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The Journal of Clinical Investigation Jan 1985
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Animals; Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Macaca; Retroviridae; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
PubMed: 3155526
DOI: 10.1172/JCI111659 -
American Journal of Public Health Apr 1988Published reports describing behavioral changes in response to the threat of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) are reviewed. These studies demonstrate rapid,... (Review)
Review
Published reports describing behavioral changes in response to the threat of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) are reviewed. These studies demonstrate rapid, profound, but expectably incomplete alterations in the behavior of both homosexual/bisexual males and intravenous drug users. This is true in the highest risk metropolitan areas such as New York City and in areas with lower AIDS incidence. Risk reduction is occurring more frequently through the modification of sexual or drug-use behavior than through its elimination. In contrast to aggregate data, longitudinal descriptions of individual behavior demonstrate considerable instability or recidivism. Behavioral change in the potentially vulnerable heterosexual adolescent and young adult populations is less common, as is risk reduction among urban minorities. Reports of AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes generally parallel the pattern of behavioral changes. Nonetheless, few studies investigate the relationship of knowledge and attitudes to risk reduction. Future studies should provide much-needed information about the determinants as well as the magnitude of behavioral changes required to reduce the further spread of AIDS.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Attitude to Health; Behavior; Behavioral Research; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Information Dissemination; New York City; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Substance-Related Disorders; United Kingdom; United States
PubMed: 3279837
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.78.4.394 -
Cadernos de Saude Publica 2000This paper discusses methodologies for analyzing relations between social inequalities, marginalization, prejudice, and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, highlighting current... (Review)
Review
This paper discusses methodologies for analyzing relations between social inequalities, marginalization, prejudice, and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, highlighting current difficulties and alternative research strategies. It also reviews the international and Brazilian literature, emphasizing: economic and macropolitical dimensions in the spread of HIV/AIDS; the role of drug policies and consumption; gender inequalities and prejudice; racial/ethnic inequalities and prejudice; and interaction with other STIs and their relationship to poverty; HIV/AIDS and health care standards, especially access to antiretroviral therapy; and human rights violations. Despite current methodological dilemmas in analyzing relations between psychosocial, cultural, and sociopolitical variables and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and the limited Brazil literature, such themes merit further investigation, addressing Brazilian social and cultural specificities and profiting from recently developed research strategies.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Human Rights; Humans; Poverty; Prejudice; Social Conditions
PubMed: 10904390
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the International AIDS... Dec 2010In the history of public health, HIV/AIDS is unique; it has widespread and long-lasting demographic, social, economic and political impacts. The global response has been...
In the history of public health, HIV/AIDS is unique; it has widespread and long-lasting demographic, social, economic and political impacts. The global response has been unprecedented. AIDS exceptionalism--the idea that the disease requires a response above and beyond "normal" health interventions--began as a Western response to the originally terrifying and lethal nature of the virus. More recently, AIDS exceptionalism came to refer to the disease-specific global response and the resources dedicated to addressing the epidemic. There has been a backlash against this exceptionalism, with critics claiming that HIV/AIDS receives a disproportionate amount of international aid and health funding.This paper situations this debate in historical perspective. By reviewing histories of the disease, policy developments and funding patterns, it charts how the meaning of AIDS exceptionalism has shifted over three decades. It argues that while the connotation of the term has changed, the epidemic has maintained its course, and therefore some of the justifications for exceptionalism remain.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Epidemics; Global Health; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans
PubMed: 21129197
DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-13-47 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Jun 1995
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Africa; Attitude of Health Personnel; Child, Preschool; Denial, Psychological; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Infant; Male
PubMed: 7613305
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.310.6992.1475 -
Journal of Epidemiology and Community... Mar 1987Some central questions concerning the epidemiology of AIDS are addressed by statistical analyses. Applying standard maximum likelihood theory to reported cases of...
Some central questions concerning the epidemiology of AIDS are addressed by statistical analyses. Applying standard maximum likelihood theory to reported cases of transfusion-associated AIDS in the US, the mean and standard deviation of incubation time for AIDS are estimated to be about 60 and 19 months, respectively. If these parameters are applied to the data from the San Francisco CDC cohort study, we find a good correspondence between estimated and reported cases of AIDS when the probability factor p is 0.27-meaning that about 27% of those infected with HIV are expected to develop AIDS during a period of 8-10 years. Application of the incubation time model and the probability factor p to the data on transfusion-associated AIDS makes it possible to estimate the number of transfusion-associated infections with HIV from 1978 to 1984. These estimates give an exponential increase in the number of cases, with a relative increase of 2.74 each year. It seems reasonable to assume that this increase reflects the spread of the virus within this period.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Humans; Probability; Statistics as Topic; Transfusion Reaction; United States
PubMed: 3668461
DOI: 10.1136/jech.41.1.55 -
Health Services Research Dec 1994
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Antiviral Agents; Health Services Research; Humans; Research; United States
PubMed: 8002347
DOI: No ID Found -
AIDS (London, England) Jun 2016To better understand the global response to HIV/AIDS, this study tracked development assistance for HIV/AIDS at a granular, program level.
OBJECTIVE
To better understand the global response to HIV/AIDS, this study tracked development assistance for HIV/AIDS at a granular, program level.
METHODS
We extracted data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Financing Global Health 2015 report that captured development assistance for HIV/AIDS from 1990 to 2015 for all major bilateral and multilateral aid agencies. To build on these data, we extracted additional budget data, and disaggregated development assistance for HIV/AIDS into nine program areas, including prevention, treatment, and health system support.
RESULTS
Since 2000, $109.8 billion of development assistance has been provided for HIV/AIDS. Between 2000 and 2010, development assistance for HIV/AIDS increased at an annualized rate of 22.8%. Since 2010, the annualized rate of growth has dropped to 1.3%. Had development assistance for HIV/AIDS continued to climb after 2010 as it had in the previous decade, $44.8 billion more in development assistance would have been available for HIV/AIDS. Since 1990, treatment and prevention were the most funded HIV/AIDS program areas receiving $24.6 billion and $22.7 billion, respectively. Since 2010, these two program areas and HIV/AIDS health system strengthening have continued to grow, marginally, with majority support from the US government and the Global Fund. An average of $252.9 of HIV/AIDS development assistance per HIV/AIDS prevalent case was disbursed between 2011 and 2013.
CONCLUSION
The scale-up of development assistance for HIV/AIDS from 2000 to 2010 was unprecedented. During this period, international donors prioritized HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and health system support. Since 2010, funding for HIV/AIDS has plateaued.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Capital Financing; Epidemics; Global Health; Health Services Administration; Humans; International Cooperation
PubMed: 26950317
DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001081 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Feb 1986
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Hemophilia A; Humans; Infant; Male; Risk; Transfusion Reaction; United Kingdom
PubMed: 3954433
DOI: 10.1136/adc.61.2.105 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Dec 1987
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Statistics as Topic
PubMed: 3122877
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.295.6612.1503-a