-
BMC Complementary and Alternative... Jul 2004Diarrhoea is a major health problem for children worldwide, accounting for 5-8 million deaths each year. Arque-Ajeeb (AA) is a compound formulation of Unani medicine. It...
BACKGROUND
Diarrhoea is a major health problem for children worldwide, accounting for 5-8 million deaths each year. Arque-Ajeeb (AA) is a compound formulation of Unani medicine. It is reputed for its beneficial effects in the treatment of diarrhoea and cholera, but the claim of its efficacy is yet to be tested. Therefore the present study has been planned to investigate the real efficacy of this drug in rats.
METHODS
The effect of Arque-Ajeeb was investigated for antidiarrhoeal activity against charcoal-induced gut transit, serotonin-induced diarrhoea and PGE2-induced small intestine enteropooling in rats. The control, standard and test groups of experimental animals were administered with normal saline (p.o.), diphenoxylate hydrochloride (5 mg/kg, p.o.) and Arque-Ajeeb (0.07 ml and 0.14 ml/kg, p.o.) respectively except the control group of PGE2-induced small intestine enteropooling which received only 5% ethanol in normal saline (i.p.). Charcoal (10 ml/kg, p.o.) and serotonin (600 micrograms/kg, i.p.) were administered after 30 min, while PGE2 (100 micrograms/kg, p.o.) was administered immediately afterwards. The distance traveled by charcoal in small intestine was measured after 15 and 30 min of charcoal administration, diarrhoea was observed every 30-min for six hour after serotonin administration and the volume of intestinal fluid was measured after 30 min of PGE2 administration.
RESULTS
Arque-Ajeeb (0.07 ml and 0.14 ml/kg) significantly inhibited the frequency of defaecation and decreased the propulsion of charcoal meal through the gastrointestinal tract, reduced the wetness of faecal droppings in serotonin-induced diarrhoea and also reduced the PGE2-induced small intestine enteropooling.
CONCLUSION
Arque-Ajeeb may have potential to reduce the diarrhoea in rats. Thus the drug may prove to be an alternate remedy in diarrhoea.
Topics: Animals; Antidiarrheals; Apiaceae; Camphor; Charcoal; Diarrhea; Dinoprostone; Ethanol; Female; Gastrointestinal Transit; Male; Mentha; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Seeds; Serotonin
PubMed: 15238156
DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-4-8 -
Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi... Apr 2018To study the effects of Angelicaesinensis radix (Danggui) decoction on the therapeutic action and the colonic morphology and mucus secretion in XuexuBianmi model mice.
OBJECTIVE
To study the effects of Angelicaesinensis radix (Danggui) decoction on the therapeutic action and the colonic morphology and mucus secretion in XuexuBianmi model mice.
METHODS
Sixty Kunming mice, maleandfemaleinhalf, were randomly divided into six groups according to gender and weight (=10):normal control group, XuexuBianmi model group, positive control group, and high-dose, middle-dose and low-dose Danggui groups. Except the normal control group, the mice in the rest groups were orally administrated with diphenoxylate (DPN) and subcutaneously injected with acetylphenyhydrazine (APH) and intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide (CPA) to copy XuexuBianmi model. Fromthe 14th day, the mice in Danggui groups were orally administered with different doses of Danggui decoction (16.67、8.33、4.17 g/kg), the mice in positive control group were orally administered with Changtongshu granule (5 g/kg), the mice in XuexuBianmi model group were administered with normal saline (NS) at the same volume (10 ml/kg), once a day for consecutive 28 days. The general status were observed, the first black defecation time (FBDT), the water content in stool and in colon in mice of all groups were tested. And the colon tissue was stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and AB-PAS to observe the changes of colonic morphology and the mucus secretion.
RESULTS
Compared with the normal control group, there appeared the XuexuBianmi syndromes in model group as follows, the defecation time (FBDT) was significantly prolonged, the water contentinstool and in colon were decreased (<0.01), the colonic mucosa and gland were atrophied, mucous membrane layer was thinned (<0.01), mucus secretion was decreased. Compared with the XuexuBianmimodel group, the Xuexu and Bianmi syndromes were improved, the FBDT was significantly shortened (<0.05, <0.01), the water content of colon was increased in the three groups of Danggui decoction (<0.05, <0.01). The water content of the stool was obviouslyincreased in groups of 16.67and 8.33kg.dDanggui decoction (<0.05). The atrophy of colon mucosa and gland was improved, the mucus secretion was increased, and the colon lubrication function was improved in the three groups in different doses of Danggui decoction.
CONCLUSIONS
Dangguican improve the mucosal atrophy, and increase the secretion of colonic mucus, then the stool is softened and promoted to discharge.
Topics: Angelica sinensis; Animals; Colon; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Mice; Mucus; Plant Roots
PubMed: 30788947
DOI: 10.12047/j.cjap.5616.2018.084 -
International Journal of Clinical and... 2018Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases in the world. This study was to investigate the effects of rhein on intestinal transmission and colonic...
Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases in the world. This study was to investigate the effects of rhein on intestinal transmission and colonic electromyography and expression of aquaporin-3 (AQP3) in the colonic mucosa of mice with constipation. The mouse model of constipation was established using the compound diphenoxylate. The first defecation time, the number of stools in the initial 6 hours and the promoting rate of eosin were measured as the bowel transit function. The BL-420F system was used to compare changes in the myoelectrical signals in the colons of the mice. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect the expression of AQP3 in the colonic mucosa of mice. Rhein had an obvious effect on the first defecation time and the number of red stool in the initial 6 hours. The first defecation time is reduced, and the number of red stools in 6 hours and the promoting rate of the small intestine were significantly increased after the treatment of rhein. In the rhein group, the slow-wave frequency and slow-wave amplitude of colonic myoelectrical activity were increased, and the mean optical density of AQP3 in the colonic mucosa and the area of positive expression were decreased. In conclusion, rhein can improve motor function and colonic electromyography of constipation mice, and reduce expression of AQP3 in the colonic mucosa, thereby relieving the symptoms of constipation effectively.
PubMed: 31938147
DOI: No ID Found -
Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao = Journal... Apr 2024To explore the therapeutic effect of transdermal patches containing Cassia seed extract applied at the navel on slow transit constipation (STC) in rats and explore the...
[Transdermal patches containing Cassia seed extract applied at the navel for slow transit constipation in rats: therapeutic effect and analysis of the spectrum-effect relationship].
OBJECTIVE
To explore the therapeutic effect of transdermal patches containing Cassia seed extract applied at the navel on slow transit constipation (STC) in rats and explore the spectrum-effect relationship of the patches.
METHOD
In a STC rat model established by gavage of compound diphenoxylate suspension for 14 days, the transdermal patches containing low, medium and high doses of Cassia seed extract (41.75, 125.25, and 375.75 mg/kg, respectively) were applied at the Shenque acupoint on the abdomen for 14 days after modeling, with constipation patches (13.33 mg/kg) as the positive control. After the treatment, fecal water content and intestinal propulsion rate of the rats were calculated, the pathological changes in the colon were observed with HE staining. Serum NO and NOS levels and the total protein content and NO, NOS and AChE expressions in the colon tissue were determined. HPLC fingerprints of the transdermal patches were established, and the spectrum-effect relationship between the common peaks of the patches and its therapeutic effect were analyzed.
RESULTS
Treatment with the transdermal patches containing Cassia seed extract significantly increased fecal water content and intestinal propulsion rate of the rat models, where no pathological changes in the colon tissue were detected. The treatment also suppressed the elevations of serum and colonic NO and NOS levels and reduction of AChE in STC rats. Twenty-eight common peaks were confirmed in the HPLC fingerprints of 6 batches of Cassia seed extract-containing patches. Analysis of the spectrum-effect relationship showed that autrantio-obtusin had the greatest contribution to the therapeutic effect of the patches in STC rats.
CONCLUSION
The Cassia seed extract-containing patches alleviates STC in rats via synergistic actions of multiple active ingredients in the extract, where autrantio-obtusin, rhein, chrysoobtusin, obtusin, obtusifolin, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion are identified as the main active ingredients.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Cassia; Constipation; Seeds; Transdermal Patch; Plant Extracts; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Colon; Acupuncture Points; Nitric Oxide; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Drugs, Chinese Herbal
PubMed: 38708506
DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2024.04.14 -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2020Maren pills have been used to treat constipation. Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) plays a vital role in regulating water transfer in the colon. It has been reported that the...
BACKGROUND
Maren pills have been used to treat constipation. Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) plays a vital role in regulating water transfer in the colon. It has been reported that the downregulation of AQP3 can regulate liquid water metabolism and intestinal permeability in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) rats' colon via NF-B pathway. In this study, we investigated whether the laxative effect of Maren pills is associated with the regulation of AQP3 and NF-B signaling pathway in the colon.
METHODS
The compound diphenoxylate suspension-induced STC rats received Maren pills intragastrically for 1 consecutive week to evaluate the laxative effect of Maren pills involving the regulation of AQP3 and NF-B signaling pathway. Moreover, human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) were treated with drug serum to obtain in vitro data.
RESULTS
Our results revealed that treatment with Maren pills increased the stool number, moisture content of feces, and intestinal transit rate in a dose-dependent manner. Maren pills significantly increased the AQP3, fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and protein kinase A (PKA) proteins in the colon of rats and in HT-29 cells. Mechanistically, Maren pills obviously inhibited the activation of NF-B pathway in the colon of rats and in HT-29 cells.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that the laxative effect of Maren pills is associated with the increased expression of AQP3 by downregulating NF-B signal pathway.
PubMed: 32774435
DOI: 10.1155/2020/9837384 -
Thyroid : Official Journal of the... Oct 2015Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC)-related diarrhea can be debilitating, reduces quality of life (QOL), and may be the only indication for initiating systemic therapy....
Efficacy of the Natural Clay, Calcium Aluminosilicate Anti-Diarrheal, in Reducing Medullary Thyroid Cancer-Related Diarrhea and Its Effects on Quality of Life: A Pilot Study.
INTRODUCTION
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC)-related diarrhea can be debilitating, reduces quality of life (QOL), and may be the only indication for initiating systemic therapy. Conventional antidiarrheal drugs are not always helpful and may have side effects. Calcium aluminosilicate antidiarrheal (CASAD), a natural calcium montmorrilonite clay, safely adsorbs toxins and inflammatory proteins associated with diarrhea. It was hypothesized that CASAD would reduce the severity of diarrhea and improve QOL in MTC patients.
METHODS
This was a prospective pilot trial (NCT01739634) of MTC patients not on systemic therapy with self-reported diarrhea of three or more bowel movements (BMs) per day for a week or more. The study design included a one-week run-in period followed by one week of CASAD ± a two-week optional continuation period. The primary endpoint was efficacy of one week of CASAD treatment in decreasing the number of BMs per day by ≥20% when compared with the baseline run-in period. Secondary objectives included tolerability and safety and the impact on QOL using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-Thyroid questionnaire (MDASI-THY).
RESULTS
Ten MTC patients (median age = 52 years, 70% female, 80% white) were enrolled. All had distant metastases, and median calcitonin was 5088 ng/mL (range 1817-42,007 ng/mL). Ninety percent had received prior antidiarrheals, and 40% of these had used two or more drugs, including tincture of opium (30%), loperamide (50%), diphenoxylate/atropine (20%), colestipol (10%), or cholestyramine (10%). Of seven evaluable patients, four (56%) had ≥20% reduction in BMs per day. Six out of seven patients discontinued their prior antidiarrheals. Best response ranged from 7% to 99% reduction in mean BMs/day from baseline. Five out of seven patients considered CASAD a success, and they opted for the two-week continuation period. Improvements in diarrhea and all six interference items assessed by MDASI-THY were noted at weeks 1 and 3. Total interference score was significantly improved at three weeks compared with baseline (p = 0.05). An oral levothyroxine absorption test was performed in one patient; malabsorption of levothyroxine was not observed. Adverse events included flatulence (40%), bloating (10%), heartburn (10%), and constipation (10%).
CONCLUSIONS
CASAD is a promising strategy for treatment of MTC-related diarrhea. In this small pilot study, improvements in frequency and quality of diarrhea as well as QOL were noted. Further studies in this population are warranted.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aluminum Silicates; Antidiarrheals; Carcinoma, Medullary; Clay; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Thyroid Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26200040
DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0166 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Jul 1983All children aged under 15 years admitted to hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne between 1974 and 1981 with a diagnosis of poisoning were studied. After the introduction in...
All children aged under 15 years admitted to hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne between 1974 and 1981 with a diagnosis of poisoning were studied. After the introduction in 1976 of child resistant containers for salicylates and paracetamol, salicylate poisonings fell dramatically. The other most important medicines to cause poisoning in young children were tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazapines, Lomotil (diphenoxylate and atropine), and iron preparations; these should also be packaged in child resistant containers by regulation. Few children had symptoms after poisoning with household products, but bleach, turpentine, and paraffin might also be packaged in child resistant containers. The numbers of adolescent girls admitted after deliberate self poisoning and of teenage boys admitted after ingestion of alcohol increased over the study period.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adolescent; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; England; Female; Hospitalization; Household Products; Humans; Infant; Iron; Male; Plants, Toxic; Poisoning; Salicylates; Sex Factors
PubMed: 6134564
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.287.6384.15 -
Pharmacy Practice 2018Because community pharmacists are the most accessible healthcare professionals, they are often involved in managing minor ailments within the community setting.
BACKGROUND
Because community pharmacists are the most accessible healthcare professionals, they are often involved in managing minor ailments within the community setting.
OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated the community pharmacists' history taking practice, medicine dispensing and advice in response to acute diarrhea.
METHODS
Authors conducted a simulated-patient study in 75 community pharmacies in Baghdad, Iraq from February to May 2015. The female simulated-patient complained of acute diarrhea that had lasted for one day and requested for medicine to treat her condition. After exiting each pharmacy, she then assessed the practices of the community pharmacists through the use of a specially designed checklist adopted with modifications from relevant guidelines. For history taking, a maximum total of eight was the highest obtainable score. Data collected was quantitatively analyzed and Mann-Whitney, Chi-square or Fishers exact tests were used at an alpha level of 0.05.
RESULTS
All of the 75 pharmacies visited were managed by professionally qualified pharmacists. The most common questions asked during history taking were number of diarrheal episodes (n=62; 82.7%); duration of symptoms (n=59; 78.7%) and presence of other diseases and if any drug had been taken (n=58; 77.3%). Female pharmacists had a higher total mean score (6.45, SD=1.33) for history taking when compared to their male counterparts (4.34, SD=2.13); p <0.001. Medicine combination of diphenoxylate HCl 2.5mg + atropine sulphate 0.025mg (n=34; 27.9%) was most frequently dispensed while the least was oral rehydration salt (n=1; 0.8%). Around 20% (n=15) of pharmacists dispensed antimicrobial agents. Over half (n=46; 61.3%) of pharmacists indicated the frequency of use on the medicine packet. Conversely, less than half (n=33; 44.0%) gave any advice on food and fluid intake.
CONCLUSIONS
Majority of the community pharmacists asked at least four questions while taking patient history and was very likely to recommend antidiarrheal medicines as first line treatment options. The authors recommend the development of a minimum standard of practice as well as enhanced training for Iraqi community pharmacists.
PubMed: 30637034
DOI: 10.18549/PharmPract.2018.04.1313 -
Gut Feb 1964
Topics: Digestion; Diphenoxylate; Intestine, Small; Manometry; Neostigmine; Pharmacology; Piperidines; Pressure; Radio; Telemetry
PubMed: 14127518
DOI: 10.1136/gut.5.1.90 -
Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Feb 2007Chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (cid) is a common side effect of cancer treatment and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Diarrhea is frequently severe enough...
Prevention and management of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea in patients with colorectal cancer: a consensus statement by the Canadian Working Group on Chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhea.
Chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (cid) is a common side effect of cancer treatment and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Diarrhea is frequently severe enough to require a dose reduction of, a delay in, or a discontinuation of chemotherapy. Diarrhea-associated mortality has been reported to be as high as 3.5% in clinical trials of irinotecan and bolus 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer. The frequency of cid and its impact on patient management are frequently under-recognized in clinical practice.A Canadian working group, consisting of medical oncologists and an oncology pharmacist, was formed in 2001 to review the optimal approach to managing cid and to identify and implement new areas of research. The recommendations that follow are the result of the group's work.Acute medical management of cid includes loperamide or diphenoxylate as first-line agents. Subcutaneous octreotide is recommended for intractable grade 2 diarrhea and may be considered for grade 1 cid that does not resolve with high-dose loperamide. Hospitalization is recommended for patients with grades 3 and 4 cid; in-hospital care includes rehydration, antibiotic therapy, and octreotide.A chemotherapy dose reduction is generally advised for patients who have experienced grade 3 or 4 diarrhea in a previous chemotherapy cycle. If a dose reduction is not desired, prophylaxis with intramuscular long-acting release octreotide may be considered.The foregoing recommendations are based on expert opinion and require validation in prospective clinical trials.
PubMed: 17576459
DOI: 10.3747/co.2007.96