algae, sponges, coral, and mangrove plants, as well as deep sea sediments, species of were found to produce the highest number of peptides (174 peptides), followed by (23 peptides), (22 peptides), (18 peptides), (18 peptides), (17 peptides), and (12 peptides). The cytotoxic activity against a broad spectrum of human cancer cell lines was the predominant biological activity of the reported marine peptides (32%), whereas antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and various enzyme inhibition activities ranged from 7% to 20%. In the first part of this review, the chemistry of marine peptides is discussed and followed by their biological activity.
Topics: Humans; Aspergillus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Peptides; Biological Products; Aquatic Organisms; Fungi
PubMed: 37888445
DOI: 10.3390/md21100510 -
Journal of Advanced Research Jul 2023Trichoderma species are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. In the past decades, a series of secondary metabolites were reported from different Trichoderma... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Trichoderma species are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. In the past decades, a series of secondary metabolites were reported from different Trichoderma fungi, among which terpenoids possessing versatile structural diversities and extensive pharmacological activities are one of the particularly important categories.
AIM OF REVIEW
The review aims to summarize the terpenoids isolated from Trichoderma species regarding their structural diversities, biological activities, and promising biosynthetic potentials.
KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW
So far, a total of 253 terpenoids, including 202 sesquiterpenes, 48 diterpenes, 2 monoterpenes and 1 meroterpenoid, were isolated and identified from Trichoderma species between 1948 and 2022. Pharmacological investigations of Trichoderma terpenoids mainly focused on their antibacterial activities, antifungal activities, inhibitory activities on marine plankton species and cytotoxic activities, indicating that Trichoderma species are important microbial agents for drug discovery and environmentally friendly agrochemicals development. Intriguing chemistry and enzymology involved in the biosynthesis of Trichoderma terpenoids were also presented to facilitate further precise genome mining-guided novel structure discovery. Taken together, the abundance of novel skeletons, bioactivities and biosynthetic potentials presents new opportunities for drug and agrochemicals discovery, genome mining and enzymology exploration from Trichoderma species. The work will provide references for the profound study of terpenoids derived from Trichoderma, and facilitate further studies on Trichoderma species in the areas of chemistry, medicine, agriculture and microbiology.
Topics: Terpenes; Trichoderma; Soil; Sesquiterpenes; Antifungal Agents
PubMed: 36195283
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.09.010 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Aug 2023Fungi are widely exploited for large-scale production in the biotechnological industry to produce a diverse range of substances due to their versatility and relative... (Review)
Review
Fungi are widely exploited for large-scale production in the biotechnological industry to produce a diverse range of substances due to their versatility and relative ease of growing on various substrates. The occurrence of a phenomenon-the so-called fungal strain degeneration-leads to the spontaneous loss or decline of production capacity and results in an economic loss on a tremendous scale. Some of the most commonly applied genera of fungi in the biotechnical industry, such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma, and Penicillium, are threatened by this phenomenon. Although fungal degeneration has been known for almost a century, the phenomenon and its underlying mechanisms still need to be understood. The proposed mechanisms causing fungi to degenerate can be of genetic or epigenetic origin. Other factors, such as culture conditions, stress, or aging, were also reported to have an influence. This mini-review addresses the topic of fungal degeneration by describing examples of productivity losses in biotechnical processes using Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma reesei, and Penicillium chrysogenum. Further, potential reasons, circumvention, and prevention methods are discussed. This is the first mini-review which provides a comprehensive overview on this phenomenon in biotechnologically used fungi, and it also includes a collection of strategies that can be useful to minimize economic losses which can arise from strain degeneration. KEY POINTS: • Spontaneous loss of productivity is evident in many fungi used in biotechnology. • The properties and mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are very versatile. • Only studying these underlying mechanisms enables the design of a tailored solution.
Topics: Aspergillus niger; Penicillium; Penicillium chrysogenum; Fungi; Aspergillus oryzae; Biotechnology; Trichoderma
PubMed: 37341752
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12615-z -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2023Anthracnose disease is a serious threat to red pepper crops in Korea and many other countries, resulting in considerable yield losses. There are now no effective control...
Anthracnose disease is a serious threat to red pepper crops in Korea and many other countries, resulting in considerable yield losses. There are now no effective control techniques available except for fungicide sprays, which may directly impact consumers. This study aims to investigate the biological activity of isolates in controlling red pepper anthracnose caused by and in the field. Out of 11 isolates screened for biocontrol agents against three fungal pathogens, including ; two effective isolates, ATR697 (ATR697) and LON701 (LON701) were selected for further investigation. Using the overlapping plates experiment, it was discovered that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by ATR697 strongly inhibited mycelial growth to a larger extent than the isolate LON701. A cellophane membrane experiment has shown that mycelial growth of was inhibited by 36% and 27% when treated with ATR697 and LON701, respectively. Culture filtrates (CFs) of two isolates inhibited the mycelial growth of . When red peppers were treated with spore suspensions of LON701 and ATR697, the disease severity (%) was 44.1% and 55.8%, respectively, in a curative method; while the disease severity (%) was 5% and 11.6%, in LON701- and ATR697-treated red peppers, respectively, in a preventive method. These results showed the suppression of disease severity (%) was relatively higher in the preventive method than in the curative method. Furthermore, isolates ATR697 and LON701 were resistant to commercial chemical fungicides , indicating these strains may also be used synergistically with a chemical fungicide (pyraclostrobin) against the growth of . There was no difference in the inhibition rate (%) of the pathogen between the treatment with LON701 alone and LON701+pyraclostrobin. Based on findings, ATR697 and LON701 played a role in effectively controlling red pepper anthracnose in field conditions, with LON701 treatment resulting in a disease rate of 14% when compared to ATR697, chemical, and non-treated controls. Overall, our study showed the ability of isolates to control red pepper anthracnose and their potential to develop as novel biocontrol agents to replace chemical fungicides for eco-friendly, sustainable agriculture.
PubMed: 37521932
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1201875 -
Journal of Xenobiotics Jun 2023In the age of industrialization, numerous non-biodegradable pollutants like plastics, HMs, polychlorinated biphenyls, and various agrochemicals are a serious concern.... (Review)
Review
In the age of industrialization, numerous non-biodegradable pollutants like plastics, HMs, polychlorinated biphenyls, and various agrochemicals are a serious concern. These harmful toxic compounds pose a serious threat to food security because they enter the food chain through agricultural land and water. Physical and chemical techniques are used to remove HMs from contaminated soil. Microbial-metal interaction, a novel but underutilized strategy, might be used to lessen the stress caused by metals on plants. For reclaiming areas with high levels of heavy metal contamination, bioremediation is effective and environmentally friendly. In this study, the mechanism of action of endophytic bacteria that promote plant growth and survival in polluted soils-known as heavy metal-tolerant plant growth-promoting (HMT-PGP) microorganisms-and their function in the control of plant metal stress are examined. Numerous bacterial species, such as Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, and Stenotrophomonas, as well as a few fungi, such as Mucor, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, and Archaea, such as Natrialba and Haloferax, have also been identified as potent bioresources for biological clean-up. In this study, we additionally emphasize the role of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in supporting the economical and environmentally friendly bioremediation of heavy hazardous metals. This study also emphasizes future potential and constraints, integrated metabolomics approaches, and the use of nanoparticles in microbial bioremediation for HMs.
PubMed: 37367495
DOI: 10.3390/jox13020019