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Poultry Science Jan 2022Woody breast (WB) is a myopathy that is related to the increasing growth rate. Understanding the influence of management factors on WB formation and development is...
Woody breast (WB) is a myopathy that is related to the increasing growth rate. Understanding the influence of management factors on WB formation and development is important to minimize WB. This study was conducted to define how management factors affect broiler growth performance, processing yield, and WB incidence. Ross × Ross 708 chicks were randomly assigned to a 3 (diet) × 2 (cocci challenge) × 2 (sex) factorial arrangement of treatments. The 3 dietary treatments were: control diet (corn-soybean meal basal diet), antibiotic diet (basal diet + 6.075 mg bacitracin /kg feed), and probiotic diet (basal diet + 2.2 × 10 CFU Bacillus subtilis PB6/kg feed). Birds in cocci challenge treatments received 20 × live cocci vaccine on d 14. The hardness of breast muscle in live birds was determined by palpation and grouped into Normal, Slight, Moderate, and Severe categories. Across diet and sex treatments, the cocci challenge resulted in decreases in body weight (BW) on d 29 and 35 (P < 0.0001 and = 0.032) in body weight gain (BWG) from d 14 to 29 (P < 0.0001). However, an increase of BW occurred on d 35 (P = 0.032) and an increase of BWG occurred from d 29 to 35 and d 35 to 43 (P = 0.0001 and 0.002), and the cocci challenge increased WB incidence on d 29 (P = 0.043) and d 43 (P = 0.013). Across challenge and sex treatments, birds fed the antibiotic diet exhibited a higher growth rate (GR) than those fed the control or probiotic diet from d 0 to 14 (P = 0.016), but not after d 14 (P > 0.05). Across sex, the antibiotic and probiotic diets increased WB incidence for those birds that did not receive a cocci challenge on d 43 (P = 0.040). Across challenge and diet treatments, males exhibited a higher BW, BWG, and GR throughout all growth phases, and males showed a higher WB incidence on d 29, 35, and 43 (P = 0.002, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.0002, respectively). In conclusion, bacitracin and Eimeria spp. increased WB incidence, BW, and GR. However, Bacillus subtilis increased WB incidence in male broilers without affecting BW and GR.
Topics: Animals; Bacillus subtilis; Bacitracin; Chickens; Eimeria; Incidence; Male; Muscular Diseases
PubMed: 34788711
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101512 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2001Giardia lamblia is both the most common intestinal parasite in the United States and a frequent cause of diarrheal illness throughout the world. In spite of its... (Review)
Review
Giardia lamblia is both the most common intestinal parasite in the United States and a frequent cause of diarrheal illness throughout the world. In spite of its recognition as an important human pathogen, there have been relatively few agents used in therapy. This paper discusses each class of drugs used in treatment, along with their mechanism of action, in vitro and clinical efficacy, and side effects and contraindications. Recommendations are made for the preferred treatment in different clinical situations. The greatest clinical experience is with the nitroimidazole drugs, i.e., metronidazole, tinidazole, and ornidazole, which are highly effective. A 5- to 7-day course of metronidazole can be expected to cure over 90% of individuals, and a single dose of tinidazole or ornidazole will cure a similar number. Quinacrine, which is no longer produced in the United States, has excellent efficacy but may be poorly tolerated, especially in children. Furazolidone is an effective alternative but must be administered four times a day for 7 to 10 days. Paromomycin may be used during early pregnancy, because it is not systematically absorbed, but it is not always effective. Patients who have resistant infection can usually be cured by a prolonged course of treatment with a combination of a nitroimidazole with quinacrine.
Topics: Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Bacitracin; Benzimidazoles; Feces; Female; Furazolidone; Giardia; Giardiasis; Humans; Lactation; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nitroimidazoles; Paromomycin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Quinacrine; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 11148005
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.14.1.114-128.2001 -
The Journal of Surgical Research Feb 2022With the easily available option for surgeons to soak their suture in antibiotic irrigation solution intraoperatively in mind, this study was designed to evaluate the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
With the easily available option for surgeons to soak their suture in antibiotic irrigation solution intraoperatively in mind, this study was designed to evaluate the ability of suture soaked in bacitracin irrigation solution to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Using standard experimental procedure, sterile suture was soaked in Bacitracin, and dried for 10 min or 6 h, incubated for 24 h on inoculated plates, and examined for zone of inhibition around the suture. This was compared to control unsoaked suture and antimicrobial suture (AMS) currently on the market to determine if the minor intraoperative procedural change of placing suture in antibiotic irrigation solution instead of on the sterile table could confer comparable antimicrobial activity.
RESULTS
The study found the Bacitracin-soaked suture (BSS) consistently inhibited the growth of the test organisms. For both organisms, the BSS exhibited a significantly larger zone of inhibition compared to the unsoaked control suture (P < 0.0001). However, both the AMS currently on the market, and a bacitracin aliquot, exhibited significantly larger zones of inhibition compared to both drying times of the BSS (P < 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS
Placing sutures in a bacitracin irrigation solution intraoperatively instead of directly on the sterile table can achieve some of the in vitro antimicrobial effect seen from AMS currently on the market. This may result in reduced rates of surgical site infections and associated costs without major procedural change and at reduced overhead.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacitracin; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Surgical Wound Infection; Sutures; Triclosan
PubMed: 34700295
DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.09.010 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Aug 2012Recent reports of reduced response to standard therapies for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and the risk for recurrent CDI that is common with all currently... (Review)
Review
Recent reports of reduced response to standard therapies for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and the risk for recurrent CDI that is common with all currently available treatment agents have posed a significant challenge to clinicians. Current recommendations include metronidazole for treatment of mild to moderate CDI and vancomycin for severe CDI. Results from small clinical trials suggest that nitazoxanide and teicoplanin may be alternative options to standard therapies, whereas rifaximin has demonstrated success in uncontrolled trials for the management of multiple recurrences. Anecdotal reports have also suggested that tigecycline might be useful as an adjunctive agent for the treatment of severe complicated CDI. Reports of resistance will likely limit the clinical use of fusidic acid and bacitracin and, possibly, rifaximin if resistance to this agent becomes widespread. Treatment of patients with multiple CDI recurrences and those with severe complicated CDI is based on limited clinical evidence, and new treatments or strategies are needed.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Metronidazole; Nitro Compounds; Secondary Prevention; Severity of Illness Index; Teicoplanin; Thiazoles; Treatment Outcome; Vancomycin
PubMed: 22752868
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis355 -
MSphere Aug 2021Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen and a resilient environmental saprophyte. Dairy farms are a reservoir of L. monocytogenes, and strains can persist on...
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen and a resilient environmental saprophyte. Dairy farms are a reservoir of L. monocytogenes, and strains can persist on farms for years. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 250 L. monocytogenes isolates to investigate the persistence and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) of strains inhabiting dairy farms. We performed a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogenomic analysis to identify 14 monophyletic clades of L. monocytogenes persistent on the farms for ≥6 months. We found that prophages and other mobile genetic elements were, on average, more numerous among isolates in persistent than nonpersistent clades, and we demonstrated that resistance genes against bacitracin, arsenic, and cadmium were significantly more prevalent among isolates in persistent than nonpersistent clades. We identified a diversity of mobile elements among the 250 farm isolates, including three novel plasmids, three novel transposons, and a novel prophage harboring cadmium resistance genes. Several of the mobile elements we identified in Listeria were identical to the mobile elements of enterococci, which is indicative of recent transfer between these genera. Through a genome-wide association study, we discovered that three putative defense systems against invading prophages and plasmids were negatively associated with persistence on farms. Our findings suggest that mobile elements support the persistence of L. monocytogenes on dairy farms and that L. monocytogenes inhabiting the agroecosystem is a potential reservoir of mobile elements that may spread to the food industry. Animal-derived raw materials are an important source of L. monocytogenes in the food industry. Knowledge of the factors contributing to the pathogen's transmission and persistence on farms is essential for designing effective strategies against the spread of the pathogen from farm to fork. An increasing body of evidence suggests that mobile genetic elements support the adaptation and persistence of L. monocytogenes in the food industry, as these elements contribute to the dissemination of genes encoding favorable phenotypes, such as resilience against biocides. Understanding of the role of farms as a potential reservoir of these elements is needed for managing the transmission of mobile elements across the food chain. Because L. monocytogenes coinhabits the farm ecosystem with a diversity of other bacterial species, it is important to assess the degree to which genetic elements are exchanged between and other species, as such exchanges may contribute to the rise of novel resistance phenotypes.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Cattle; Dairying; Genome, Bacterial; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; Listeria monocytogenes; Metals, Heavy; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Prophages; Virulence Factors; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 34232074
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00383-21 -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... Nov 2015Tight-junction (TJ) proteins regulate paracellular permeability. Gut permeability can be modulated by commensal microbiota. Manipulation of the gut microbiota with...
BACKGROUND
Tight-junction (TJ) proteins regulate paracellular permeability. Gut permeability can be modulated by commensal microbiota. Manipulation of the gut microbiota with antibiotics like bacitracin and neomycin turned out to be useful for the treatment of diarrhoea induced by Clostridium difficile or chemotherapy drugs.
AIM
To evaluate the effects of the microbiota depletion evoked by the oral administration of neomycin and bacitracin on the intestinal permeability and expression of TJ proteins in mice.
METHODS
Mice received neomycin and bacitracin orally for 7 days. Intestinal permeability was measured by the fluorescein-isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) method. The gene expression of TJ proteins in the intestine was determined by real time-PCR.
RESULTS
FITC-dextran levels in serum were reduced by half in antibiotic-treated mice, indicating a reduction of intestinal permeability. Antibiotics increased the expression of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A, and occludin in the ileum and ZO-1, claudin-3, and claudin-4 in the colon.
CONCLUSION
The combination of neomycin and bacitracin reduce intestinal permeability and increase the gene expression of ZO-1, junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A), and occludin in the ileum and ZO-1, claudin-3, and claudin-4 in the colon.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Gene Expression; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Mice; Neomycin; Permeability; Tight Junction Proteins
PubMed: 26541656
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2015.3868/2015 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022The effect of Bacitracin as an antibiotic acting against Gram-positive bacterial cells was evaluated in combination with hexahistidine-containing organophosphate...
The effect of Bacitracin as an antibiotic acting against Gram-positive bacterial cells was evaluated in combination with hexahistidine-containing organophosphate hydrolase (His-OPH), possessing lactonase activity against various -acylhomoserine lactones produced by most Gram-negative bacteria as quorum-sensing molecules. The molecular docking technique was used to obtain in silico confirmation of possible interactions between molecules of His-OPH and Bacitracin as well as the absence of a significant influence of such interactions on the enzymatic catalysis. The in vitro experiments showed a sufficient catalytic efficiency of action of the His-OPH/Bacitracin combination as compared to the native enzyme. The notable improvement (up to 3.3 times) of antibacterial efficiency of Bacitracin was revealed in relation to Gram-negative bacteria when it was used in combination with His-OPH. For the first time, the action of the Bacitracin with and without His-OPH was shown to be effective against various yeast strains, and the presence of the enzyme increased the antibiotic effect up to 8.5 times. To estimate the role of the enzyme in the success of His-OPH/Bacitracin with yeast, in silico experiments (molecular docking) with various fungous lactone-containing molecules were undertaken, and the opportunity of their enzymatic hydrolysis by His-OPH was revealed in the presence and absence of Bacitracin.
Topics: Acyl-Butyrolactones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Molecular Docking Simulation; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 36012663
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169400 -
BMC Veterinary Research Oct 2019Streptococcus suis is a prominent pathogen causing septicemia and meningitis in swine and humans. Bacitracin is used widely as a growth promoter in animal feed and to...
BACKGROUND
Streptococcus suis is a prominent pathogen causing septicemia and meningitis in swine and humans. Bacitracin is used widely as a growth promoter in animal feed and to control the spread of necrotic enteritis in most developing countries. This study aimed to characterize a novel membrane transporter module Sst comprising SstE, SstF, and SstG for bacitracin resistance.
RESULTS
Comparative genomics and protein homology analysis found a potential efflux pump SstFEG encoded upstream of well-known bacitracin-resistance genes bceAB and bceRS. A four-fold decrease in bacitracin susceptibility was observed in sstFEG deletion mutant comparing with S. suis wildtype strain CZ130302. Further studies indicated that the bacitracin tolerance mediated by SstFEG is not only independent of the BceAB transporter, but also regulated by the two-component system BceSR. Given that SstFEG are harbored by almost all virulent strains, but not in the avirulent strains, we managed to explore its potential role in bacterial pathogencity. Indeed, our results showed that SstFEG is involved in S. suis colonization and virulence in animal infection model by its potential competitive survival advantage against host bactericidal effect.
CONCLUSION
To our knowledge, this is the first study to functionally characterize the bacitracin efflux pump in S. suis to provide evidence regarding the important roles of the novel ABC transporter system SstFEG with respect to drug resistance and virulence.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacitracin; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Gene Deletion; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus suis; Virulence
PubMed: 31660968
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2115-2 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Apr 2022SignificanceMany gram-positive organisms have evolved an elegant solution to sense and resist antimicrobial peptides that inhibit cell-wall synthesis. These organisms...
SignificanceMany gram-positive organisms have evolved an elegant solution to sense and resist antimicrobial peptides that inhibit cell-wall synthesis. These organisms express an unusual "Bce-type" adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that recognizes complexes formed between antimicrobial peptides and lipids involved in cell-wall biosynthesis. In this work, we provide the first structural snapshots of a Bce-type ABC transporter trapped in different conformational states. Our structures and associated biochemical data provide key insights into the novel target protection mechanism that these unusual ABC transporters use to sense and resist antimicrobial peptides. The studies described herein set the stage to begin developing a comprehensive molecular understanding of the diverse interactions between antimicrobial peptides and conserved resistance machinery found across most gram-positive organisms.
Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus subtilis; Bacitracin; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Membrane Transport Proteins
PubMed: 35349335
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123268119 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2022Streptococcus suis strain 1112S was isolated from a diseased pig in a feedlot from Henan, China, in 2019. The isolate harbored a linezolid resistance gene . WGS data...
Characterization of a Novel Linezolid Resistance Gene and Bacitracin Resistance Locus-Carrying Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Integrative and Conjugative Element ICE1112S in .
Streptococcus suis strain 1112S was isolated from a diseased pig in a feedlot from Henan, China, in 2019. The isolate harbored a linezolid resistance gene . WGS data revealed that the gene was associated with a single copy ETAf IS, in tandem with (B) and (O), located in a novel 72,587 bp integrative and conjugative element (ICE). Notably, this novel element, designated ICE1112S, also carried a novel bacitracin resistance locus. ICE1112S could be excised from chromosome and transferred to the recipient strain S. suis P1/7 with a frequency of 5.9 × 10 transconjugants per donor cell. This study provided the first description of the coexistence of and a novel bacitracin locus on a multiple antibiotic resistant ICE and highlighted that ICE were major vehicle and contribute to the potential transfer of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) caused by the imprudent use of antimicrobials has become a global problem, which poses a serious threat to treatment of S. suis infection in pigs and humans. Importantly, AMR genes can horizontally spread among commensal organisms and pathogenic microbiota, thereby accelerating the dissemination of AMR determinants. These transfers are mainly mediated by mobile genetic elements, including ICEs. In S. suis, ICEs are the major vehicles that contribute to the natural transfers of AMR genes among different bacterial pathogens. However, ICEs that carry and bacitracin resistance locus are rarely investigated in S. suis isolates. Here, we investigated a S. suis isolate carrying an and a novel bacitracin resistance locus, which were co-located on a novel multiple antibiotic resistant ICE1112S. Our study suggests that more research is needed to access the real significance of ICEs that horizontally spread clinical important resistance genes.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; China; Conjugation, Genetic; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Linezolid; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus suis; Swine
PubMed: 35170998
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01963-21