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The Western Journal of Medicine Feb 1983These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from transcriptions, they...
These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from transcriptions, they are prepared by Drs David W. Martin, Jr, Professor of Medicine, and David G. Warnock, Associate Professor of Medicine, under the direction of Dr Lloyd H. Smith, Jr, Professor of Medicine and Chairman of the Department of Medicine. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Cholestasis; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia
PubMed: 6837027
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Surgery Nov 1960
Topics: Bile; Peritonitis
PubMed: 14448741
DOI: 10.1097/00000658-196011000-00008 -
FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology Feb 2007Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Wolinella are genera of the order Campylobacterales, belonging to the class Epsilonproteobacteria. Their habitats are various niches in... (Review)
Review
Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Wolinella are genera of the order Campylobacterales, belonging to the class Epsilonproteobacteria. Their habitats are various niches in the gastrointestinal tract of higher animals, where they may come into contact with bile. Microorganisms in these environments require mechanisms of resistance to the surface-active amphipathic molecules with potent antimicrobial activities present in bile. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular responses to bile by Campylobacterales and other bacterial species that inhabit the intestinal tract and belong to the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. To date, 125 specific genes have been implicated in bile responses, of which 10 are found in Campylobacterales. Genome database searches, analyses of protein sequence and domain similarities, and gene ontology data integration were performed to compare the responses to bile of these bacteria. The results showed that 33 proteins of bacteria belonging to the four phyla had similarities equal to or greater than 50-46% proteins of Campylobacterales. Domain architecture analyses revealed that 151 Campylobacterales proteins had similar domain composition and organization to 60 proteins known to participate in the tolerance to bile in other bacteria. The proteins CmeB, CmeF and CbrR of Campylobacter jejuni involved in bile tolerance were homologous to 42 proteins identified in the Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes and Firmicutes. On the other hand, the proteins CiaB, CmeA, CmeC, CmeD, CmeE and FlaAsigma(28) also involved in the response to bile of C. jejuni, did not have homologues in other bacteria. Among the bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, the Campylobacterales seem to have evolved some mechanisms of bile resistance similar to those of other bacteria, as well as other mechanisms that appear to be characteristic of this order.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Computational Biology; Epsilonproteobacteria; Humans
PubMed: 17266717
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00194.x -
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research... Apr 2020Although hepatobiliary disease is common in cats, little is known about the bile composition in either these diseased states or in healthy cats. The objectives of this...
Although hepatobiliary disease is common in cats, little is known about the bile composition in either these diseased states or in healthy cats. The objectives of this study were to evaluate several analytes from the bile of healthy cats and to investigate the usefulness of measuring these variables to predict bacterial cholangitis. Cats were prospectively enrolled and divided into 3 groups: 21 healthy cats (group 1) and 14 cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease: 9 without bacterial biliary infection (group 2) and 5 with bacterial biliary infection (group 3). Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis was conducted on each cat. Bile cytology and culture were carried out and bile was analyzed for pH, lactate, and glucose levels using several point-of-care (POC) devices. Reference values for several bile analytes in healthy cats were calculated and are presented in this study. Neither the pH ( = 0.88) nor the lactate concentration ( = 0.85) was significantly different among the 3 groups. Sodium concentration was significantly higher in group 3 than in group 2 ( < 0.05). Bile pH, lactate, and glucose levels were unable to predict the presence of a bacterial infection in the bile.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Cat Diseases; Cats; Digestive System Diseases; Point-of-Care Systems; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 32255909
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016Cholecystocentesis can be part of the diagnostic workup of hepatobiliary disease in small animals, but literature on cytological evaluation of bile is scant.
BACKGROUND
Cholecystocentesis can be part of the diagnostic workup of hepatobiliary disease in small animals, but literature on cytological evaluation of bile is scant.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the diagnostic utility of cytological assessment of bile aspirates.
ANIMALS
Fifty-six and 78 client-owned dogs and cats, respectively, with bile collected by cholecystocentesis and submitted to our diagnostic laboratory between 1999 and 2014.
METHODS
Retrospective study describing cytological findings of bile, concurrent bacterial culture results, hematological and serum biochemical data, gallbladder biopsy results, as well as final diagnosis and complications after cholecystocentesis.
RESULTS
Infectious agents were found in 30% of canine and 22% of feline bile aspirates, and inflammation in 5% and 19% respectively. Presence of microorganisms was more often detected on cytological examination (24%) than by culture (21%). The most common bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., isolated from 14.8% and 6.7% of cultured samples respectively. Only increased canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentration (cPLI) was significantly associated with the presence of microorganisms, inflammatory cells, or both in bile. Clinically relevant complications of cholecystocentesis occurred in 2 dogs. The majority of the animals undergoing cholecystocentesis suffered from hepatic, pancreatic, gastrointestinal disease, or a combination thereof.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Cytological examination of bile is inexpensive and straightforward, and yields diagnostically relevant information that precedes and complements bacterial culture.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bile; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Gallbladder Diseases; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 26566964
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13645 -
MicrobiologyOpen Dec 2014Bile is a biological fluid synthesized in the liver, stored and concentrated in the gall bladder (interdigestive), and released into the duodenum after food intake. The...
Bile is a biological fluid synthesized in the liver, stored and concentrated in the gall bladder (interdigestive), and released into the duodenum after food intake. The microbial populations of different parts of mammal's gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small and large intestine) have been extensively studied; however, the characterization of bile microbiota had not been tackled until now. We have studied, by culture-dependent techniques and a 16S rRNA gene-based analysis, the microbiota present in the bile, gall bladder mucus, and biopsies of healthy sows. Also, we have identified the most abundant bacterial proteins in the bile samples. Our data show that the gall bladder ecosystem is mainly populated by members of the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Furthermore, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allowed us to visualize the presence of individual bacteria of different morphological types, in close association with either the epithelium or the erythrocytes, or inside the epithelial cells. Our work has generated new knowledge of bile microbial profiles and functions and might provide the basis for future studies on the relationship between bile microbiota, gut microbiota, and health.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bile; Gallbladder; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Swine
PubMed: 25336405
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.218 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Aug 2017Intestinal resection is a common therapeutic approach for human diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and colon cancer that often...
Intestinal resection is a common therapeutic approach for human diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and colon cancer that often results in severe short bowel syndrome-like adverse effects including bile acid diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, and nutrient malabsorption. Here we introduce a murine ileal resection model, termed ileectomy, to evaluate tissue communication and the maintenance of systemic homeostasis. After ileal resection, circulating blood is permanently devoid of the ileum-specific endocrine hormone fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), which releases its endocrinal inhibition of bile acid synthesis in the liver. In combination with the increased production and abolished reabsorption of bile acids after removing the ileum, mice that underwent surgery suffer from bile salt overaccumulation in the intestine and associated diarrhea, morbidity, and mortality. Novel usage of the surgery model introduced in this study may provide mechanistic and functional insights into ileal control of systemic metabolic regulation in physiology and disease.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Ileum; Intestines; Mice
PubMed: 28872123
DOI: 10.3791/55728 -
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... Jan 2021Previous in vivo proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) studies have demonstrated the possibility of quantifying amide groups of conjugated bile acids (NHCBA), olefinic lipids and...
BACKGROUND
Previous in vivo proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) studies have demonstrated the possibility of quantifying amide groups of conjugated bile acids (NHCBA), olefinic lipids and cholesterol (OLC), choline-containing phospholipids (CCPLs), taurine and glycine conjugated bile acids (TCBA, GCBA), methylene group of lipids (ML), and methyl groups of bile acids, lipids, and cholesterol (BALC1.0, BALC0.9, and TBAC) in the gallbladder, which may be useful for the study of cholestatic diseases and cholangiopathies. However, these studies were performed at 1.5T and 3T, and higher magnetic fields may offer improved spectral resolution and signal intensity.
PURPOSE
To develop a method for gallbladder MRS at 7T.
STUDY TYPE
Retrospective, technical development.
POPULATION
Ten healthy subjects (five males and five females), two patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) (one male and one female), and one patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) (female).
FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE
Free-breathing single-voxel MRS with a modified stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence at 7T.
ASSESSMENT
Postprocessing was based on the T relaxation of water in the gallbladder and in the liver. Concentrations of biliary components were calculated using water signal. All data were corrected for T relaxation times measured in healthy subjects.
STATISTICAL TESTS
The range of T relaxation time and concentration per bile component, and the resulting mean and standard deviation, were calculated.
RESULTS
The concentrations of gallbladder components in healthy subjects were: NHCBA: 93 ± 66 mM, OLC: 154 ± 124 mM, CCPL: 42 ± 17 mM, TCBA: 48 ± 35 mM, GCBA: 67 ± 32 mM, ML: 740 ± 391 mM, BALC1.0: 175 ± 92 mM, BALC0.9: 260 ± 138 mM, and TBAC: 153 ± 90 mM. Mean concentrations of all bile components were found to be lower in patients.
DATA CONCLUSION
This work provides a protocol for designing future MRS investigations of the bile system in vivo.
EVIDENCE LEVEL
2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
Topics: Bile; Female; Gallbladder; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32501627
DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27207 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... May 2005
Topics: Bile; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Kidney; Liver; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacokinetics
PubMed: 15880156
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Feb 2023Early and differential diagnosis of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCCA) is highly challenging. This study aimed to evaluate whether volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in...
Early and differential diagnosis of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCCA) is highly challenging. This study aimed to evaluate whether volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in bile samples could be emerging diagnostic biomarkers for PHCCA. We collected 200 bile samples from patients with PHCCA and benign biliary diseases (BBD), including a 140-patient training cohort and an 60-patient test cohort. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was used for VOCs detection. The predictive models were constructed using machine learning algorithms. Our analysis detected 19 VOC substances using GC-IMS in the bile samples and resulted in the identification of three new VOCs, 2-methoxyfuran, propyl isovalerate, and diethyl malonate that were found in bile. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis supported that VOCs detected in the bile could distinguish PHCCA from BBD. Twelve VOCs defined according to 32 signal peaks had significant statistical significance between BBD and PHCCA, including four up-regulated VOCs in PHCCA, such as 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, propyl isovalerate, cyclohexanone, and acetophenone, while the rest eight VOCs were down-regulated. ROC curve analysis revealed that machine learning models based on VOCs could help diagnosing PHCCA. Among them, SVM provided the highest AUC of 0·966, with a sensitivity and specificity of 93·1% and 100%, respectively. The diagnostic model based on different VOC spectra could be a feasible method for the differential diagnosis of PHCCA.
Topics: Humans; Klatskin Tumor; Volatile Organic Compounds; Bile; Diagnosis, Differential; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Bile Duct Neoplasms
PubMed: 36716909
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117235