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Journal of Dairy Science Dec 2023Study aims were to investigate associations of hyperketolactia (HYKL) status of Holstein dairy cows between 6 and 60 d in milk (DIM), defined by milk acetone (mACE) and...
Study aims were to investigate associations of hyperketolactia (HYKL) status of Holstein dairy cows between 6 and 60 d in milk (DIM), defined by milk acetone (mACE) and β-hydroxybutyrate (mBHB) content, with daily milk yield and composition. Milk samples (∼5.0 million) were collected over a 5-yr period (2014-2019) within the milk recording system in Poland. Concentrations of mACE and mBHB determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to categorize samples into 4 ketolactia groups. Based on threshold values of ≥0.15 mmol/L mACE and ≥0.10 mmol/L mBHB, ketolactia groups were normoketolactia (NKL; mACE <0.15 mmol/L and mBHB <0.10 mmol/L), BHB hyperketolactia (HYKL; mACE <0.15 mmol/L and mBHB ≥0.10 mmol/L), ACE hyperketolactia (HYKL; mACE ≥0.15 mmol/L and mBHB <0.10 mmol/L), and ACE and BHB hyperketolactia (HYKL; mACE ≥0.15 mmol/L and mBHB ≥0.10 mmol/L). To investigate ketolactia association with production outcomes, a linear model was developed, including ketolactia group, DIM, parity, their interactions, year-season as fixed effects, and random effects of herd and cow. Among all milk samples, 31.2% were classified as HYKL, and of these, 52.6%, 39.6%, and 7.8% were HYKL, HYKL, and HYKL, respectively. Ketolactia groups differed for all traits studied in all parities and DIM. Among HYKL groups, lowest milk yield was found in HYKL cows, except for 6 to 30 DIM in first- and second-lactation cows. Milk yield of HYKL cows was higher than that of NKL cows until 20 to 30 DIM, and then it was lower than NKL cows. Milk yield of HYKL cows was mostly lower than NKL cows. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield of HYKL cows was higher than that of NKL cows until 30 to 35 DIM for second lactation and third lactation or greater, and in the whole study period for first lactation. The yield of ECM for HYKL cows was mostly higher than that of NKL cows, whereas HYKL cows had higher ECM than NKL cows until 15 to 25 DIM and then was lower for the HYKL group. Milk composition differed among HYKL groups. Highest milk fat (MF) and lowest milk lactose (ML) contents were observed in HYKL cows. Cows in HYKL and HYKL groups had higher MF and lower milk protein (MP; except in 6-8 DIM in first lactation) and ML content than NKL cows. Milk fat content was higher in HYKL than NKL cows in first lactation and during the first 30 to 40 DIM in older cows. Lactose content was lower in HYKL than in NKL cows within 30 to 40 DIM; afterward it was higher in NKL cows. Lower MP content was found in HYKL than in NKL cows, except during 6 to 9 DIM for cows in first lactation and third lactation or greater. In conclusion, HYKL is associated with altered milk production in all parities, but a range of these negative relations depends on ketone status addressing both ACE and BHB contents. Further research is needed to ascertain underpinning biochemical defects of HYKL from elevated ACE, alone or in combination with BHB, during early lactation.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Cattle; Animals; Lactation; Lactose; Milk; Ketones; Acetone; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
PubMed: 37678778
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23081 -
Journal of Applied Clinical Medical... Jul 2019The T1 value of pure water, which is often used as a phantom to simulate cerebrospinal fluid, is significantly different from that of in-vivo cerebrospinal fluid. The...
The T1 value of pure water, which is often used as a phantom to simulate cerebrospinal fluid, is significantly different from that of in-vivo cerebrospinal fluid. The purpose of this study was to develop a phantom with a T1 value equivalent to that of in-vivo cerebrospinal fluid under examination room temperature (23°C-25°C). In this study, 1.5 and 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging scanners were used. We examined the signal intensity change in relation to pure water temperature, the T1 values of acetone-diluted solutions (0-100 v/v%, in 10 steps), and the correlation coefficients obtained from volunteers and the prepared phantoms. The T1 value was close to the value reported in the literature for cerebrospinal fluid when the acetone-diluted solution was 70 v/v% or higher at scan room temperature. The value at that time was 3532.81-4704.57 ms at 1.5 T and it ranged from 4052.41 to 5701.61 ms at 3.0 T. The highest correlation with the values obtained from the volunteers was r = 0.993 with pure acetone at 1.5 T and r = 0.991 with acetone 90 v/v% at 3.0 T. The relative error of the best phantom-volunteer match was 32.61 (%) ± 6.71 at 1.5 T and 46.67 (%) ± 4.31 at 3.0 T. The T1 value measured by the null point method did not detect a significant difference between in vivo CSF and acetone 100 v/v% at 1.5 T and acetone 90 v/v% at 3.0 T. The T1 value of cerebrospinal fluid in the living body at scan room temperature was reproduced with acetone. The optimum concentration of acetone for cerebrospinal-fluid reproduction was pure acetone at 1.5 T and 90 v/v% at 3.0 T.
Topics: Acetone; Adult; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Female; Head; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Phantoms, Imaging; Temperature; Young Adult
PubMed: 31179645
DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12659 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2020In this study approaches for chemical conversions of the renewable compounds 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) that yield the corresponding cyclic...
In this study approaches for chemical conversions of the renewable compounds 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) that yield the corresponding cyclic ketals and glycol ethers have been investigated experimentally. The characterization of the obtained products as potential green solvents and gasoline components is discussed. Cyclic ketals have been obtained by the direct reaction of the diols with lower aliphatic ketones (1,2-PD + acetone → 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolane (TMD) and 2,3-BD + butanone-2 → 2-ethyl-2,4,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolane (ETMD)), for which the Δ, Δ and Δ values have been estimated experimentally. The monoethers of diols could be obtained through either hydrogenolysis of the pure ketals or from the ketone and the diol via reductive alkylation. In the both reactions, the cyclic ketals (TMD and ETMD) have been hydrogenated in nearly quantitative yields to the corresponding isopropoxypropanols (IPP) and 3-sec-butoxy-2-butanol (SBB) under mild conditions ( = 120-140 °C, (H) = 40 bar) with high selectivity (>93%). Four products (TMD, ETMD, IPP and SBB) have been characterized as far as their physical properties are concerned (density, melting/boiling points, viscosity, calorific value, evaporation rate, Antoine equation coefficients), as well as their solvent ones (Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameters, miscibility, and polymer solubilization). In the investigation of gasoline blending properties, TMD, ETMD, IPP and SBB have shown remarkable antiknock performance with blending antiknock indices of 95.2, 92.7, 99.2 and 99.7 points, respectively.
Topics: Acetone; Algorithms; Butylene Glycols; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Gasoline; Glycols; Models, Chemical; Propylene Glycols; Solvents
PubMed: 32283657
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071723 -
Journal of Chromatography. A Jun 2024The present research work was dedicated to developing an efficient method based on liquid-liquid chromatography (centrifugal partition chromatography, CPC) applicable to...
The present research work was dedicated to developing an efficient method based on liquid-liquid chromatography (centrifugal partition chromatography, CPC) applicable to routine purifications of ochratoxins (OT) from the liquid culture of the strain A. albertensis SZMC 2107. The crude extract contained numerous components in addition to OTA (90.1 %,) and OTB (1.1 %,) according to HPLC examinations. For the separation of OTs by CPC, several tertiary systems based on acetonitrile, acetone, and short-chain alcohols were examined to find the most applicable biphasic system. The hexane/i-propanol/water 35:15:50 system supplemented with 0.1 % acetic acid was found to be the most efficient for use in CPC separation. Using liquid-liquid instrumental separation, the two OTs, namely OTA (2.23 mg) and OTB (0.031 mg), were successfully isolated with 96.3 % and-72.8 % purity, respectively, from 1 L ferment broth. The identities and purities of the purified components were confirmed and the performance parameters of each separation step and the whole procedure were determined. The developed method could be used effectively to purify OTs for analytical or toxicological applications.
Topics: Ochratoxins; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Centrifugation; Chromatography, Liquid; Acetonitriles; Acetone
PubMed: 38669941
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464898 -
Journal of Bacteriology Jan 2012The anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of acetone and butanone in the betaproteobacterium "Aromatoleum aromaticum" is initiated by their ATP-dependent carboxylation to...
Acetone and butanone metabolism of the denitrifying bacterium "Aromatoleum aromaticum" demonstrates novel biochemical properties of an ATP-dependent aliphatic ketone carboxylase.
The anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of acetone and butanone in the betaproteobacterium "Aromatoleum aromaticum" is initiated by their ATP-dependent carboxylation to acetoacetate and 3-oxopentanoic acid, respectively. Both reactions are catalyzed by the same enzyme, acetone carboxylase, which was purified and characterized. Acetone carboxylase is highly induced under growth on acetone or butanone and accounts for at least 5.5% of total cell protein. The enzyme consists of three subunits of 85, 75, and 20 kDa, respectively, in a (αβγ)(2) composition and contains 1 Zn and 2 Fe per heterohexamer but no organic cofactors. Chromatographic analysis of the ATP hydrolysis products indicated that ATP was exclusively cleaved to AMP and 2 P(i). The stoichiometry was determined to be 2 ATP consumed per acetone carboxylated. Purified acetone carboxylase from A. aromaticum catalyzes the carboxylation of acetone and butanone as the only substrates. However, the enzyme shows induced (uncoupled) ATPase activity with many other substrates that were not carboxylated. Acetone carboxylase is a member of a protein family that also contains acetone carboxylases of various other organisms, acetophenone carboxylase of A. aromaticum, and ATP-dependent hydantoinases/oxoprolinases. While the members of this family share several characteristic features, they differ with respect to the products of ATP hydrolysis, subunit composition, and metal content.
Topics: Acetone; Aerobiosis; Anaerobiosis; Bacterial Proteins; Betaproteobacteria; Butanones; Carboxy-Lyases; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Molecular Structure; Time Factors
PubMed: 22020645
DOI: 10.1128/JB.05895-11 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2016Breath analysis has been considered a suitable tool to evaluate diseases of the respiratory system and those that involve metabolic changes, such as diabetes. Breath...
Breath analysis has been considered a suitable tool to evaluate diseases of the respiratory system and those that involve metabolic changes, such as diabetes. Breath acetone has long been known as a biomarker for diabetes. However, the results from published data by far have been inconclusive regarding whether breath acetone is a reliable index of diabetic screening. Large variations exist among the results of different studies because there has been no "best-practice method" for breath-acetone measurements as a result of technical problems of sampling and analysis. In this mini-review, we update the current status of our development of a laser-based breath acetone analyzer toward real-time, one-line diabetic screening and a point-of-care instrument for diabetic management. An integrated standalone breath acetone analyzer based on the cavity ringdown spectroscopy technique has been developed. The instrument was validated by using the certificated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The linear fittings suggest that the obtained acetone concentrations via both methods are consistent. Breath samples from each individual subject under various conditions in total, 1257 breath samples were taken from 22 Type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients, 312 Type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients, which is one of the largest numbers of T2D subjects ever used in a single study, and 52 non-diabetic healthy subjects. Simultaneous blood glucose (BG) levels were also tested using a standard diabetic management BG meter. The mean breath acetone concentrations were determined to be 4.9 ± 16 ppm (22 T1D), and 1.5 ± 1.3 ppm (312 T2D), which are about 4.5 and 1.4 times of the one in the 42 non-diabetic healthy subjects, 1.1 ± 0.5 ppm, respectively. A preliminary quantitative correlation (R = 0.56, p < 0.05) between the mean individual breath acetone concentration and the mean individual BG levels does exist in 20 T1D subjects with no ketoacidosis. No direct correlation is observed in T1D subjects, T2D subjects, and healthy subjects. The results from a relatively large number of subjects tested indicate that an elevated mean breath acetone concentration exists in diabetic patients in general. Although many physiological parameters affect breath acetone, under a specifically controlled condition fast (<1 min) and portable breath acetone measurement can be used for screening abnormal metabolic status including diabetes, for point-of-care monitoring status of ketone bodies which have the signature smell of breath acetone, and for breath acetone related clinical studies requiring a large number of tests.
Topics: Acetone; Blood Glucose; Breath Tests; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans
PubMed: 27483281
DOI: 10.3390/s16081199 -
Journal of Bacteriology Jan 1995Acetone degradation by cell suspensions of Desulfococcus biacutus was CO2 dependent, indicating initiation by a carboxylation reaction, while degradation of...
Acetone degradation by cell suspensions of Desulfococcus biacutus was CO2 dependent, indicating initiation by a carboxylation reaction, while degradation of 3-hydroxybutyrate was not CO2 dependent. Growth on 3-hydroxybutyrate resulted in acetate accumulation in the medium at a ratio of 1 mol of acetate per mol of substrate degraded. In acetone-grown cultures no coenzyme A (CoA) transferase or CoA ligase appeared to be involved in acetone metabolism, and no acetate accumulated in the medium, suggesting that the carboxylation of acetone and activation to acetoacetyl-CoA may occur without the formation of a free intermediate. Catabolism of 3-hydroxybutyrate occurred after activation by CoA transfer from acetyl-CoA, followed by oxidation to acetoacetyl-CoA. In both acetone-grown cells and 3-hydroxybutyrate-grown cells, acetoacetyl-CoA was thioyltically cleaved to two acetyl-CoA residues and further metabolized through the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway. Comparison of the growth yields on acetone and 3-hydroxybutyrate suggested an additional energy requirement in the catabolism of acetone. This is postulated to be the carboxylation reaction (delta G(o)' for the carboxylation of acetone to acetoacetate, +17.1 kJ.mol-1). At the intracellular acyl-CoA concentrations measured, the net free energy change of acetone carboxylation and catabolism to two acetyl-CoA residues would be close to 0 kJ.mol of acetone-1, if one mol of ATP was invested. In the absence of an energy-utilizing step in this catabolic pathway, the predicted intracellular acetoacetyl-CoA concentration would be 10(13) times lower than that measured. Thus, acetone catabolism to two acetyl-CoA residues must be accompanied by the utilization of teh energetic equivalent of (at lease) one ATP molecule. Measurement of enzyme activities suggested that assimilation of acetyl-CoA occurred through a modified citric acid cycle in which isocitrate was cleaved to succinate and glyoxylate. Malate synthase, condensing glyoxylate and acetyl-CoA, acted as an anaplerotic enzyme. Carboxylation of pyruvate of phosphoenolpyruvate could not be detected.
Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetone; Acyl Coenzyme A; Energy Metabolism; Hydroxybutyrates; Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria
PubMed: 7814315
DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.2.277-282.1995 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023Metal oxide (MOx) gas sensors have attracted considerable attention from both scientific and practical standpoints. Due to their promising characteristics for detecting... (Review)
Review
Metal oxide (MOx) gas sensors have attracted considerable attention from both scientific and practical standpoints. Due to their promising characteristics for detecting toxic gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) compared with conventional techniques, these devices are expected to play a key role in home and public security, environmental monitoring, chemical quality control, and medicine in the near future. VOCs (e.g., acetone) are blood-borne and found in exhaled human breath as a result of certain diseases or metabolic disorders. Their measurement is considered a promising tool for noninvasive medical diagnosis, for example in diabetic patients. The conventional method for the detection of acetone vapors as a potential biomarker is based on spectrometry. However, the development of MOx-type sensors has made them increasingly attractive from a medical point of view. The objectives of this review are to assess the state of the art of the main MOx-type sensors in the detection of acetone vapors to propose future perspectives and directions that should be carried out to implement this type of sensor in the field of medicine.
Topics: Humans; Acetone; Gases; Oxides; Diabetes Mellitus; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 36770820
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031150 -
Scandinavian Journal of Work,... Jun 1981Eight male subjects were exposed to acetone vapor on two occasions for 2 h in the laboratory. On the first occasion they were exposed to about 1,300 mg/m3 during rest...
Eight male subjects were exposed to acetone vapor on two occasions for 2 h in the laboratory. On the first occasion they were exposed to about 1,300 mg/m3 during rest and on the second occasion to about 700 mg/m3 during rest (30 min) and exercise at different work loads on a bicycle ergometer (90 min). The total uptake of acetone was 0.6--1.2 g, and the relative uptake was about 45%. The concentration of acetone in alveolar air was 30--40% of that in the inspiratory air, and it was not affected by exposure time or work load. The concentration of acetone in blood increased continuously with increased uptake during exposure, and there was no tendency towards equilibrium. The half-time of acetone in alveolar air as about 4 h, and in venous and arterial blood it was about 6 and 4 h, respectively. The highest concentrations of acetone in urine were measured 3--3.5 h after exposure. The elimination of acetone via the lungs corresponded to about 20% of the total uptake. Only about 1% of the uptake was excreted via urine.
Topics: Acetone; Adult; Air; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Kidney; Kinetics; Liver; Male; Physical Exertion; Rest; Time Factors
PubMed: 6797062
DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.2561 -
Journal of Chromatography. A Aug 2019Peak broadening in small columns is dominated by spreading in the extra column volume and not by hydrodynamic dispersion or mass transfer resistances. Computational...
Peak broadening in small columns is dominated by spreading in the extra column volume and not by hydrodynamic dispersion or mass transfer resistances. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) permits to study the influence of these effects separately. Here, peak broadening of three single component solutes - silica nanoparticles, acetone, and lysozyme - was experimentally determined for two different columns (100 mm × 8 mm inner diameter and 10 mm × 5 mm inner diameter) under non-binding conditions. A mass transfer model between mobile and stationary phases as well as a hydrodynamic dispersion model were implemented in the CFD environment STAR-CCM+. The mass transfer model combines a model of external mass transfer with a model of pore diffusion. The model was validated with experiments performed on the larger column. We find that extra column volume plays an important role in peak broadening of the silica nanoparticles pulse in that column; it is less important for acetone and is weakly pronounced for lysozyme. Hydrodynamic dispersion plays the dominant role at low and medium flow rates for acetone because we are in a regime of 1-10 ReSc. Mass transfer is important for high flow rates of acetone and for all flow rates of lysozyme. Then, peak broadening was predicted in the smaller column with the packed bed parameters taken from larger column. The scalability of the prepacked columns is demonstrated for acetone and silica nanoparticles by excellent agreement with the experimental data. In contrast to the larger column, peak broadening in the smaller column is dominated by extra column volume for all solutes. Peak broadening of lysozyme is controlled only at high flow rates by mass transfer and overrides extra column volume and hydrodynamic dispersion. CFD simulations with implemented mass transfer models successfully model peak broadening in chromatography columns taking all broadening effects into consideration and therefore are a valuable tool for scale up and scale down. Our simulations underscore the importance of extra column volume.
Topics: Acetone; Chromatography; Computer Simulation; Diffusion; Models, Chemical; Muramidase; Silicon Dioxide
PubMed: 31036361
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.065