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Vaccine Nov 2013Two conserved epitopes, located in the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp41, are recognized by two HIV-1...
Two conserved epitopes, located in the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp41, are recognized by two HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10, and are promising targets for vaccine design in efforts to elicit anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. Since most HIV-1 infections initiate at mucosal surfaces, induction of mucosal neutralizing antibodies is necessary and of utmost importance to counteract HIV-1 infection. Here, we utilized a mucosal vaccine vector, bovine papillomavirus (BPV) virus-like particles (VLPs), as a platform to present HIV-1 neutralizing epitopes by inserting the extended 2F5 or 4E10 epitope or the MPER domain into D-E loop of BPV L1 respectively. The chimeric VLPs presenting MPER domain resembled the HIV-1 natural epitopes better than the chimeric VLPs presenting single epitopes. Oral immunization of mice with the chimeric VLPs displaying the 2F5 epitope or MPER domain elicited epitope-specific serum IgGs and mucosal secretory IgAs. The induced antibodies specifically recognized the native conformation of MPER in the context of HIV-1 envelope protein. The antibodies induced by chimeric VLPs presenting MPER domain are able to partially neutralize HIV-1 viruses from clade B and clade C.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Administration, Oral; Animals; Cattle; Drug Carriers; Epitopes; Female; HIV Antibodies; HIV Envelope Protein gp41; HIV-1; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Immunoglobulin G; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Papillomaviridae; Vaccines, Synthetic; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle
PubMed: 24055348
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.003 -
Virology Journal Oct 2020Papillomaviruses (PVs) infecting artiodactyls are very diverse, and only second in number to PVs infecting primates. PVs associated to lesions in economically important...
BACKGROUND
Papillomaviruses (PVs) infecting artiodactyls are very diverse, and only second in number to PVs infecting primates. PVs associated to lesions in economically important ruminant species have been isolated from cattle and sheep.
METHODS
Potential PV DNA from teat lesions of a Damascus goat was isolated, cloned and sequenced. The PV genome was analyzed using bioinformatics approaches to detect open reading frames and to predict potential features of encoded proteins as well as putative regulatory elements. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses using the concatenated E1E2L2L1 nucleotide and amino acid alignments was used to reveal the relationship of the new PV to the known PV diversity and its closest relevants.
RESULTS
We isolated and characterized the full-genome of novel Capra hircus papillomavirus. We identified the E6, E7, E1, E2, L2, L1 open reading frames with protein coding potential and putative active elements in the ChPV2 proteins and putative regulatory genome elements. Sequence similarities of L1 and phylogenetic analyses using concatenated E1E2L2L1 nucleotide and amino acid alignments suggest the classification as a new PV type designated ChPV2 with a phylogenetic position within the XiPV genus, basal to the XiPV1 species. ChPV2 is not closely related to ChPV1, the other known goat PV isolated from healthy skin, although both of them belong confidently into a clade composed of PVs infecting cervids and bovids. Interestingly, ChPV2 contains an E6 open reading frame whereas all closely related PVs do not CONCLUSION: ChPV2 is a novel goat PV closely related to the Xi-PV1 species infecting bovines. Phylogenetic relationships and genome architecture of ChPV2 and closely related PV types suggest at least two independent E6 losses within the XiPV clade.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Viral; Female; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Goats; Open Reading Frames; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Turkey
PubMed: 33126890
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01440-9 -
Journal of Virology Sep 1984A papillomavirus which we designate FPV was isolated from chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs). A physical map of the FPV genome was constructed, and selected regions of this...
A papillomavirus which we designate FPV was isolated from chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs). A physical map of the FPV genome was constructed, and selected regions of this genome were studied by nucleotide sequence analysis. The results make it possible to align the FPV genome with the genome of bovine papillomavirus type 1 and to show, moreover, that avian and mammalian papillomaviruses have a similar genome organization.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Birds; DNA Restriction Enzymes; Genes, Viral; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 6088809
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.51.3.872-875.1984 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Aug 2021We present a novel entropy-based computational tool that selects phylogenetic informative genomic regions associated with degenerate primer design. This tool identifies...
We present a novel entropy-based computational tool that selects phylogenetic informative genomic regions associated with degenerate primer design. This tool identifies proper phylogenetic markers and proposes suitable degenerate primers to amplify and sequence them. The algorithm calculates the entropy value per site, and the selected region is used for primer design. In order to evaluate the tool, sequences of bovine papillomavirus L1 gene were obtained. Once the molecular region was selected, the primers were designed by the software and used in a PCR reaction for viral detection. Three positive samples were tested with four different concentrations, and it was possible to detect the virus in all samples. The results show the applicability of a tool that can select informative regions for phylogenetic analysis and design primers to amplify and sequence these regions, becoming relevant for several studies focusing on pathogen detection, as well as phylogenetic and genetics studies of populations.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; DNA Primers; Entropy; Genetics; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Software
PubMed: 33838312
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104857 -
PloS One 2013Papillomaviruses (PVs) are highly epitheliotropic as they usually establish productive infections within squamous epithelia of the skin, the anogenital tract and the...
BACKGROUND
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are highly epitheliotropic as they usually establish productive infections within squamous epithelia of the skin, the anogenital tract and the oral cavity. In this study, early (E) and late (L) protein expression of bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) in the urothelium of the urinary bladder is described in cows and water buffaloes suffering from naturally occurring papillomavirus-associated urothelial bladder tumors.
METHODS AND FINDINGS
E5 protein, the major oncoprotein of the BPV-2, was detected in all tumors. L1 DNA was amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced and confirmed to be L1 DNA. The major capsid protein, L1, believed to be only expressed in productive papillomavirus infection was detected by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical investigations confirmed the presence of L1 protein both in the cytoplasm and nuclei of cells of the neoplastic urothelium. Finally, the early protein E2, required for viral DNA replication and known to be a pivotal factor for both productive and persistent infection, was detected by Western blot and immunohistochemically. Electron microscopic investigations detected electron dense particles, the shape and size of which are consistent with submicroscopic features of viral particles, in nuclei of neoplastic urothelium.
CONCLUSION
This study shows that both active and productive infections by BPV-2 in the urothelium of the bovine and bubaline urinary bladder can occur in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Buffaloes; Capsid Proteins; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Molecular Sequence Data; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urothelium
PubMed: 23667460
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062227 -
Genetics and Molecular Research : GMR Dec 2009Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are the causal agents of benign and malignant lesions; they can cause dramatic economic losses in cattle. Although 10 virus types have been...
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are the causal agents of benign and malignant lesions; they can cause dramatic economic losses in cattle. Although 10 virus types have been described, three types are most common in tumors, namely BPV-1, -2 and -4. Previous studies have reported BPV in blood cells and the possibility of blood acting as a latent virus site and/or transmission agent of virus dissemination. We studied a Holstein dairy herd in Pernambuco, Brazil, in which several animals showed severe cutaneous papillomatosis, without previous determination of BPV types. Blood samples and short-term lymphocyte cultures were collected from 54 cows. We compared the BPV types detected in peripheral blood to those identified in the respective lymphocyte cultures: BPV-1 was detected in 74% and BPV-2 in 87% of the whole blood samples. Simultaneous virus presence (BPV-1 and BPV-2) was found in 65% of the blood samples. BPV-1 or BPV-2 were detected in the lymphocyte cultures in 93% of the samples, and both in 89%. The detection of viral DNA in whole blood and in lymphocyte cultures is evidence that this virus is carried by lymphocytes.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Cattle; Cells, Cultured; DNA, Viral; Dairying; Lymphocytes; Papillomaviridae; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Viremia
PubMed: 20082260
DOI: 10.4238/vol8-4gmr668 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Oct 1991
Review
Topics: Bovine papillomavirus 1; DNA-Binding Proteins; Enhancer Elements, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Papillomaviridae; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 1655748
DOI: No ID Found -
Virus Research Feb 2006Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are oncogenic viruses. In cattle, BPV-1/2 is associated with urinary bladder cancer and BPV-4 with upper GI tract cancer. BPV E5 is a... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Similarities and differences between the E5 oncoproteins of bovine papillomaviruses type 1 and type 4: cytoskeleton, motility and invasiveness in E5-transformed bovine and mouse cells.
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are oncogenic viruses. In cattle, BPV-1/2 is associated with urinary bladder cancer and BPV-4 with upper GI tract cancer. BPV E5 is a small hydrophobic protein localised in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus (GA). E5 is the major transforming protein of BPVs, capable of inducing cell transformation in cultured mouse fibroblasts and, in cooperation with E7, in primary bovine cells. E5-induced cell transformation is accompanied by activation of several cellular protein kinases, including growth factor receptors, and alkalinisation of endosomes and GA. We have reported that BPV E5 causes swelling and fragmentation of the GA and extensive vacuolisation of the cytoplasm. We now show that E5 from both BPV-1 and BPV-4 disturbs the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions in transformed bovine cells, where these morphological and behavioural characteristics are accompanied by hyperphosphorylation of the cellular phosphotyrosine kinase c-src. Both BPV-1 and BPV-4 E5 increase the motility of transformed mouse cells, but only BPV-1 E5 causes transformed mouse cells to penetrate a matrigel matrix. BPV-1 transformed mouse cells, but not BPV-4 transformed mouse cells, have hyperhpsphorylated c-src.
Topics: Actins; Animals; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Bovine papillomavirus 4; CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase; Cattle; Cell Line; Cell Movement; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cytoskeleton; Focal Adhesions; Mice; NIH 3T3 Cells; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Phosphorylation; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; src-Family Kinases
PubMed: 16168512
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.08.003 -
Journal of Molecular Biology Jun 1996Capsids of papilloma and polyoma viruses (papovavirus family) are composed of 72 pentameric capsomeres arranged on a skewed icosahedral lattice (triangulation number of...
Capsids of papilloma and polyoma viruses (papovavirus family) are composed of 72 pentameric capsomeres arranged on a skewed icosahedral lattice (triangulation number of seven, T = 7). Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) was reported previously to be a T = 7laevo (left-handed) structure, whereas human wart virus, simian virus 40, and murine polyomavirus were shown to be T = 7dextro (right-handed). The CRPV structure determined by cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction was similar to previously determined structures of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and human papillomavirus type 1 (HPV-1). CRPV capsids were observed in closed (compact) and open (swollen) forms. Both forms have star-shaped capsomeres, as do BPV-1 and HPV-1, but the open CRPV capsids are approximately 2 nm larger in radius. The lattice hands of all papillomaviruses examined in this study were found to be T = 7dextro. In the region of maximum contact, papillomavirus capsomeres interact in a manner similar to that found in polyomaviruses. Although papilloma and polyoma viruses have differences in capsid size (approximately 60 versus approximately 50 nm), capsomere morphology (11 to 12 nm star-shaped versus 8 nm barrel-shaped), and intercapsomere interactions (slightly different contacts between capsomeres), papovavirus capsids have a conserved, 72-pentamer, T = 7dextro structure. These features are conserved despite significant differences in amino acid sequences of the major capsid proteins. The conserved features may be a consequence of stable contacts that occur within capsomeres and flexible links that form among capsomeres.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Polyomavirus; Rabbits; Sequence Alignment; Simian virus 40; Viral Structural Proteins
PubMed: 8656427
DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0317 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Sep 1994We have established the first homologous cell-free DNA replication system for a papillomavirus. The replication of the human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) origin was...
We have established the first homologous cell-free DNA replication system for a papillomavirus. The replication of the human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) origin was achieved by using human 293 cell extracts supplemented with the HPV-11 E1 and E2 proteins purified from insect cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses. Efficient replication depends on the HPV-11 origin, the HPV-11 E1 and E2 proteins, as well as human DNA polymerase alpha, delta, replication protein A, topoisomerase I, and topoisomerase II. High concentrations of E1 protein also promoted a low level of origin-independent replication which was suppressed by the addition of the E2 protein, whereas E2 protein stimulated origin-dependent replication. We also show that an intact E2 protein binding site was absolutely necessary for origin activity, as a strong HPV-11 origin was rendered inactive when one half-site of each of the three E2 binding sites was mutated. In contrast, there was only a relatively small reduction in this mutant origin activity when the cell extracts were supplemented with the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) proteins. These results suggest that the HPV-11 E2 protein plays a primary role in HPV origin recognition. Furthermore, unlike transient replication in which HPV-11 and BPV-1 viral proteins promote efficient replication of homologous and heterologous origins, efficient cell-free replication took place only with the homologous combinations.
Topics: Antibodies; Base Sequence; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Cell Line, Transformed; Cell-Free System; DNA Replication; DNA, Viral; DNA-Binding Proteins; Epitopes; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Papillomaviridae; Replication Origin; Templates, Genetic; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 7523366
DOI: No ID Found