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Archives of Disease in Childhood Dec 1967
Topics: Anencephaly; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Head; Humans; Male; Pregnancy
PubMed: 6073832
DOI: 10.1136/adc.42.226.636 -
Pharmacological Reports : PR 2011Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level is modulated during multiple stress reactions both in brain structures involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level is modulated during multiple stress reactions both in brain structures involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation and peripheral systems. Multiple distinct stressors induce different IL-1β and HPA axis responses. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the effect of prior repeated restraint stress on IL-1β levels in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and plasma may have an impact on alterations induced in HPA axis responses. Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats which were exposed to 10 min restraint stress twice a day for 3 days. Twenty four hours after the last stress period rats were restrained for 10 min and decapitated at 0, 1, 2 or 3 h after cessation of stress. Control rats were injected ip with saline and some of experimental groups with IL-1β receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). After rapid decapitation, trunk blood was collected and prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus were excised and frozen. Interleukin-1β, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) levels were determined in plasma using commercially available kits and IL-1β levels in brain structures samples were analyzed by western blot procedure. Repeated restraint for 3 days alone did not alter resting plasma levels of IL-1β, and moderately augmented plasma ACTH and CORT levels and IL-1β content in brain structures 24 h after the last restraint. IL-1β antagonist abolished the increase in plasma levels of IL-1β, ACTH and CORT as well as IL-1β in brain structures in response to repeated stress and also reduced these changes induced by 10 min stress. This suggests the selectivity of IL-1β receptors in central and peripheral mechanisms modulating the stress-induced HPA axis responses. These results indicate that repeated stress markedly increases IL-1β production in brain structures involved in HPA axis regulation. The present results support the role of brain and peripheral IL-1β in adaptation of HPA response during prolonged stress.
Topics: Animals; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Interleukin-1beta; Male; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 22358087
DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70703-4 -
Shock (Augusta, Ga.) Sep 2010Anesthetics used in burn and trauma animal models may be influencing results by modulating inflammatory and acute-phase responses. Accordingly, we determined the effects...
Anesthetics used in burn and trauma animal models may be influencing results by modulating inflammatory and acute-phase responses. Accordingly, we determined the effects of various anesthetics, analgesia, and euthanasia techniques in a rodent burn model. Isoflurane (ISO), ketamine-xylazine (KX), or pentobarbital (PEN) with or without buprenorphine were administered before scald-burn in 72 rats that were euthanized without anesthesia by decapitation after 24 h and compared with unburned shams. In a second experiment, 120 rats underwent the same scald-burn injury using KX, and 24 h later were euthanized under anesthesia or carbon dioxide (CO2). In addition, we compared euthanasia by exsanguination with that of decapitation. Serum cytokine levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the first experiment, ISO was associated with elevation of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 2 (CINC-2) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and KX and PEN was associated with elevation of CINC-1,CINC-2, IL-6, and MCP-1. Pentobarbital also decreased IL-1". IL-6 increased significantly when ISO or PEN were combined with buprenorphine. In the second experiment, euthanasia performed by exsanguination under ISO was associated with reduced levels of IL-1", CINC-1, CINC-2, and MCP-1, whereas KX reduced CINC-2 and increased IL-6 levels. Meanwhile, PEN reduced levels of IL-1" and MCP-1, and CO2 reduced CINC-2 and MCP-1. In addition,decapitation after KX, PEN, or CO2 decreased IL-1" and MCP-1, although we found no significant difference between ISO and controls. Euthanasia by exsanguination compared with decapitation using the same agent also led to modulation of several cytokines. Differential expression of inflammatory markers with the use of anesthetics and analgesics should be considered when designing animal studies and interpreting results because these seem to have a significant modulating impact. Our findings indicate that brief anesthesia with ISO immediately before euthanasia by decapitation exerted the least dampening effect on the cytokines measured. Conversely, KX with buprenorphine may offer a better balance during longer procedures to avoid significant modulation. Standardization across all experiments that are compared and awareness of these findings are essential for those investigating the pathophysiology of inflammation in animal models.
Topics: Acute-Phase Reaction; Analgesia; Analgesics; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics; Animals; Buprenorphine; Burns; Carbon Dioxide; Cytokines; Decapitation; Euthanasia, Animal; Inflammation; Isoflurane; Ketamine; Male; Models, Animal; Pentobarbital; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Xylazine
PubMed: 20803788
DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181d8e2a6 -
Journal of Comparative Pathology Nov 2023Animal victims of human cruelty are receiving increasing attention from the press and society. Veterinary pathologists and civic authorities have a duty not only to...
Animal victims of human cruelty are receiving increasing attention from the press and society. Veterinary pathologists and civic authorities have a duty not only to elucidate the cause, method and manner of death but also to address the motivation behind a case. Poultry are commonly used as offering to gods in Santería rituals (ebós). Only a few cases have been reported in scientific journals, in contrast with the number of cases described in the media. Here, a hen and a cockerel (Gallus domesticus) were submitted to the VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre for autopsy, which comprised macroscopic and histological studies and microbiological testing for Chlamydia psittaci, avian orthoavulavirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus), West Nile virus and avian influenza virus. The carcasses were in an active decay stage of decomposition, containing larvae of Lucilia eximia. Both animals had been decapitated and haemorrhages in the cutting region were observed histologically. Post-mortem burns were also observed. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first post-mortem description of lesions in a domestic avian species due to religious rituals. European Union and Spanish forensic practitioners should be aware that these ritual sacrifices occur in some European countries. Moreover, future European and national legislation updates should consider this type of animal abuse.
Topics: Animals; Male; Female; Humans; Poultry; Chickens; Ceremonial Behavior; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 38000307
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.10.006 -
Plant Physiology Jun 2010Fruit-set in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) depends on gibberellins and auxins (GAs). Here, we show, using the cv MicroTom, that application of N-1-naphthylphthalamic...
Fruit-set in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) depends on gibberellins and auxins (GAs). Here, we show, using the cv MicroTom, that application of N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA; an inhibitor of auxin transport) to unpollinated ovaries induced parthenocarpic fruit-set, associated with an increase of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content, and that this effect was negated by paclobutrazol (an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis). NPA-induced ovaries contained higher content of GA(1) (an active GA) and transcripts of GA biosynthetic genes (SlCPS, SlGA20ox1, and -2). Interestingly, application of NPA to pollinated ovaries prevented their growth, potentially due to supraoptimal IAA accumulation. Plant decapitation and inhibition of auxin transport by NPA from the apical shoot also induced parthenocarpic fruit growth of unpollinated ovaries. Application of IAA to the severed stump negated the plant decapitation effect, indicating that the apical shoot prevents unpollinated ovary growth through IAA transport. Parthenocarpic fruit growth induced by plant decapitation was associated with high levels of GA(1) and was counteracted by paclobutrazol treatment. Plant decapitation also produced changes in transcript levels of genes encoding enzymes of GA biosynthesis (SlCPS and SlGA20ox1) in the ovary, quite similar to those found in NPA-induced fruits. All these results suggest that auxin can have opposing effects on fruit-set, either inducing (when accumulated in the ovary) or repressing (when transported from the apical shoot) that process, and that GAs act as mediators in both cases. The effect of NPA application and decapitation on fruit-set induction was also observed in MicroTom lines bearing introgressed DWARF and SELF-PRUNING wild-type alleles.
Topics: Flowers; Fruit; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gibberellins; Indoleacetic Acids; Solanum lycopersicum; Molecular Sequence Data; Phthalimides; Plant Growth Regulators; Pollination; RNA, Plant
PubMed: 20388661
DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.155424 -
Iranian Journal of Basic Medical... Jan 2022In this study, it is aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on ototoxicity caused by gentamicin in a rat model.
OBJECTIVES
In this study, it is aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on ototoxicity caused by gentamicin in a rat model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. Group I was selected as the control group. Gentamicin was administered intraperitoneally in group II, gentamicin and CAPE in group III. Audiological assessment was performed by the distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements before and after treatment of each group. At the end of the study all rats were decapitated, cochlea was removed and electron microscopic examination was performed.
RESULTS
In group II post-treatment DPOAE levels were found to be lower than pretreatment DPOAE levels (<0.05). However, in group III, there is no significant difference between pre- and post-treatment DPOAE levels (>0.05). Except for Group I, ABR thresholds increased after the procedure and this increase was statistically significant (<0.0001). According to histological examination by transmission electron microscopy, CAPE has a cellular protective effect against gentamicin ototoxicity.
CONCLUSION
CAPE may ameliorate hearing deterioration caused by gentamicin ototoxicity and protect the cochlear cells from apoptosis due to the strong antioxidant effect.
PubMed: 35656452
DOI: 10.22038/IJBMS.2022.60794.13467 -
Journal of the American Association For... 2016The AVMA Panel on Euthanasia recommends that sensitive animals should not be present during the euthanasia of others, especially of their own species, but does not...
The AVMA Panel on Euthanasia recommends that sensitive animals should not be present during the euthanasia of others, especially of their own species, but does not provide guidelines on how to identify a sensitive species. To determine if mice are a sensitive species we reviewed literature on empathy in mice, and measured the cardiovascular and activity response of mice observing euthanasia of conspecifics. We studied male 16-wk-old C57BL/6N mice and found no increase in cardiovascular parameters or activity in the response of the mice to observing CO2 euthanasia. Mice observing decapitation had an increase in all values, but this was paralleled by a similar increase during mock decapitations in which no animals were handled or euthanized. We conclude that CO2 euthanasia of mice does not have an impact on other mice in the room, and that euthanasia by decapitation likely only has an effect due to the noise of the guillotine. We support the conceptual idea that mice are both a sensitive species and display empathy, but under the controlled circumstances of the euthanasia procedures used in this study there was no signaling of stress to witnessing inhabitants in the room.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Empathy; Euthanasia, Animal; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL
PubMed: 27423146
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Physiology Mar 19781. The catecholamines adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) were determined in plasma samples of man and various animal species using a highly sensitive...
1. The catecholamines adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) were determined in plasma samples of man and various animal species using a highly sensitive radioenzymatic method.2. Basal values were determined under conditions producing virtually no physical or psychic stress in blood obtained through acutely inserted venous catheters in human volunteers, rabbits and cows, through chronic indwelling catheters in cats and rats, and by cubital venipuncture in trained dogs.3. Basal values (pg/ml.) for A, NA, and DA were respectively 64, 203 and 98 in man, 73, 609 and 276 in cats, 166, 392 and 216 in rabbits, 56, 152 and 91 in cows, 204, 376 and 173 in dogs, and 175, 509, and 84 in SPF rats. The NA concentrations were always higher than those of A and DA.4. Gentle handling of rats for 30 sec greatly increased the levels of all catecholamines, especially of A. Even more marked rises were observed during and up to 5 min after restraint stress.5. Blood from the trunk of decapitated rats contained about 20 times more A and 3-4 times more DA and NA than venous blood from catheters in the absence of handling.6. Basal values of plasma catecholamines in small animals can only be obtained through indwelling catheters and in the absence of handling. Most of the previously reported values are too high and are experimental artifacts.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Blood Specimen Collection; Cats; Cattle; Dogs; Dopamine; Epinephrine; Handling, Psychological; Humans; Male; Norepinephrine; Rabbits; Rats; Species Specificity; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 565814
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012235 -
Surgical Neurology International 2021The salivary duct carcinomas (SDCs) are rare, high-grade neoplasms involving major salivary glands. Parotid is the most frequently involved gland (85%). Apocrine...
BACKGROUND
The salivary duct carcinomas (SDCs) are rare, high-grade neoplasms involving major salivary glands. Parotid is the most frequently involved gland (85%). Apocrine phenotype (histological presence of decapitation secretions) and androgen reception expression define SDC. The clinical course of these tumors is characterized by aggressive local behavior with extraglandular extension, high recurrence rates, early metastases, and poor prognoses. Despite aggressive surgical/radiation therapy management, the rates of locoregional and metastatic relapses are high, and the mortality rates over 48 months approach 65%. Notably, there is no treatment algorithm available for managing vertebral metastases from apocrine SDC.
CASE DESCRIPTION
An elderly male presented with MR/CT findings of an isolated T11 vertebral metastasis attributed to a previously treated parotid SDC. On both CT/MR, it was an osteolytic lesion and demonstrated spinal canal infiltration. The patient underwent surgical biopsy/decompression/resection, following which the lesion histopathologically proved to be a SDC. The patient was subsequently treated with 30 Gy in 10 fractions within 2 weeks of discharge. One-month later, the MRI confirmed adequate epidural decompression without recurrence, and 9 months post-operatively, patient remained disease free.
CONCLUSION
Isolated metastasis attributed to parotid SDC followed by radiation therapy may result in tumor control.
PubMed: 33880227
DOI: 10.25259/SNI_903_2020 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Jan 2023Acute lung injury (ALI), is a severe inflammatory lung disease. We tested the prophylactic effect of a functional food mix comprising three anti-inflammatory plant...
Acute lung injury (ALI), is a severe inflammatory lung disease. We tested the prophylactic effect of a functional food mix comprising three anti-inflammatory plant products: turmeric, amla, and black pepper (TAB) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in rats. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (C), LPS (5 mg/kg), and LPS with TAB (TAB). After 6 h of LPS injection, the rats were sacrificed by cervical decapitation to collect the lung tissue. Results showed that TAB partially ameliorated LPS-induced increase in circulating inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL6) and significantly prevented lung histopathological changes. TAB also suppressed LPS-activated ER stress markers (GRP78, pIRE1, and CHOP) and apoptotic markers (caspase-3 and - 12) in the lung. The anti-inflammatory effects of the TAB support its potential use as an adjuvant to mitigate ALI. Importantly, TAB's ingredients have been used for centuries as part of the diet with limited or no toxic effects.
PubMed: 36349282
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05610-1