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California Medicine Nov 1957Over 50 per cent of all staphylococcic infections are hospital-acquired. In 92 per cent of hospital-acquired infection, the organism is resistant to penicillin, and in...
Over 50 per cent of all staphylococcic infections are hospital-acquired. In 92 per cent of hospital-acquired infection, the organism is resistant to penicillin, and in 74 per cent to tetracycline.Chloramphenicol, bacitracin, novobiocin and erythromycin are the drugs of choice for therapy. There was good correlation between clinical response and antibiotic therapy selected on the basis of results of organism sensitivity tests done by the agar diffusion technique.Cross-resistance among the tetracyclines averaged 94 per cent. Erythromycin and magnamycin showed similar pattern. Mortality in infants less than two months old was 7.8 per cent as compared with 1.1 per cent in older children. Death was related either to pneumonia or to septicemia in the ten fatalities recorded in this series.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Child; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Micrococcus; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines
PubMed: 13472470
DOI: No ID Found -
Poultry Science Aug 1983Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the activity of bacitracin as a growth permittant for poultry and to further elucidate the mode of action of antimicrobial...
Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the activity of bacitracin as a growth permittant for poultry and to further elucidate the mode of action of antimicrobial agents for that purpose. Supplementing a soybean protein and sucrose-based diet with 2.2, 11, and 55 ppm of bacitracin resulted in significant improvements in weight gain and feed efficiency of chicks fed the higher levels. In a second experiment, graded levels of bacitracin from 1.1 to 55 ppm were fed. A regression analysis of the index scores, the combined effects of both weight gain and feed efficiency, on the log of the significant dose levels of 5.5 to 27.5 ppm gave a linear response line with r = .996. Based on the equation, the ineffective level of the antibiotic was determined to be 4 ppm and the maximum effective level 31 ppm. Supplementing the soybean protein and sucrose-based diet with levels of 5.5, 16.5, and 55 ppm of bacitracin reduced the numbers of Clostridium perfringens organisms in ileal contents of chicks (all P less than .05). Chicks fed a level of 1.1 ppm, a level that did not give a growth response, had numbers of the organism present that were not significantly different from controls. Supplementing a soybean meal and corn-based diet with a level of 55 ppm of bacitracin did not significantly affect weight gain, feed efficiency, or numbers of C. perfringens in the ileum of chicks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Animals; Bacitracin; Body Weight; Chickens; Clostridium perfringens; Diet; Energy Metabolism; Food Additives; Ileum; Intestines; Male
PubMed: 6314313
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0621619 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2016Topical antimicrobial drugs are indicated for limited superficial pyodermitis treatment, although they are largely used as self-prescribed medication for a variety of...
BACKGROUND:
Topical antimicrobial drugs are indicated for limited superficial pyodermitis treatment, although they are largely used as self-prescribed medication for a variety of inflammatory dermatoses, including atopic dermatitis. Monitoring bacterial susceptibility to these drugs is difficult, given the paucity of laboratory standardization.
OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus topical antimicrobial drug resistance in atopic dermatitis patients.
METHODS:
We conducted a cross-sectional study of children and adults diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and S. aureus colonization. We used miscellaneous literature reported breakpoints to define S. aureus resistance to mupirocin, fusidic acid, gentamicin, neomycin and bacitracin.
RESULTS:
A total of 91 patients were included and 100 S. aureus isolates were analyzed. All strains were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. We found a low prevalence of mupirocin and fusidic acid resistance (1.1% and 5.9%, respectively), but high levels of neomycin and bacitracin resistance (42.6% and 100%, respectively). Fusidic acid resistance was associated with more severe atopic dermatitis, demonstrated by higher EASI scores (median 17.8 vs 5.7, p=.009). Our results also corroborate the literature on the absence of cross-resistance between the aminoglycosides neomycin and gentamicin.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our data, in a southern Brazilian sample of AD patients, revealed a low prevalence of mupirocin and fusidic acid resistance of S. aureus atopic eczema colonizer strains. However, for neomycin and bacitracin, which are commonly used topical antimicrobial drugs in Brazil, high levels of resistance were identified. Further restrictions on the use of these antimicrobials seem necessary to keep resistance as low as possible.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dermatitis, Atopic; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Fusidic Acid; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant; Male; Mupirocin; Neomycin; Staphylococcus aureus; Young Adult
PubMed: 27828633
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164860 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Jan 2018Vitamin D analogs were identified as compounds that induced lysis of planktonic cultures of in a high-throughput screen of FDA-approved drugs. Previous studies have...
Vitamin D analogs were identified as compounds that induced lysis of planktonic cultures of in a high-throughput screen of FDA-approved drugs. Previous studies have demonstrated that certain derivatives of vitamin D possess lytic activity against other bacteria, though the mechanism has not yet been established. Through the use of a combinatorial approach, the vitamin D derivative doxercalciferol was shown to act synergistically with bacitracin, a polypeptide-type drug that is known to interfere with cell wall synthesis, suggesting that doxercalciferol may act in a bacitracin-related pathway. Innate resistance to bacitracin is attributed to efflux by a conserved ABC-type transporter, which in is encoded by the operon. possesses two characterized mechanisms of resistance to bacitracin, the ABC transporter, bacitracin resistance (Mbr) cassette, consisting of MbrABCD, and the rhamnose-glucose polysaccharide (Rgp) system, RgpABCDEFGHI. Loss of function of the transporter in and mutants exacerbated the effect of the combination of doxercalciferol and bacitracin. Despite conservation of a transporter homologous to , the combination of doxercalciferol and bacitracin appeared to be synergistic only in streptococcal species. We conclude that vitamin D derivatives possess lytic activity against and act through a mechanism dependent on the bacitracin resistance mechanism of MbrABCD.
Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Synergism; Ergocalciferols; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; High-Throughput Screening Assays; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Streptococcus mutans; Vitamin D; Vitamins
PubMed: 29061743
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01675-17 -
Turkish Neurosurgery 2015Bacitracin is one of the most frequently used agents for the topical irrigation of the cerebral cortex. The aim of this study is to investigate whether bacitracin has...
AIM
Bacitracin is one of the most frequently used agents for the topical irrigation of the cerebral cortex. The aim of this study is to investigate whether bacitracin has histopathological and ultrastructural effects when applied topically to the cerebral cortex.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Twenty-eight rats were randomly assigned to four groups. Except the control group, each rat underwent left frontoparietal craniectomy with dural removal. Then, in the sham group a piece of dry absorbable gelatin sponge was placed over the left hemisphere; in the saline group a gelatin sponge soaked in normal saline; and in the bacitracin group a gelatin sponge soaked in 500 units bacitracin was used. After 48 hours, brain tissues were extracted for histopathological and electron microscopic analyses.
RESULTS
Among the four groups dark stained neurons were found to be statistically higher in number in the bacitracin group compared with the control, sham and saline groups. Electron microscopic evaluation revealed that, in the bacitracin group, almost all cytoplasmic organelles were poorly preserved.
CONCLUSION
Topical application of the bacitracin on to the cerebral cortex caused histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the neural tissue. These changes may be an evidence for the neurotoxic effects of bacitracin.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacitracin; Cerebral Cortex; Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 25640550
DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.10175-13.1 -
MBio Apr 2023Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen responsible for 250,000 hospital-associated infections, 12,000 hospital-associated deaths, and $1...
Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen responsible for 250,000 hospital-associated infections, 12,000 hospital-associated deaths, and $1 billion in medical costs in the United States each year. There has been recent interest in using a daptomycin analog, surotomycin, to treat C. difficile infections. Daptomycin interacts with phosphatidylglycerol and lipid II to disrupt the membrane and halt peptidoglycan synthesis. C. difficile has an unusual lipid membrane composition, as it has no phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine, and ~50% of its membrane is composed of glycolipids, including the unique C. difficile lipid aminohexosyl-hexosyldiradylglycerol (HNHDRG). We identified a two-component system (TCS), HexRK, that is required for C. difficile resistance to daptomycin. Using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), we found that HexRK regulates expression of , a three-gene operon of unknown function. Based on bioinformatic predictions, encodes a monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase, encodes a polysaccharide deacetylase, and encodes an MprF-like flippase. Deletion of leads to a 4-fold decrease in daptomycin MIC, and that deletion of leads to an 8- to 16-fold decrease in daptomycin MIC. The Δ mutant is also 4-fold less resistant to bacitracin but no other cell wall-active antibiotics. Our data indicate that in the absence of HexSDF, the phospholipid membrane composition is altered. In wild-type (WT) C. difficile, the unique glycolipid HNHDRG makes up ~17% of the lipids in the membrane. However, in a Δ mutant, HNHDRG is completely absent. While it is unclear how HNHDRG contributes to daptomycin resistance, the requirement for bacitracin resistance suggests it has a general role in cell membrane biogenesis. Clostridioides difficile is a major cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and represents an urgent concern due to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the rate of recurrent infections. Little is understood about C. difficile membrane lipids, but a unique glycolipid, HNHDRG, has been previously identified in C. difficile and, currently, has not been identified in other organisms. Here, we show that HexSDF and HexRK are required for synthesis of HNHDRG and that production of HNHDRG impacts resistance to daptomycin and bacitracin.
Topics: Daptomycin; Bacitracin; Clostridioides difficile; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins
PubMed: 36786594
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03397-22 -
The Protein Journal Feb 2022The aim of the present study, is to identify potential targets against the highly pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans that causes dental caries as well as the...
The aim of the present study, is to identify potential targets against the highly pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans that causes dental caries as well as the deadly infection of endocarditis. The powerful and highly sensitive technique of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified 321 proteins of S. mutans when grown under stressful conditions induced by the antibiotic bacitracin. These 321 proteins were subjected to the insilico method of subtractive proteomics to screen out potential targets by utilizing different analyses like CD-HIT, non-homologous sequence screening, KEGG pathway, essentiality screening, gut-flora non-homology, and codon usage analysis. A database of essential proteins was employed to find sequence homology of non-paralogous proteins to determine proteins which are essential for bacterial survival. Cellular localization analysis of the selected proteins was done to localize them inside the cell along with physico-chemical characterization and druggability analysis. Using computational tools, 22 proteins out of 321, that are functionally distinguishable from their human counterparts and passed the criterion of a potential therapeutic candidate were identified. The selected proteins comprise central energy metabolic proteins, virulence factors, proteins of the sortase family, and essentiality factors. The presented analyses identified proteins of the sortase family, which appear as key therapeutic targets against caries infection. These proteins regulate a number of virulence factors, thus can be simultaneously inhibited to obstruct multiple virulence pathways.
Topics: Bacitracin; Bacterial Proteins; Chromatography, Liquid; Dental Caries; Humans; Proteomics; Streptococcus mutans; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 34989956
DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-10038-1 -
Journal of Bacteriology Oct 2023is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that results in 220,000 infections, 12,000 deaths, and upwards of $1 billion in medical costs in the United States each year....
is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that results in 220,000 infections, 12,000 deaths, and upwards of $1 billion in medical costs in the United States each year. is highly resistant to a variety of antibiotics, but we have a poor understanding of how senses and responds to antibiotic stress and how such sensory systems affect clinical outcomes. We have identified a spontaneous mutant that displays increased daptomycin resistance. We performed whole-genome sequencing and found a nonsense mutation, S605*, in , which encodes a putative sensor histidine kinase of a two-component system (TCS). The * mutant has an ~4- to 8-fold increase in the daptomycin MIC compared to the wild type (WT). We found that the expression of constitutively active DraR in the WT increases daptomycin resistance 8- to 16-fold and increases bacitracin resistance ~4-fold. We found that a selection of lipid II-inhibiting compounds leads to the increased activity of the luciferase-based reporter P, including vancomycin, bacitracin, ramoplanin, and daptomycin. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we identified the DraRS regulon. Interestingly, we found that DraRS can induce the expression of the previously identified locus required for the synthesis of a novel glycolipid produced in . Our data suggest that the induction of the locus by DraR explains some, but not all, of the DraR-induced daptomycin and bacitracin resistance. is a major cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and represents an urgent concern due to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the rate of recurrent infections. encodes ~50 annotated two-component systems (TCSs); however, only a few have been studied. The function of these unstudied TCSs is not known. Here, we show that the TCS DraRS plays a role in responding to a subset of lipid II-inhibiting antibiotics and mediates resistance to daptomycin and bacitracin in part by inducing the expression of the recently identified locus, which encodes enzymes required for the production of a novel glycolipid in .
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clostridioides difficile; Bacitracin; Daptomycin; Clostridioides; Glycolipids
PubMed: 37439672
DOI: 10.1128/jb.00164-23 -
Journal of Animal Science Jan 2023The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparative effects of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in feeds on digesta pH, urinary pH, and growth performance for...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparative effects of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in feeds on digesta pH, urinary pH, and growth performance for nursery pigs. A total of 432 pigs (6.9 ± 0.9 kg BW) were assigned to eight treatments (6 pigs per pen, replication = 9) in a randomized complete block design with initial body weight (BW) as a block and fed for 41 d in three phases (7/17/17 d, respectively). Treatments were 1) a basal diet (NC), 2) NC + 0.25% bacitracin methylene disalicylate (antibiotic; bacitracin: 250 g/t feed; PC), 3) NC + 0.25% benzoic acid, 4) NC + 0.35% benzoic acid, 5) NC + 0.50% benzoic acid, 6) NC + 0.30% sodium benzoate, 7) NC + 0.40% sodium benzoate, and 8) NC + 0.60% sodium benzoate. Growth performance and fecal scores were measured for each phase. One gilt representing the median BW of each pen was euthanized to collect digesta from the stomach, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, and cecum, and urine. The PC tended to improve average daily gain (ADG) in phase 1 (P = 0.052) and phase 2 (P = 0.093) as well as average daily feed intake (ADFI) in phase 2 (P = 0.052). Overall, increasing supplemental benzoic acid tended to have a quadratic effect on ADG (P = 0.094), but no difference in ADFI was observed. Increasing supplemental sodium benzoate showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on ADG and linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADFI. Urinary pH linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing supplemental benzoic acid, but was not affected by supplemental sodium benzoate. Increasing supplemental benzoic acid or sodium benzoate linearly increased (P < 0.05) benzoic acid content in digesta of the stomach. Increasing supplemental benzoic acid or sodium benzoate also linearly increased (P < 0.05) urinary hippuric acid. However, the PC did not decrease urinary pH or increase urinary benzoic acid and hippuric acid. With slope-ratio assay using ADG and urinary hippuric acid as dependent variables and benzoic acid intake as an independent variable, the relative bioavailability of benzoic acid compared to sodium benzoate was not different. In conclusion, supplementation of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate could improve the growth performance of nursery pigs. The relative bioavailability of sodium benzoate to benzoic acid of nursery pigs did not differ based on BW gain and urinary hippuric acid.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Female; Bacitracin; Benzoic Acid; Sodium Benzoate; Diet; Sus scrofa; Sodium; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Animal Feed
PubMed: 37115097
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad116 -
Poultry Science May 2011The intestine of the newly hatched chick is immature at hatch. Yeast contains nucleotides and β-glucans that enhance intestinal development and chick growth....
Comparative efficacy of a yeast product and bacitracin methylene disalicylate in enhancing early growth and intestinal maturation in broiler chicks from breeder hens of different ages.
The intestine of the newly hatched chick is immature at hatch. Yeast contains nucleotides and β-glucans that enhance intestinal development and chick growth. Accordingly, a 14-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a novel yeast product and bacitracin methylene disalicylate in enhancing early growth and intestinal maturation in chicks obtained from young (26-27 wk old) and old (58 to 59 wk old) breeder hens. Chicks (384) were randomly assigned to 8 dietary treatments. Treatment 1 (YH) consisted of chicks, from young hens, fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet alone. Treatment 2 (YHB) consisted of chicks, from young hens, fed corn-SBM basal into which BMD was added at 0.055 g/kg. Treatment 3 (YHE) consisted of chicks, from young hens, fed corn-SBM basal into which yeast extract (YE) was added at 0.075% level. Treatment 4 (YHED) consisted of chicks, from young hens, fed corn-SBM basal into which YE was added at 0.15% level. Treatments 5 (OH), 6 (OHB), 7 (OHE), and 8 (OHED) consisted of chicks from old hens fed diets similar to those given to YH in treatments 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Growth performance (body weight gain and feed conversion ratio) was evaluated on d 7 and 14. Intestinal tissue samples were also analyzed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as an indicator of intestinal maturation on d 4 and 13 of experiment. Results showed that by d 14 of experiment, only BMD treatments (YHB and OHB) improved body weight gain (P < 0.05). However, the body weight gains of chicks in the yeast-supplemented treatments (YHE, YHED, OHE, and OHED) were statistically similar (P > 0.05) to those of the BMD treatments. Ileal ALP activity was consistently enhanced by BMD and yeast product supplemented at 0.075% of the diet. It was concluded that antibiotic BMD and our novel yeast product supplemented at 0.075% of the diet improved early chick growth and maturation of the ileal segment of the small intestine.
Topics: Aging; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Bacitracin; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Intestines; Salicylates; Weight Gain; Yeasts
PubMed: 21489956
DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01033