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Journal of Biosciences 2021In the search for optimal platforms for protein expression and secretion, filamentous fungi in principle provide some of the best microbial cell factories. They are... (Review)
Review
In the search for optimal platforms for protein expression and secretion, filamentous fungi in principle provide some of the best microbial cell factories. They are inherently endowed with the ability to secrete proteins. Fungi belonging to and species are well-studied for industrial production of proteins and enzymes. Our understanding of these organisms at the level of transcription, translation, post-translational processing and the secretory pathways has improved significantly in recent years. Despite this, the ability of these fungal secretion platforms has not yet been able to match their intrinsic secretion capacity to produce foreign proteins. Details of the molecular mechanisms of the secretory pathways in filamentous fungi are emerging. This knowledge can be gainfully employed to enhance protein production in filamentous fungi, particularly in the secretion of heterologous proteins of value.
Topics: Aspergillus; Fungal Proteins; Fungi; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proteomics; Trichoderma
PubMed: 33576343
DOI: No ID Found -
Nature Communications Mar 2018Glycoside Hydrolase Family 7 cellobiohydrolases (GH7 CBHs) catalyze cellulose depolymerization in cellulolytic eukaryotes, making them key discovery and engineering...
Glycoside Hydrolase Family 7 cellobiohydrolases (GH7 CBHs) catalyze cellulose depolymerization in cellulolytic eukaryotes, making them key discovery and engineering targets. However, there remains a lack of robust structure-activity relationships for these industrially important cellulases. Here, we compare CBHs from Trichoderma reesei (TrCel7A) and Penicillium funiculosum (PfCel7A), which exhibit a multi-modular architecture consisting of catalytic domain (CD), carbohydrate-binding module, and linker. We show that PfCel7A exhibits 60% greater performance on biomass than TrCel7A. To understand the contribution of each domain to this improvement, we measure enzymatic activity for a library of CBH chimeras with swapped subdomains, demonstrating that the enhancement is mainly caused by PfCel7A CD. We solve the crystal structure of PfCel7A CD and use this information to create a second library of TrCel7A CD mutants, identifying a TrCel7A double mutant with near-equivalent activity to wild-type PfCel7A. Overall, these results reveal CBH regions that enable targeted activity improvements.
Topics: Catalytic Domain; Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase; Fungal Proteins; Kinetics; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Penicillium; Protein Conformation; Protein Engineering; Trichoderma
PubMed: 29567941
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03501-8 -
Microbial Biotechnology Oct 2022Given their lignocellulose degradability and biocontrol activities, fungi of the ubiquitously distributed genus Trichoderma have multiple industrial and agricultural... (Review)
Review
Given their lignocellulose degradability and biocontrol activities, fungi of the ubiquitously distributed genus Trichoderma have multiple industrial and agricultural applications. Genetic manipulation plays a valuable role in tailoring novel engineered strains with enhanced target traits. Nevertheless, as applied to fungi, the classic tools of genetic manipulation tend to be time-consuming and tedious. However, the recent development of the CRISPR-Cas system for gene editing has enabled researchers to achieve genome-wide gene disruptions, gene replacements, and precise editing, and this technology has emerged as a primary focus for novel developments in engineered strains of Trichoderma. Here, we provide a brief overview of the traditional approaches to genetic manipulation, the different strategies employed in establishing CRSIPR-Cas systems, the utilization of these systems to develop engineered strains of Trichoderma for desired applications, and the future trends in biotechnology.
Topics: Biotechnology; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Gene Editing; Trichoderma
PubMed: 35908288
DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14126 -
PLoS Pathogens Feb 2020Fungal parasitism depends on the ability to invade host organisms and mandates adaptive cell wall remodeling to avoid detection and defense reactions by the host. All...
Fungal parasitism depends on the ability to invade host organisms and mandates adaptive cell wall remodeling to avoid detection and defense reactions by the host. All plant and human pathogens share invasive strategies, which aid to escape the chitin-triggered and chitin-targeted host immune system. Here we describe the full spectrum of the chitin/chitosan-modifying enzymes in the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride with a central role in cell wall remodeling. Rapid adaption to a variety of growth conditions, environmental stresses and host defense mechanisms such as oxidative stress depend on the concerted interplay of these enzymes and, ultimately, are necessary for the success of the mycoparasitic attack. To our knowledge, we provide the first in class description of chitin and associated glycopolymer synthesis in a mycoparasite and demonstrate that they are essential for biocontrol. Eight chitin synthases, six chitin deacetylases, additional chitinolytic enzymes, including six chitosanases, transglycosylases as well as accessory proteins are involved in this intricately regulated process. Systematic and biochemical classification, phenotypic characterization and mycoparasitic confrontation assays emphasize the importance of chitin and chitosan assembly in vegetative development and biocontrol in T. atroviride. Our findings critically contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of chitin synthesis in filamentous fungi and mycoparasites with the overarching goal to selectively exploit the discovered biocontrol strategies.
Topics: Cell Wall; Chitin; Chitin Synthase; Chitosan; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Glycoside Hydrolases; Phylogeny; Plants; Trichoderma
PubMed: 32078661
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008320 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022Scientists all over the world conduct research to determine the influence of spp. on various groups of plants, mostly crops. However, there is little information on the... (Review)
Review
Scientists all over the world conduct research to determine the influence of spp. on various groups of plants, mostly crops. However, there is little information on the influence of these fungi on ornamental plants. Therefore, the authors of this study analyzed the influence of spp. on the growth, flowering, quality, and nutritional status of ornamental plants. The research showed that spp. in this group of plants stimulate the elongation and thickening of shoots and the formation of leaves. These fungi also stimulate or inhibit leaf elongation. They also accelerate the flowering of plants, stimulate the elongation of inflorescence shoots and inflorescences, and the development of flowers. Apart from that, spp. positively influence the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in leaves, and they stimulate the uptake of micro- and macroelements.
Topics: Trichoderma; Nutritional Status; Flowers; Inflorescence; Crops, Agricultural
PubMed: 36555304
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415662 -
Microbial Biotechnology Nov 2017Lignocellulosic biomass, which mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, is the most abundant renewable source for production of biofuel and biorefinery... (Review)
Review
Lignocellulosic biomass, which mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, is the most abundant renewable source for production of biofuel and biorefinery products. The industrial use of plant biomass involves mechanical milling or chipping, followed by chemical or physicochemical pretreatment steps to make the material more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis. Thereby the cost of enzyme production still presents the major bottleneck, mostly because some of the produced enzymes have low catalytic activity under industrial conditions and/or because the rate of hydrolysis of some enzymes in the secreted enzyme mixture is limiting. Almost all of the lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktails needed for the hydrolysis step are produced by fermentation of the ascomycete Trichoderma reesei (Hypocreales). For this reason, the structure and mechanism of the enzymes involved, the regulation of their expression and the pathways of their formation and secretion have been investigated in T. reesei in considerable details. Several of the findings thereby obtained have been used to improve the formation of the T. reesei cellulases and their properties. In this article, we will review the achievements that have already been made and also show promising fields for further progress.
Topics: Cellulases; Cellulose; Fungal Proteins; Genetic Engineering; Trichoderma
PubMed: 28557371
DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12726 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2021Dichlorvos (,-dimethyl -(2,2-dichlorovinyl)phosphate, DDVP) is a widely acknowledged broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide and acaracide. This pesticide has been... (Review)
Review
Dichlorvos (,-dimethyl -(2,2-dichlorovinyl)phosphate, DDVP) is a widely acknowledged broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide and acaracide. This pesticide has been used for more than four decades and is still in strong demand in many developing countries. Extensive application of DDVP in agriculture has caused severe hazardous impacts on living systems. The International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization considered DDVP among the list of 2B carcinogens, which means a certain extent of cancer risk. Hence, removing DDVP from the environment has attracted worldwide attention. Many studies have tested the removal of DDVP using different kinds of physicochemical methods including gas phase surface discharge plasma, physical adsorption, hydrodynamic cavitation, and nanoparticles. Compared to physicochemical methods, microbial degradation is regarded as an environmentally friendly approach to solve several environmental issues caused by pesticides. Till now, several DDVP-degrading microbes have been isolated and reported, including but not limited to , , , , , , , , and . Moreover, the possible degradation pathways of DDVP and the transformation of several metabolites have been fully explored. In addition, there are a few studies on DDVP-degrading enzymes and the corresponding genes in microorganisms. However, further research relevant to molecular biology and genetics are still needed to explore the bioremediation of DDVP. This review summarizes the latest development in DDVP degradation and provides reasonable and scientific advice for pesticide removal in contaminated environments.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Dichlorvos; Insecticides; Trichoderma
PubMed: 34071247
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115789 -
Microbiological Research Apr 2022Trichoderma spp. are among the front-line microorganisms commonly employed in novel biotechnology applications. They have been well-proven as biopesticides,... (Review)
Review
Trichoderma spp. are among the front-line microorganisms commonly employed in novel biotechnology applications. They have been well-proven as biopesticides, biofertilizers, and biostimulants for managing plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. They are instrumental in managing plant diseases of economic importance, such as tomato root rot. However, this group of fungi has not been well-exploited en-mass in developing countries, while the use of bioagents in-lieu of chemical pesticides is still not a common practice in many African countries. Africa contributes 11.8% to global tomato production. Unfortunately, more than half of the actual product is lost due to diseases. The root rot of tomatoes predominantly caused by soil-borne fungal pathogens are among significant problems of tomato cultivation in Africa. Here, we review the constraints of tomato root rot in Africa and the roles of Trichoderma in repositioning the crop for optimum productivity. We gave a comprehensive overview of the economic importance, root rot epidemiology, and how to circumvent it through gene pool to resistant tomato and employ Trichoderma's biological control potentials. Furthermore, this review gives an overview of the mechanisms of action of Trichoderma, gaps in the advocacy, adoption, commercialization, and regulation of Trichoderma as biocontrol agents of tomato rot diseases in Africa.
Topics: Biological Control Agents; Solanum lycopersicum; Plant Diseases; Plant Roots; Trichoderma
PubMed: 35131590
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.126978 -
Plant Signaling & Behavior Dec 2023Root rot is one of the main diseases affecting Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. during cultivation, seriously limiting yields of this herb. Currently, there is no effective...
Root rot is one of the main diseases affecting Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. during cultivation, seriously limiting yields of this herb. Currently, there is no effective control measure for aconite root rot. The antifungal activities of antagonistic strains against aconite root rot pathogens (Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium solani, and Fusarium oxysporum) were investigated in this study. Three antagonistic strains, JKT7, JKT28 and JKT39, were screened and identified as Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma virens, respectively. Dual culture tests showed that the inhibition rates of the three Trichoderma strains on the pathogens were all approximately 70%. The volatile metabolites had inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of pathogens, while the nonvolatile metabolites in the culture filtrates did not show significant inhibitory effects. The volatile components analyzed by GC‒MS were mainly ketones, esters, and alcohols. These results indicate that these strains of Trichoderma and their secondary metabolites have antimicrobial activities against the pathogens of aconite root rot. This study could provide a scientific basis for the biocontrol of aconite root rot.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Aconitum; Fusarium; Trichoderma; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 37183693
DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2211852 -
Marine Drugs Nov 2022The biocontrol fungus , from both marine and terrestrial environments, has attracted considerable attention. has a tremendous potential to produce a variety of... (Review)
Review
The biocontrol fungus , from both marine and terrestrial environments, has attracted considerable attention. has a tremendous potential to produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs), which are an important source of new herbicides and antibiotics. This review prioritizes the SMs of from 1988 to June 2022, and their relevant biological activities. Marine-derived SMs, especially terpenoids, polyketides, and macrolides compounds, occupy a significant proportion of natural products from , deserving more of our attention.
Topics: Trichoderma; Hypocreales
PubMed: 36355024
DOI: 10.3390/md20110701