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Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi... Mar 2022
Topics: Animals; Colon; Constipation; Mice; Mucin-2
PubMed: 36031575
DOI: 10.12047/j.cjap.6237.2022.031 -
Gut May 1978The effect on ileostomy function of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, or Isogel was tested in 20 subjects at home living a normal life, studied over two three-day periods on...
The effect on ileostomy function of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, or Isogel was tested in 20 subjects at home living a normal life, studied over two three-day periods on and off treatment. Codeine phosphate 60 mg three times daily was associated with a reduction in the mean total weight of ileostomy output and the ileostomy outputs of water, sodium, and potassium (p < 0.05). The proportion of faecal solids increased on codeine and the effluent appeared thicker but the output of faecal solids remained unchanged. Mean faecal fat increased on codeine. The transit rate from mouth to stoma was slower in four of the five subjects on codeine and a further two subjects withdrew from the trial with temporary intestinal obstruction while on the drug. Lomotil two tablets three times daily was associated with a small and statistically not quite significant fall in the mean total weight of ileostomy output and the ileostomy output of water. Sodium and potassium outputs in the effluent fell on Lomotil (p < 0.05) but the other parameters remained unchanged. Isogel 15 ml three times daily was associated with an increase in the mean total weight of ileostomy output and the ileostomy outputs of water, sodium, potassium, and faecal solids (p < 0.01). Although the effluent looked more viscid on Isogel, the proportion of faecal solids was unchanged. These results suggest that codeine phosphate has a beneficial effect on ileostomy function, reducing the loss of water and electrolytes, while Lomotil has a similar but less effective action in the dosage tested. By contrast, Isogel increases the ileostomy loss of water and electrolytes and will aggravate their depletion in patients with excessive fluid effluents. The increase in faecal fat associated with taking codeine phosphate suggests that it should be stopped before collecting specimens for faecal fat estimations.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Atropine; Codeine; Diarrhea; Diphenoxylate; Drug Combinations; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Ileostomy; Isonipecotic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Psyllium
PubMed: 658767
DOI: 10.1136/gut.19.5.377 -
Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi =... Jun 2009To evaluate the roles of enteric nervous system neurotransmitters, nitric oxide (NO), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and interstitial...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the roles of enteric nervous system neurotransmitters, nitric oxide (NO), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the colon in slow transit constipation in rats.
METHODS
Thirty-two healthy Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control and constipated groups. In the constipated group, the rats were daily administered with diphenoxylate (8 mg/kg) to develop slow transit constipation, while the control rats were fed with water. The number and the weight of fecal granule and the body weight of rats were recorded every 5 days for 90 days. Transit functions of intestinal movement were examined by an activated charcoal suspension pushing test one week after stopping the administration of diphenoxylate. The levels of NO and SP in the colonic mucosa were measured by nitrate reductase methods and ELISA respectively. The distribution of VIP and ICC positive cells confirmed with symbolic c-kit+ cells in the colonic wall were observed by immunohistochemical methods.
RESULTS
The daily number of fecal granule in the constipated group was significantly less than that in the control group (P<0.01). The mean weight of each fecal granule in the constipated group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). The discharge time of the first granule of black faeces in the constipated group (430.2+/- 132.1 min) was significantly longer than that in the control group (337.2+/- 74.7 min; P<0.05). There were no significant differences in NO and SP levels and the density of VIP positive cells in the distal colonic segment between the two groups. The number of c-kit+ cells in the distal colonic wall in the constipated group was significantly reduced compared with that in the control group (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The reduction of ICC number in the distal colon may be contributed to the pathogenesis of slow transit constipation in rats.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Coiled Bodies; Colon; Constipation; Male; Neurotransmitter Agents; Nitric Oxide; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substance P; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 19558815
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Psychiatry Oct 1984
PubMed: 21966011
DOI: No ID Found -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Aug 1971
Topics: Antidotes; Apnea; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Isonipecotic Acids; Nalorphine; Poisoning
PubMed: 5565475
DOI: 10.1136/adc.46.248.562 -
British Medical Journal Jan 1977
Topics: Atropine; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Diphenoxylate; Drug Combinations; Humans; Isonipecotic Acids
PubMed: 832051
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6054.167 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Nov 1985The purpose of the study was to evaluate the validity of a model where intestinal transit is increased and decreased by motility modifying drugs. The measurement of...
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the validity of a model where intestinal transit is increased and decreased by motility modifying drugs. The measurement of breath hydrogen concentrations after ingestion of lactulose was used to estimate small intestinal transit time. After obtaining base-line values, eight healthy volunteers were pretreated on separate occasions with loperamide, diphenoxylate, metoclopramide and cisapride. Diphenoxylate caused a significant increase in small bowel transit time, whereas both metoclopramide and cisapride significantly shortened it. The H2 breath test therefore seems to accurately reflect the expected transit time. Loperamide did not alter significantly intestinal transit. Possibly this drug counteracts its own delaying influence on small bowel transit by hurrying gastric emptying. Alternatively, not enough time was allowed for it to exert its full effect.
Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Cisapride; Diphenoxylate; Female; Gastric Emptying; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Hydrogen; Lactulose; Loperamide; Male; Metoclopramide; Piperidines; Random Allocation
PubMed: 4074618
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1985.tb05101.x -
Annals of Gastroenterology 2015Chronic watery diarrhea combined with normal-appearing colonic mucosa at endoscopy with abnormal histopathology is classified as microscopic colitis. Microscopic colitis...
Chronic watery diarrhea combined with normal-appearing colonic mucosa at endoscopy with abnormal histopathology is classified as microscopic colitis. Microscopic colitis encompasses both collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. A 42-year-old Caucasian woman presented with severe diarrhea for six weeks with loose watery stools every 1-2 h, approximately 15 episodes per day. She denied any melena or significant abdominal pain. She denied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or lansoprazole use, and was only taking diphenoxylate/atropine for her symptoms. Colonoscopy revealed superficial ulcerations in the distal ascending and transverse colon and scattered ulcerations in the descending and sigmoid colon, with biopsy confirming collagenous colitis. We report a rare case of collagenous colitis accompanied by mucosal ulcerations in the absence of known culprits of mucosal ulcerations, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or lansoprazole.
PubMed: 26130218
DOI: No ID Found -
The National Medical Journal of India 1995
Topics: Antidiarrheals; Atropine; Diphenoxylate; Drug Combinations; Female; Furazolidone; Humans; Infant
PubMed: 7549862
DOI: No ID Found -
Toxicology Reports 2015Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is the most commonly sample preparation procedure used by forensic toxicologists in China for screening drugs in whole human blood. It...
Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is the most commonly sample preparation procedure used by forensic toxicologists in China for screening drugs in whole human blood. It extracts numerous substances from blood including targeted drugs and interfering substances, specifically triglycerides (TG). With increasing prevalence of hyperlipidemia, the influences of TG on LLE and on subsequent analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) may become a major issue for forensic laboratories. This study aims to elucidate the influences of TG on LLE and to provide possible solutions to this problem. Nineteen commonly encountered drugs in forensic cases were spiked to human whole blood with different TG concentrations. Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate/hexane mixed solutions, chlorobutane and several other frequently used solvents were tested for the extraction of drugs from spiked whole blood. The supernatant organic layer was evaporated to dryness and reconstituted with methanol. The resultant products were analyzed by GC-MS, and the extraction recovery was calculated. LLE with diethyl ether, ethyl acetate/hexane (9:1) and chlorobutane all possessed effective and reliable extraction recoveries for blood sample with low TG concentrations (0.63-6.85 mmol/L). At high TG concentrations, diethyl ether produced a highly turbid substance that could not be further analyzed using GC-MS. Extraction recoveries drastically dropped for ethyl acetate/hexane (9:1) mixture at high TG concentrations, while chlorobutane experienced minimal drops in extraction recoveries. In conclusion, TG levels in whole blood noticeably influence drug recovery to variable extents depending on the LLE solvent. Chlorobutane showed minimal influences from TG content in whole blood and thus is the recommended LLE solvent for forensic drug extraction.
PubMed: 28962414
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.02.006