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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023(Bonord.) Bainier () belongs to Hypocreaceae family, genus. spp. are prominently known for their biocontrol activities and plant growth promotion. Hence, also... (Review)
Review
(Bonord.) Bainier () belongs to Hypocreaceae family, genus. spp. are prominently known for their biocontrol activities and plant growth promotion. Hence, also possess several beneficial activities, such as antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, insecticidal activity, herbicidal activity, and plant growth promotion; in addition, it holds several other beneficial properties, such as resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and degradation of DDT by certain enzymes and production of certain polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Hence, the current review discusses the beneficial properties of and describes the gaps that need to be further considered in future studies, such as 's potentiality against human pathogens and, in contrast, its role as an opportunistic human pathogen. Moreover, there is a need for substantial study on its antiviral and antioxidant activities.
PubMed: 37888250
DOI: 10.3390/jof9100994 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2022Fungal spores, germlings, and mycelia adhere to substrates, including host tissues. The adhesive forces depend on the substrate and on the adhesins, the fungal cell... (Review)
Review
Fungal spores, germlings, and mycelia adhere to substrates, including host tissues. The adhesive forces depend on the substrate and on the adhesins, the fungal cell surface proteins. Attachment is often a prerequisite for the invasion of the host, hence its importance. Adhesion visibly precedes colonization of root surfaces and outer cortex layers, but little is known about the molecular details. We propose that by starting from what is already known from other fungi, including yeast and other filamentous pathogens and symbionts, the mechanism and function of Trichoderma adhesion will become accessible. There is a sequence, and perhaps functional, homology to other rhizosphere-competent Sordariomycetes. Specifically, is a soil-borne pathogen that establishes itself in the xylem and causes destructive wilt disease. Metarhizium species are best-known as insect pathogens with biocontrol potential, but they also colonize roots. Verticillium orthologs of the yeast Flo8 transcription factor, Som1, and several other relevant genes are already under study for their roles in adhesion. Metarhizium encodes relevant adhesins. encodes homologs of Som1, as well as adhesin candidates. These genes should provide exciting leads toward the first step in the establishment of beneficial interactions with roots in the rhizosphere.
PubMed: 35448603
DOI: 10.3390/jof8040372 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2021Members of the fungal genus (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) are ubiquitous and commonly encountered as soil inhabitants, plant symbionts, saprotrophs, and... (Review)
Review
Members of the fungal genus (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) are ubiquitous and commonly encountered as soil inhabitants, plant symbionts, saprotrophs, and mycoparasites. Certain species have been used to control diverse plant diseases and mitigate negative growth conditions. The versatility of 's interactions mainly relies on their ability to engage in inter- and cross-kingdom interactions. Although is by far the most extensively studied fungal biocontrol agent (BCA), with a few species already having been commercialized as bio-pesticides or bio-fertilizers, their wide application has been hampered by an unpredictable efficacy under field conditions. Deciphering the dialogues within and across ecological interactions by identification of involved effectors and their underlying effect is of great value in order to be able to eventually harness 's full potential for plant growth promotion and protection. In this review, we focus on the nature of interactions with plants and pathogens. Better understanding how interacts with plants, other microorganisms, and the environment is essential for developing and deploying -based strategies that increase crop production and protection.
PubMed: 33477406
DOI: 10.3390/jof7010061 -
Journal of Biosciences 2021In the search for optimal platforms for protein expression and secretion, filamentous fungi in principle provide some of the best microbial cell factories. They are... (Review)
Review
In the search for optimal platforms for protein expression and secretion, filamentous fungi in principle provide some of the best microbial cell factories. They are inherently endowed with the ability to secrete proteins. Fungi belonging to and species are well-studied for industrial production of proteins and enzymes. Our understanding of these organisms at the level of transcription, translation, post-translational processing and the secretory pathways has improved significantly in recent years. Despite this, the ability of these fungal secretion platforms has not yet been able to match their intrinsic secretion capacity to produce foreign proteins. Details of the molecular mechanisms of the secretory pathways in filamentous fungi are emerging. This knowledge can be gainfully employed to enhance protein production in filamentous fungi, particularly in the secretion of heterologous proteins of value.
Topics: Aspergillus; Fungal Proteins; Fungi; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proteomics; Trichoderma
PubMed: 33576343
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023is mainly used to control soil-borne diseases as well as some leaf and panicle diseases of various plants. can not only prevent diseases but also promotes plant... (Review)
Review
is mainly used to control soil-borne diseases as well as some leaf and panicle diseases of various plants. can not only prevent diseases but also promotes plant growth, improves nutrient utilization efficiency, enhances plant resistance, and improves agrochemical pollution environment. spp. also behaves as a safe, low-cost, effective, eco-friendly biocontrol agent for different crop species. In this study, we introduced the biological control mechanism of in plant fungal and nematode disease, including competition, antibiosis, antagonism, and mycoparasitism, as well as the mechanism of promoting plant growth and inducing plant systemic resistance between and plants, and expounded on the application and control effects of in the control of various plant fungal and nematode diseases. From an applicative point of view, establishing a diversified application technology for is an important development direction for its role in the sustainable development of agriculture.
PubMed: 37206337
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160551 -
Frontiers in Fungal Biology 2022The genus is among the best studied groups of filamentous fungi, largely because of its high relevance in applications from agriculture to enzyme biosynthesis to... (Review)
Review
The genus is among the best studied groups of filamentous fungi, largely because of its high relevance in applications from agriculture to enzyme biosynthesis to biofuel production. However, the physiological competences of these fungi, that led to these beneficial applications are intriguing also from a scientific and ecological point of view. This review therefore summarizes recent developments in studies of fungal genomes, updates on previously started genome annotation efforts and novel discoveries as well as efforts towards bioprospecting for enzymes and bioactive compounds such as cellulases, enzymes degrading xenobiotics and metabolites with potential pharmaceutical value. Thereby insights are provided into genomes, mitochondrial genomes and genomes of mycoviruses of strains relevant for enzyme production, biocontrol and mycoremediation. In several cases, production of bioactive compounds could be associated with responsible genes or clusters and bioremediation capabilities could be supported or predicted using genome information. Insights into evolution of the genus revealed large scale horizontal gene transfer, predominantly of CAZyme genes, but also secondary metabolite clusters. Investigation of sexual development showed that species are competent of repeat induced point mutation (RIP) and in some cases, segmental aneuploidy was observed. Some random mutants finally gave away their crucial mutations like QM9978 and QM9136 and the fertility defect of QM6a was traced back to its gene defect. The core genome was narrowed down to 7000 genes and gene clustering was investigated in the genomes of multiple species. Finally, recent developments in application of CRISPR/Cas9 in , cloning and expression strategies for the workhorse as well as the use genome mining tools for bioprospecting are highlighted. The intriguing new findings on evolution, genomics and physiology highlight emerging trends and illustrate worthwhile perspectives in diverse fields of research with .
PubMed: 37746224
DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.1002161 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Farnesol is an isoprenoid intermediate in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and is produced by the dephosphorylation of farnesyl diphosphate. Farnesol plays a central role in...
Farnesol is an isoprenoid intermediate in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and is produced by the dephosphorylation of farnesyl diphosphate. Farnesol plays a central role in cell growth and differentiation, controls production of ubiquinone and ergosterol, and participates in the regulation of filamentation and biofilm formation. Despite these important functions, studies of farnesol in filamentous fungi are limited, and information on its effects on antifungal and/or biocontrol activity is scarce. In the present article, we identified the gene , encoding a diacylglycerol pyrophosphatase that catalyzes production of farnesol from farnesol diphosphate. We analyzed the function of to address the importance of farnesol in physiology and ecology. Overexpression of in caused an expected increase in farnesol production as well as a marked change in squalene and ergosterol levels, but overexpression did not affect antifungal activity. In interaction with plants, a -overexpressing transformant acted as a sensitizing agent in that it up-regulated expression of plant defense salicylate-related genes in the presence of a fungal plant pathogen. In addition, toxicity of farnesol on and plants was examined. Finally, a phylogenetic study of was performed to understand its evolutionary history as a primary metabolite gene. This article represents a step forward in the acquisition of knowledge on the role of farnesol in fungal physiology and in fungus-environment interactions.
PubMed: 36547599
DOI: 10.3390/jof8121266 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021Nickel contamination is a serious environmental issue that requires immediate action. In this study, 23 strains of were isolated from terrestrial and marine...
Nickel contamination is a serious environmental issue that requires immediate action. In this study, 23 strains of were isolated from terrestrial and marine environments and identified using a polyphasic approach of morphological characterization and ITS gene sequence analysis. The strains were tested for their tolerance and biosorption of nickel. Our results showed the growth of all strains on Trichoderma Selective Medium (TSM) with 50-1200-ppm nickel, indicating their tolerance of this heavy metal even at a relatively high concentration. Six strains (three isolated from terrestrial substrates and three from marine substates) had the highest radial growth on TSM with 50-ppm Ni. Among these fungal isolates, (S03) isolated from soil exhibited the best growth after 2 days of incubation. For the biosorption of nickel, the accumulation or uptake efficiency by the six selected was determined in Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) supplemented with 50-ppm Ni using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The percent uptake efficiency of the three strains of (S03, S08, and LL14) was computed to be up to 66%, while (SG18 and SF22) and (MW25) achieved up to 68% uptake efficiency. Observation of the strains with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) before and after the absorption of nickel showed very minimal damage on the hyphal and conidial surface morphology, but changes in the colonial characteristics were observed. Our study highlighted the potential of terrestrial and marine strains of for the bioremediation of nickel pollution.
PubMed: 34436130
DOI: 10.3390/jof7080591 -
Microbiological Research Nov 2020Trichoderma spp. are universal saprotrophic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems, and as rhizosphere inhabitants, they mediate interactions with other soil microorganisms,... (Review)
Review
Trichoderma spp. are universal saprotrophic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems, and as rhizosphere inhabitants, they mediate interactions with other soil microorganisms, plants, and arthropods at multiple trophic levels. In the rhizosphere, Trichoderma can reduce the abundance of phytopathogenic microorganisms, which involves the action of potent inhibitory molecules, such as gliovirin and siderophores, whereas endophytic associations between Trichoderma and the seeds and roots of host plants can result in enhanced plant growth and crop productivity, as well as the alleviation of abiotic stress. Such beneficial effects are mediated via the activation of endogenous mechanisms controlled by phytohormones such as auxins and abscisic acid, as well as by alterations in host plant metabolism. During either root colonization or in the absence of physical contact, Trichoderma can trigger early defense responses mediated by Ca and reactive oxygen species, and subsequently stimulate plant immunity by enhancing resistance mechanisms regulated by the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. In addition, Trichoderma release volatile organic compounds and nitrogen or oxygen heterocyclic compounds that serve as signaling molecules, which have effects on plant growth, phytopathogen levels, herbivorous insects, and at the third trophic level, play roles in attracting the natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of herbivores. In this paper, we review some of the most recent advances in our understanding of the environmental influences of Trichoderma spp., with particular emphasis on their multiple interactions at different trophic levels.
Topics: Animals; Arthropods; Biological Control Agents; Cyclopentanes; Ecosystem; Ethylenes; Herbivory; Indoleacetic Acids; Microbial Interactions; Oxylipins; Plant Development; Plant Diseases; Plant Growth Regulators; Plants; Rhizosphere; Salicylic Acid; Secondary Metabolism; Stress, Physiological; Trichoderma
PubMed: 32659716
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126552 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2020The plant--pathogen triangle is a complicated web of numerous processes. spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being successful plant... (Review)
Review
The plant--pathogen triangle is a complicated web of numerous processes. spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being successful plant symbiotic organisms, spp. also behave as a low cost, effective and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in various patho-systems, have minimal impact on the soil equilibrium and do not impair useful organisms that contribute to the control of pathogens. This symbiotic association in plants leads to the acquisition of plant resistance to pathogens, improves developmental processes and yields and promotes absorption of nutrient and fertilizer use efficiency. Among other biocontrol mechanisms, antibiosis, competition and mycoparasitism are among the main features through which microorganisms, including , react to the presence of other competitive pathogenic organisms, thereby preventing or obstructing their development. Stimulation of every process involves the biosynthesis of targeted metabolites like plant growth regulators, enzymes, siderophores, antibiotics, etc. This review summarizes the biological control activity exerted by spp. and sheds light on the recent progress in pinpointing the ecological significance of at the biochemical and molecular level in the rhizosphere as well as the benefits of symbiosis to the plant host in terms of physiological and biochemical mechanisms. From an applicative point of view, the evidence provided herein strongly supports the possibility to use as a safe, ecofriendly and effective biocontrol agent for different crop species.
PubMed: 32570799
DOI: 10.3390/plants9060762