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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Gallstones are crystalline deposits in the gallbladder that are traditionally classified as cholesterol, pigment, or mixed stones based on their composition. Microbiota...
Gallstones are crystalline deposits in the gallbladder that are traditionally classified as cholesterol, pigment, or mixed stones based on their composition. Microbiota and host metabolism variances among the different types of gallstones remain largely unclear. Here, the bile and gallstone microbial species spectra of 29 subjects with gallstone disease (GSD, 24 cholesterol and 5 pigment) were revealed by type IIB restriction site-associated DNA microbiome sequencing (2bRAD-M). Among them (21 subjects: 18 cholesterol and 3 pigment), plasma samples were subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) untargeted metabolomics. The microbiome yielded 896 species comprising 882 bacteria, 13 fungi, and 1 archaeon. Microbial profiling revealed significant enrichment of and sp005774735 in gallstone and and sp013044135 in the bile of cholesterol GSD subjects. The metabolome revealed 2296 metabolites, in which malvidin 3-(6''-malonylglucoside), 2-Methylpropyl glucosinolate, and ergothioneine were markedly enriched in cholesterol GSD subjects. Metabolite set enrichment analysis (MSEA) demonstrated enriched bile acids biosynthesis in individuals with cholesterol GSD. Overall, the multi-omics analysis revealed that microbiota and host metabolism interaction perturbations differ depending on the disease type. Perturbed gallstone type-related microbiota may contribute to unbalanced bile acids metabolism in the gallbladder and host, representing a potential early diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for GSD.
Topics: Humans; Gallstones; Bile Acids and Salts; Bile; Cholesterol
PubMed: 38529471
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1283737 -
BMJ Case Reports Jan 2018Bile duct injury (BDI) is a well-recognised complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Following a BDI, bile usually leaks into the peritoneal space and causes...
Bile duct injury (BDI) is a well-recognised complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Following a BDI, bile usually leaks into the peritoneal space and causes biliary peritonitis. This manifests as non-specific abdominal pain and fever occurring several days after the surgery. It can be managed by laparoscopic washout with or without bile duct repair. We present a rare case of retroperitoneal bile leak post-LC. The mechanism of injury here was likely partial avulsion from excessive traction of the cystic duct during intraoperative cholangiogram. Diagnosing retroperitoneal bile leak can be difficult because it is extremely rare and the presenting symptoms can be similar to an intraperitoneal bile leak. A high index of clinical suspicion is required. In cases of suspected bile leak, any mismatch between the exploratory laparoscopic findings and imaging findings should alert surgeons to consider the rare possibility of a retroperitoneal bile leak.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adult; Bile; Bile Ducts; Cholangiography; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Cholecystectomy; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; Female; Humans; Laparoscopy; Postoperative Complications; Retroperitoneal Space; Stents; Treatment Outcome; Vomiting
PubMed: 29351939
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222750 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023ABCB4 is almost exclusively expressed in the liver, where it plays an essential role in bile formation by transporting phospholipids into the bile. ABCB4 polymorphisms...
ABCB4 is almost exclusively expressed in the liver, where it plays an essential role in bile formation by transporting phospholipids into the bile. ABCB4 polymorphisms and deficiencies in humans are associated with a wide spectrum of hepatobiliary disorders, attesting to its crucial physiological function. Inhibition of ABCB4 by drugs may lead to cholestasis and drug-induced liver injury (DILI), although compared with other drug transporters, there are only a few identified substrates and inhibitors of ABCB4. Since ABCB4 shares up to 76% identity and 86% similarity in the amino acid sequence with ABCB1, also known to have common drug substrates and inhibitors, we aimed to develop an ABCB4 expressing Abcb1-knockout MDCKII cell line for transcellular transport assays. This in vitro system allows the screening of ABCB4-specific drug substrates and inhibitors independently of ABCB1 activity. Abcb1KO-MDCKII-ABCB4 cells constitute a reproducible, conclusive, and easy to use assay to study drug interactions with digoxin as a substrate. Screening a set of drugs with different DILI outcomes proved that this assay is applicable to test ABCB4 inhibitory potency. Our results are consistent with prior findings concerning hepatotoxicity causality and provide new insights for identifying drugs as potential ABCB4 inhibitors and substrates.
Topics: Humans; Polymorphism, Genetic; Amino Acid Sequence; Cholestasis; Bile; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
PubMed: 36901890
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054459 -
Chemosphere Aug 2015Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in fish bile is widely used to evaluate levels of internal PAH contamination in fish, whereas...
Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in fish bile is widely used to evaluate levels of internal PAH contamination in fish, whereas behavioral effects are deemed important to address potential risks to fish populations. The estuarine guppy Poecilia vivipara was exposed for 96h to waterborne phenanthrene at concentrations of 10, 50, 200 and 500μgL(-1). Phenanthrene and metabolites in bile were analyzed by fixed fluorescence at 260/380nm (excitation/emission) wavelengths. Phenanthrene increased in the bile of exposed fish in a dose-dependent pattern, and log bile bioconcentration factors ranged from 4.3 to 3.9 at 10 and 500μgL(-1) phenanthrene, respectively, values that are similar to predicted bioconcentration factors based on phenanthrene Kow. Swimming resistance index was reduced to 81% of control values at 500μgL(-1). Alteration of swimming speed was non monotonic, with a significant speed increase relative to control fish in treatments 50 and 200μgL(-1) phenanthrene, respectively, followed by a speed decrease in fish exposed to 500μgL(-1). However, swimming trajectories of fish exposed to 50, 200 and 500μgL(-1) was altered by the development of a repetitive circular swimming behavior, in contrast to the controls that explored the entire experimental arena. This change in swimming patterns apparently explains the reduction in prey capture rates at 200μgL(-1) phenanthrene. This study provides important information enabling the use of the estuarine guppy P. vivipara to monitor PAH metabolites in bile and its bioconcentration, linking internal exposure with ecologically relevant behavioral effects in the species.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Phenanthrenes; Poecilia; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 25770832
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.079 -
Cancer Cytopathology Aug 2021Bile cytology has low diagnostic sensitivity and requires ancillary techniques. This study assessed the utility of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) immunocytochemistry...
BACKGROUND
Bile cytology has low diagnostic sensitivity and requires ancillary techniques. This study assessed the utility of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) immunocytochemistry (ICC) in bile cytology.
METHODS
A total of 141 bile cytology specimens from 141 patients were evaluated retrospectively. Papanicolaou-stained slides were immunostained with an antibody to EZH2. After calculation of the EZH2 labeling index (LI), the cutoff value was determined via receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Cytological performance with and without EZH2 ICC was evaluated with reference to the final diagnosis.
RESULTS
The area under the curve for the EZH2 LI was 0.955, and the cutoff value for identifying benign bile samples versus malignant ones was 24.0%. The sensitivity and specificity values for malignancy were 53.4% and 100% for routine cytology only, 89.0% and 95.7% for EZH2 ICC only, and 89.8% and 95.7% for a combination of routine cytology and EZH2 ICC. The sensitivities of EZH2 ICC only and a combination of routine cytology and EZH2 ICC were significantly improved in comparison with routine cytology only (P < .001). EZH2 ICC alone had a sensitivity of 68.0% and a specificity of 85.7% in bile samples with atypical cytology, a sensitivity of 87.0% in samples that were suspicious for malignancy, and a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 100% in samples that were negative for malignancy.
CONCLUSIONS
EZH2 ICC improved the diagnostic sensitivity for pancreatobiliary adenocarcinoma in bile cytology. This method is particularly meaningful in samples of indeterminate cytology and may be useful as an initial assessment to ensure that no cancer cells are missed.
Topics: Bile; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 33788988
DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22426 -
BMC Veterinary Research Sep 2016The present study was undertaken to gain knowledge on the role of bile components and lecithin on development of aberrations in digestive functions which seemingly have...
BACKGROUND
The present study was undertaken to gain knowledge on the role of bile components and lecithin on development of aberrations in digestive functions which seemingly have increased in Atlantic salmon in parallel with the increased use of plant ingredients in fish feed. Post smolt Atlantic salmon were fed for 77 days one of three basal diets: a high fish meal diet (HFM), a low fishmeal diet (LFM), or a diet with high protein soybean meal (HPS). Five additional diets were made from the LFM diet by supplementing with: purified taurocholate (1.8 %), bovine bile salt (1.8 %), taurine (0.4 %), lecithin (1.5 %), or a mix of supplements (suppl mix) containing taurocholate (1.8 %), cholesterol (1.5 %) and lecithin (0.4 %). Two additional diets were made from the HPS diet by supplementing with: bovine bile salt (1.8 %) or the suppl mix. Body and intestinal weights were recorded, and blood, bile, intestinal tissues and digesta were sampled for evaluation of growth, nutrient metabolism and intestinal structure and function.
RESULTS
In comparison with fish fed the HFM diet fish fed the LFM and HPS diets grew less and showed reduced plasma bile salt and cholesterol levels. Histological examination of the distal intestine showed signs of enteritis in both LFM and HPS diet groups, though more pronounced in the HPS diet group. The HPS diet reduced digesta dry matter and capacity of leucine amino peptidase in the distal intestine. None of the dietary supplements improved endpoints regarding fish performance, gut function or inflammation in the distal intestine. Some endpoints rather indicated negative effects.
CONCLUSIONS
Dietary supplementation with bile components or lecithin in general did not improve endpoints regarding performance or gut health in Atlantic salmon, in clear contrast to what has been previously reported for rainbow trout. Follow-up studies are needed to clarify if lower levels of bile salts and cholesterol may give different and beneficial effects, or if other supplements, and other combinations of supplements might prevent or ameliorate inflammation in the distal intestine.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholesterol; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Fish Diseases; Inflammation; Intestines; Lecithins; Salmo salar
PubMed: 27604133
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0819-0 -
Journal of Food Protection Aug 1999A modification of the ecometric method was developed for a rapid screening of bile resistance in lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Validation of the MEM bile...
A modification of the ecometric method was developed for a rapid screening of bile resistance in lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Validation of the MEM bile assay (modified ecometric method) was performed comparing the bile resistance index (RIbile) and the bile resistance ratio (R%). Most Bifidobacterium strains assayed were bile sensitive (83.3%), while only 62.1% of lactobacilli showed that behavior. Some bifidobacterial strains (55.6%) showed a crystalline precipitate when grown on solid medium supplemented with 0.5% ox bile. The crystalline structures produced by B. pseudolongum CIDCA 531 were isolated and analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy, thin-layer chromatography, melting point, and specific cholesterol reactions. Those studies confirmed the presence of cholesterol in these crystalline structures. On the other hand, none of the lactobacilli and streptococci studied had the ability to produce crystalline precipitates.
Topics: Bifidobacterium; Bile; Chemical Precipitation; Cholesterol; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Colony Count, Microbial; Crystallization; Lactobacillus; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
PubMed: 10456745
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-62.8.905 -
The Biochemical Journal Jan 1979The total content and profile of bile salts and phospholipids are reported for several mammalian biles. Rabbit and guinea-pig biles are characterized by high proportions... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The total content and profile of bile salts and phospholipids are reported for several mammalian biles. Rabbit and guinea-pig biles are characterized by high proportions of conjugated dihydroxy bile salts with respect to trihydroxy bile salts, but contain relatively little phospholipid. Both rabbit and guinea-pig biles exhibit little evidence of hepatic cell damage, even though they are able to cause membrane damage (as evidenced by lysis of human erythrocytes) at low (2--3 mM) concentrations of bile salts; this lytic behaviour is also a property of their predominant bile salts. Addition of phosphatidylcholine to the bile or bile salt is able to decrease the lytic behaviour. Perhaps the most significant observation is that these biles, and their predominant bile salts, are dramatically less lytic towards sheep erythrocytes, indicating that some factor(s) in membrane composition and structure may partly explain the resistance of membranes of the biliary tract to the presence of high concentrations of potentially membrane-damaging bile salts.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Cattle; Erythrocyte Membrane; Erythrocytes; Glycodeoxycholic Acid; Guinea Pigs; Hemolysis; Humans; Phospholipids; Rabbits; Rats; Sheep; Swine
PubMed: 435277
DOI: 10.1042/bj1780201 -
Cytokine May 2015Gallbladder disease is highly related to inflammation, but the inflammatory processes are not well understood. Bile provides a direct substrate in assessing the local...
BACKGROUND
Gallbladder disease is highly related to inflammation, but the inflammatory processes are not well understood. Bile provides a direct substrate in assessing the local inflammatory response that develops in the gallbladder. To assess the reproducibility of measuring inflammatory markers in bile, we designed a methods study of 69 multiplexed immune-related markers measured in bile obtained from gallstone patients.
METHODS
To evaluate assay performance, a total of 18 bile samples were tested twice within the same plate for each analyte, and the 18 bile samples were tested on two different days for each analyte. We used the following performance parameters: detectability, coefficient of variation (CV), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and percent agreement (concordance among replicate measures above and below detection limit). Furthermore, we examined the association of analyte levels with gallstone characteristics such as type, numbers, and size.
RESULTS
All but 3 analytes (Stem Cell Factor, SCF; Thrombopoietin, TPO; sIL-1RI) were detectable in bile. 52 of 69 (75.4%) analytes had detectable levels for at least 50% of the subjects tested. The within-plate CVs were ⩽25% for 53 of 66 (80.3%) detectable analytes, and across-plate CVs were ⩽25% for 32 of 66 (48.5%) detectable analytes. Moreover, 64 of 66 (97.0%) analytes had ICC values of at least 0.8. Lastly, the percent agreement was high between replicates for all of the analytes (median; within plate, 97.2%; across plate, 97.2%). In exploratory analyses, we assessed analyte levels by gallstone characteristics and found that levels for several analytes decreased with increasing size of the largest gallstone per patient.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that multiplex assays can be used to reliably measure cytokines and chemokines in bile. In addition, gallstone size was inversely related to the levels of select analytes, which may aid in identifying critical pathways and mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of gallbladder diseases.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Bile; Chemokines; Cholelithiasis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Protein Array Analysis; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 25743242
DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.033 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Sep 2013To analyze phospholipid profiles in intrahepatic bile from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and secondary sclerosing cholangitis (SSC). (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
AIM
To analyze phospholipid profiles in intrahepatic bile from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and secondary sclerosing cholangitis (SSC).
METHODS
Intrahepatic bile specimens collected via endoscopic retrograde cholangiography from 41 patients were analyzed. Fourteen of these patients were diagnosed with PSC, 10 with SSC, 11 with choledocholithiasis or no identifiable biliary disease, and 6 with cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC). Bile acid, cholesterol, protein, and bilirubin contents as well as pancreas lipase activity in bile were determined by biochemical methods. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) species were quantified using nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
Bile from all the examined patient groups showed a remarkably similar PC and LPC species composition, with only minor statistical differences. Total biliary PC concentrations were highest in controls (8030 ± 1843 μmol/L) and lowest in patients with CCC (1969 ± 981 μmol/L) (P = 0.005, controls vs SSC and CCC, respectively, P < 0.05). LPC contents in bile were overall low (4.2% ± 1.8%). Biliary LPC/PC ratios and ratios of biliary PC to bilirubin, PC to cholesterol, PC to protein, and PC to bile acids showed no intergroup differences.
CONCLUSION
PC and LPC profiles being similar in patients with or without sclerosing cholangitis, these phospholipids are likely not of major pathogenetic importance in this disease group.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bile; Case-Control Studies; Cholangitis, Sclerosing; Female; Humans; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Male; Middle Aged; Phosphatidylcholines; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Young Adult
PubMed: 24023488
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i33.5454